Roma and Roma Politics in Hungary

CEU eTD Collection Towards Gender PolicyInclusive Interventions forRoma Women In partialfulfillment for the degreeof Master of Arts in Gender Studies. The ‘Decade ofRoma Inclusion 2005-2015’inHungary Supervisor: Professor Susan Zimmerman Susan Professor Supervisor: Department of Gender Studies Central European University Swati Swati Mukund Kamble Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Submitted to 2011 By CEU eTD Collection Intersectionality, Decade of Roma Inclusion, Hungary, National Action Plan Roma Women, Roma Women’s Activism, Gender Inclusive Policy, Gender Analysis, WordsKey policy. (women’s) Roma activist Plan and the priority areas, based on the analysisputting forward suggestionsfor gender effective in inclusive policy Action theDecadeNational of the existing ‘policy scripts’ and examplessuggestactivismpolicy to lessons for Decade the National Action Plan. Thestudy by concludes of women. Decade I National Action Hungarian lacksPlan the haveleadinga gender perspective to implicit discrimination that Romaof shown have I actors society civil and also institutions governmental discussed semi- of relevant of help academics, representatives interviewsactivists, Roma women with structured the with and analysis this Through disparity. examples regional of dimension the and other additional each with areas four these of intersection the as well as ofhousing and health gender the analyze to aware Plan for thefour Decadepriority Hungarian employment, Decade Strategic areas i.e.education, theory intersectionality and analysis gender employed Romahave I are. they inclusive policyhave I analyzed core documents initiatives. relatedand to the society Decade civil of Romaof Inclusion number in by Hungary see to how proposed gender and Roma level national the at policy Roma (women’s)gender and intersectional analysis of the key ‘policy scripts’ operational in the fieldto of Hungarian ought conducta from to factsIdecided Drawing these interventions. focus of be therefore policy aspecial women Roma housing. and health employment, education, to right their from deprived keepRoma women disadvantages position arisingfrom their social and discrimination multiple These too. marginalization economic totheir contributes clearly status ethnic and as oppressed fromwomen minority a disadvantaged community, andtheir gender and combined vulnerable multiply are women Roma society. majority in the as well as community Roma Roma social women’s disadvantaged positioning makesthem marginalized mostthe within the Abstract i CEU eTD Collection UNIFEM: United Nations Fund for Women UNICEF: United Children’sFund Nations UNHCR: United Nations HighCommissionerfor Refugees ToR: Terms of References RCRF: Roma Civil FoundationRights OSI: Open Society Institute OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Governmental NGO: Non Organisation NEKI: The Legal Defense Bureau for National and Ethnic Minorities Plan Action National NAP: parliament Members of European MEP: JBN: Jai Bhim Network ISC: The International Steering Committee Coalition International Habitat HIC: EU: European Union The Social Fund European ESF: ERRC: European Roma RightsOrganisation Authority Treatment Equal ETA: FundDTF: DecadeTrust CEDAW: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of Acronyms List ii CEU eTD Collection Finally I thank myfamily and for friends theirlove and encouragement. indentify Roma women’s organisations andfor Nora’s inhelp translation. very valuable for this study. Iespecially thank Nora Kassa and Lidia Balog who helped me to I am all grateful to expertsthe whoagreed share to insightstheir and which opinions have been Francisca de Haan, who has motivated me throughout the process of this M.A. prepared me fulfil to thisstudy. My sincere thanks areduetomy supervisorProf.second like tothankmy supervisor Prof. Susan enormous andZimmerman support whose guidance There are many people whose support has been very valuable for this paper. First of all I would Acknowledgement iii CEU eTD Collection REFERENCES:...... 76 72 5. CHAPTER SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION...... HPE : EDRAAERM OIYADATVS...... 52 4: CHAPTER GENDERAWARE ROMA POLICYAND ACTIVISM...... HPE RNTRM OE OE O?...... 28 3AREN’TCHAPTER ROMA WOMEN WOMEN TOO?...... HPE :AAYIA RMWR N EERHDSG ...... 18 ...... 2:ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND CHAPTER DESIGN RESEARCH HPE1 OAADRM OIISI UGR ...... 7 IN AND POLITICS HUNGARY ROMA ROMA CHAPTER1...... 1 INTRODUCTION Table of Contents A A 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 NNEX NNEX Semi-structured 27 Interviews...... 25 Sampling...... 22 Intersectionality...... 20 ...... Gender Analysis M R E H H E E R A R R R T J S S AI HE EDUCATIONAL HE DUCATION MPLOYMENT DUCATION OMA ESEARCH ESEARCH OMA OMA ZIROM ZÍNES NALYTICAL EALTH OUSING ESED II I B I P NTERVIEW HIM ROFILE OF THE ROFILEOF I P W : NITIATIVE OLITICS IN OLITICS M ...... 44 ...... G : OMEN ...... 38 ...... S D O YÖNGYÖK ESEL N , ZIKSZÓI ...... 29 ...... F ESIGN BJECTIVES AND BJECTIVES E ETWORK RAMEWORK MPLOYMENT ...... 34 ...... S ’ G S E ...... 52 ...... UIDE R , ...... 25 ...... H DESANYAK SOCIO IGHTS UNGARY I R NTERVIEWEES ...... 81 ...... E OMA ‘D GYESÜLETE - M ...... 19 ...... ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STATUS OF STATUS POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ANMUDRA , R H OVEMENT ESEARCH ...... 13 ...... (S N OUSING AND OUSING ė TORYTELLING K E ...... 82 ...... GYESÜLETE Q ...... 60 ...... 10 ...... ’ UESTIONS (G H ENEROUS EALTH M OTHERS ...... 18 ...... I (A NTERSECTING SSOCIATION OF SSOCIATION G ...... 66 )...... ESTURE iv R OMA WOMEN OMA ) W R ITH OMA E R ACH OMA W OMEN O ...... 7 THER AND THER W OMEN OF ’ S S ELF W ITH H S ZIKSZÓ ELP R EGIONAL G ROUP ) ...... 68 ...... D ISPARITY ...... 69 ...... 47 ...... CEU eTD Collection 1 Center Rights Roma European the More recently 2009:1). violence parties skinheads (Stauber, and by rightextreme and physical violence end didn’t war. with During the the early Romaof verbal 1990s became main targets but the werevictimsWorld Nazigenocide of the War during backRoma which II, dates to in Hungary minority Roma the violence against Roni Stauber, senior researcher According to Roma. against discrimination and hostility the being be one several, could this for reasons and the identity reveal their to hesitant are Roma people This gap between census the sociological surveyand the the Roma population on show that approximatelynumbered of the 190,000or 1.8 percentpopulation of Hungary proportion (ibid). of asbelonging Roma, group the peoplethe identifiedthe to census 2001, themselves of national per the nationalities(Roma survey Fund However,under the as Education 2007:14). survey sociological accepted in agenerally contained estimation the to Hungary according largestminority ethnic with group populationthe orabout5.3-5.8of 55 0,000-600,000 percent of the form Roma Hungary in Likewise care. health and housing employment, education, quality access life,live deprived of to proper discrimination, asubstandard majority face persistent million (European Commission with Roma population ofEurope ethnic largest of areone of the estimated minorities the 10-12 estimation). Most of them are EU Introduction citizens. However the large attacks due to their immediate impact get some attention from media and the state institutions, state the media and from someget attention impact immediate duetotheir attacks between January 2008 andApril (ERRCReport29 2011” in media, Hungarian the highlighted violentattacks on Roma and theircases property, of Hereafter ERRC 1 reporton“attacks against inHungary”shows “49 Roma 1 th AprilWhile 2010). direct violent CEU eTD Collection current Presidency As the areas. Decadepriority for the (NAP) Action Plan andNational Plan Strategic formulated of as ina memberof hasmade the Decadeinitiative aParliamentary year2007and the resolution the Council of the EU, Hungary has made a commitment under the frameworks are in the process of formation.” (Europa Press release EU website) EU release Press (Europa of formation.” the process are in frameworks exclusion by setting EU-wide goalsfor integrating Roma, ineducation, employment, healthhousing. and National European structural European funds structural policies for Roma Inclusion of ‘Decade tothe states of 12 European commitment Roma inclusion.intergovernmental asthe such levels, international and national at initiatives various are There At the level of European Union (EU) the EURoma Network 6 Instrument forFisheries Guidance (FIFG)” (the European Commission website) the EuropeanFund (ESF), Agriculturaland Guidance Guarantee Fund(EAGGF-GuidanceSection), theFinancial structuraland economic socialproblems, The European Regional Development Funds (ERDF),The European Social 5 website) to enhance theeffectiveness of policies targeting the Roma andto promote theirsocial inclusion” (the EURoma representatives oftwelveMember States. TheNetwork is determined topromote theuseofStructuralFunds (SF) 4 Roma Inclusion website) More about Decade of Roma Inclusion is in the section 1.3 governments, intergovernmental andnongovernmental organizations,as Romani society” as civil (Decadeof well socio-economicstatus inclusion ofRoma. isaninternational and social thatbringstogether initiative TheDecade 3 2 and as women” (ERRC comments CEDAW 39 both as Roma Romaand largersociety the within amongst violence anddiscrimination indirect and direct both to vulnerable most the are women “Roma that note CEDAW on committee by theUN for consideration Hungary concerning comments prove. ERRCwritten The to indirectthe faced discrimination by Roma in housing education, employment, health is andhard “European UnionRomaStrategy on 5 introduced are“There four structural atpresent funds thatallow theEuropeanUniontograntassistance financial toresolve “EURomaNetworkis a European Networkon Social Inclusionunderthe Structural andRomaFunds madeupof a2005–2015“Decade ofRoma commitment is inclusion byEuropeangovernments is apolitical toimprove the Hereafter ‘the Decade initiative’ 5 and the recent EU RomaStrategy and recent the th April 2011 is a framework created to respond to Roma th 2 session, 2007). 6 are important. Nationally, Hungary 2 2005-2015’ 3 to create to 4 , CEU eTD Collection the world.the Living inHungarygave opportunity study methe Roma issues,to women’s which I womanfeel tostudy myself I minoritycommitted and understand issuesof the around women based on two considerations. Firstly, being from an oppressed minority community in India and a issue tochoose My purpose Romapolicies of women Decadeandforis study relatedtothe this initiatives. society civil of by number proposed and level national the at policy Roma Hungarian will do a gender and intersectionalI are. in Hungary initiative Decade the of analysis interventions Policy the of inclusive the gender how key analyze ‘policy scripts’ operational in the field of aim fact, I from this to Drawing interventions. bepolicy ought aspecial focus of to therefore women education, health from deprived to their andhousing. right employment, women Roma Roma keep position social their from arising discrimination and disadvantages multiple These specifically. Romawomen affects in classlowest andpoverty the Roma are overrepresented too. totheir clearly marginalization economic contributes status ethnic and theirgender combined multiply vulnerable from as minority community,and women disadvantaged the oppressed and are women well Roma as majority as in society. withincommunity the Roma the marginalized will also show Romathat social women’s disadvantaged makespositioning them mostthe ifcommunity intothey are designed and practiceput inclusive in a gender manner. My analysis summit held in Cordoba on 8-9 April” (Declaration weblink) 7 ensure Roma In this thesis I aim to demonstrate,also committedusing by adopting the EU framework Roma Policy at nationalHungary level. as an example,fundamentalimprove access (EUNews on to Hungarian hasrights Hungary Presidency 2011). that these concrete Declaration stepsCordoba to “It’saJoint Declaration made bythree EU Presidencies (trio, Spain,Belgium &Hungary) duringthe second Roma rights 7 would prove to be more effective and could expand to a larger Roma in April 2010 to promote the social and economic inclusion of Roma and 3 CEU eTD Collection Hungary I will establish the case of Roma women’s multiple marginalization. I will also briefly also will I marginalization. multiple women’s Roma of case the establish Iwill Hungary in of Roma women status andpolitical socio-economical educational, the Discussing Hungary. asfollows.My study is Iwill Inchapterone Roma structured in Romatalk about and Politics and drawsfrom to closely and Hungarian the background experience. connected is level European the on work their and Parliament, European of Member the became Hungary, inclusion.notleast and Last Livia Jaroka Viktoria twoRoma Mohacsi, womenpoliticians from shaped practical actors the Roma for andnon-government women’s government programs the between co-ordination the how of view in in particular important is Program Initiative accessed through this institution andwith cooperation researchers in itsorbit. The Roma Initiative has special in Roma headquarters Hungary. The hasProgram itsfounder Initiative Roma of Decade, the focus on the Roma women’sThe DecadeSecretariat issues. My study owes a lot to information creation ofcreation thisunit issupported by the Open Society Institute.” (Decade of Roma Inclusion website) 8 2004 with involvement the of Roma andotherstakeholders” in “in took Decade goals leadthe the for preparing of government politics. TheHungarian Roma on an analytical level demonstrates the general relevance of a genderstudy andmy case intersectionalthat fact the analysisbeyond also and ‘case’ Hungarian the on information giving beyond studyis forrelevance of this Hungary why on focusing few contexts There areaadditional advocacy tool for the Roma women’s civil society. an creating at aimed therefore is initiatives society civil some and policies plans, Decade the of inclusiveness gender of my analysis and effort, policy ongoing is an Decade the Secondly, forward,in developmentpolicy. Roma contributingof sensitive take to gender want way to this “DecadeSecretariat isa technicalsupport unitforthe Decade initiative. It is based inBudapest, Hungary. The 8 is based in Hungary and the Open Society Institute which is the co- 4 (Decade 1 (Decade st ISCMeeting, 2003:2), CEU eTD Collection as well as suggested by various stakeholders such as Roma women activists, academics, activists, women Roma as such stakeholders by various suggested as as well research myown on based recommendations some summarize will I chapter fifth inthe Finally policies. inclusive gender create to examples these can from draw actors international national and lessons will whatpolicy HereI show activism. In chapter four I will discuss examples of gender aware Roma policy and Roma (women’s) emerges as a common factor in all four areas. as well as intersection of these four areas with the additional dimension of regional disparity that housing health foreducation,and i.e. Decadepriority four employment, the Plan Strategic areas Decade Hungarian in the enumerated tasks the of analysis my develop I three chapter In secretariat. and actors society civil institutions, governmental relevant Decade the of representatives of representatives interviews academics, Roma with women activists, namely semi-structured Iusefordescribe this study, the methods analysis. Ialso andintersectional gender analysis analysis of the Decadeintersectional a genderand Ido use. Since I theories the on Ielaborate design. research the Plans and some civil In chapter twosociety Idiscuss the research objectives, research questions, the analytical framework and initiatives, the theoriesfunctioning. I will employ last section introduce RomaareI politics in Hungary and in ‘theparticular Decade initiative’ and its economic and political rights within the Roma community as well as in the larger society. In issuesaddress discrimination andmarginalization of socio- the theireducational, the and reclaim discuss the Roma women’s movement pointing out how the Roma women’s civil society efforts 5 CEU eTD Collection the Decade secretariat to enhance gender inclusiveness in to enhance Decadesecretariatthe gender NAPof the Decadeinitiative. the and institutions, society civil governmental representativesactors of relevant representatives of 6 CEU eTD Collection of Roma. She states that “across all Central and Eastern European countries, Roma women’s Roma countries, European Eastern and all “across Central that states of She Roma. attainmentfindings on Panteasummarizesandeducation of UNDP study RomaOSI Inclusion’, Decade priority areas (ibid). Pantea categorizesof which various countriesaccordingprogress inaddressing to gender disparitiestheir the in part studydoesagender analysisofthe Decade National Action Plans of Decadepartaking countries, on thebasis Action PlansforDecade the for Roma Inclusion” (Pantea 2009:1).There arefour partsofthestudy andinthefirst to supporttheUNDPBratislavaCentre Regionalin completing agendermainstreamingassessment oftheNational extensivelyreferredCarmen research.Pantea is “Thisstudy toformy order CEE wascommissioned byUNIFEM in 9 In astudy by Maria Pantea and health social services” Commission(European 2010: 10) education, employment, accessing in especially community, majority the of women studies show that sociological of the most scarce, particularly are of women Roma status the on data though Roma women experience (Europeantheirlife in Itstates socio-economical “evenCommission Europe” 2010: 10). that greater gender equality?’ social exclusion A study A minority and inby Romacommission European for women ‘Ethnic Europe: case the than Roma men and the 1.1 Theeducational, socio-economic and political statusofRoma women Decade initiative’ and its functioning. ‘the in and inparticular Hungary Roma politics introduce lastsection Inthe I marginalization. and discrimination of issues the address to efforts women’s and Roma movement status of Roma and political socio-economic educational, the discuss Iwill chapter of section this first In the women in Hungary. inHungary RomaPolitics Romaand Chapter1. In the next section I will discuss the Roma women’s Thestudy‘Gender Mainstreaming inthe National for ActionDecade Plans the of RomaInclusion’by Maria talks about “gender inequality faced by ethnic minority and Roma women in women Roma and minority ethnic by faced inequality “gender about talks 9 ‘Gender Mainstreaming in the National Action Plans for the Decade the for Plans Action National in the Mainstreaming ‘Gender 7 CEU eTD Collection education (Decade watch 2005: 88). The gender dimension of problems affecting Roma women affecting of dimension problems gender The 2005: 88). (Decadewatch education of their attainment impactfaced by Roma of problems series These curriculum. remedial follow they where ‘catch up’ classes to sent areoften students Roma addition In education. substandard offer that mostly Roma and schools all separate into segregation such as Hungary in system in faced byRoma education the mention problems the Decadewatch report the Further and data low disaggregated rates drop-out the of Roma children. doesn’t of rate betweenlow report thelackestablish the linkRoma the of (ibid), drop-out stresses on report though Decadewatch the rates Even among Romalow inHungary. drop-out show that records tothe could data contribute and disaggregated updatedethnic The lack of 87). updated regularly notenrollment which from are Watch records comes 2005: school the (Decade school Roma on information little consequently maintained, systematically not are system and ethnic on issues. collection data Roma Theinon prohibits data of racial education the Open Society Institute and the World Bank.” (the Decade for Roma Inclusion website) NGOsall countriesparticipating andactivists intheDecade. supportedcoalitions ofRoma from Decade Watchis by commitments expressed under the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005–2015. Thisassessment hasbeen conducted by 10 The DecadeWatch relative absence of positive role models are controlled for” (Pantea2009:15). and illness, of incidence poverty, age, of effects the if even girls, and boys Roma of attainment from girls, even expectations low educational are and there fourteen ageof the at married are families girls Roma so, Pantea furthercommunity emphasizes, that expectRoma girls Roma drop“school outgirls from schoolto enter than lower of levels men” 2009:14). education are significantly Roma those (Pantea segregationattainment due to various into reasons, domestic such largelyas customswork andat values anaffects early of Roma age, education in traditional “Decade Watchisthemechanism “Decade assessment developed for the ofgovernment action onimplementingthe 10 report2005-2006 of Hungary statesthat Hungarianthe protectiondata law 8 CEU eTD Collection factors Roma women remain economically poor and dependent. and poor economically remain women Roma factors these dueto and foreducation, work opportunity lackis of there inwhere Hungary regions 11 comments CEDAW 38 Roma is vulnerability women’s to alsoattributed lacktheir of ownership (ERRC written obtain. to of the family or on the state social benefits that very often are notsufficient and are very difficult male member the either on dependent tobeeconomically likely Romaare women that indicates as asinHungary in ThisRomawell scenario Europe 2009:21). employment women (Pantea, of Herzegovina and Bosnia isobserved inHungary this trend Pantea to cooking, according even many though haveof them someprofessional inqualification hairdressing, sewing or majority Additionally, unpaid domestic work Romado of women andpoorly recognized, the haveand tend to 16)hours (over longer working than non-Roma 2009:22). (Pantea women” infor underpaidjobs examplein the industry,textile communal services, subsistence agriculture work likely moreto are “Roma women that states which Database, Gender Statistics UNECE the unstable jobs with low no or benefits” (Pantea, 2009:22)Pantea refers tothestatistical from data Roma women. study shows that in Central and Eastern Europe Roma women are concentrated in of opportunities on employment the impacts level education “thelowof Pantea According to above. mentioned reasons various the due to women Roma amongst education of lowattainment is Hungary there in itcan be said Likewise that European forcountries. in Roma Eastern and girls school Central is not explored in the Decade watch report, but Pantea shows the reasons for low attainment of Hereafter BiH th session n.d.: 3). Since Roma are overrepresented in disadvantaged the Since Roma 3).areoverrepresented n.d.: session 9 11 CEU eTD Collection view “theviewis bigger Romawomen’smovement much conferences and than probably reports beyondlook isIn Maya’s (Maya activism Roma there women’s 2006: 1). needto theorganized but activist Roma women few hundred educated a only are from there this perspective at looked If (Maya 2006:1). structure” anorganizational with mobilizations collective been as perceived activists could or should be labeled struggle astowhether of question Roma women’s the the setof arisestensions Another around a ‘movement’. According to Maya “movements of rupture Roma(Mayathe movement 2006:1). have often idea of the formingdiscard and culture and identity Roma the of components integral are traditions a patriarchal Roma women’s movement. the arguethat male leaders Some Roma movement. Roma to the as threat women are considered Some seeRoma afflicting problems specific the of discussions isthat reason One controversy. often causes the Roma women’s Ostalinda Maya,movement a researcher of Roma origin states that writing about Roma women’s movement as a 1.2 RomaWomen’s Rights Movement four. In the next section I will introduce general features of Roma women’s activism. inchapter willbediscussed examples leaders. Important arecommunity andothers government civil politics and numberin activists ingrassroots participating Hungary of Romatime women thereareagood activism; some same Atthe of politics. levels higher in the Roma women of lowvery is representation a there of these Roma womenEuropean are at and level Osztolykan Agnes as part –such level members parliamentary Hungarian at of representation women’s the of localEuropean Roma parliament minorityComing (MEP) to Roma Livia women’s Jaroka political and Viktoria participation Mohacsi – in Hungary, with a few exceptions of Roma 10 CEU eTD Collection discrimination are designed to operate as cross-cutting categories for the thematic priorities of priorities thematic the for categories ascross-cutting operate to are designed discrimination gives the Decade initiative as levels.activistgender Shesays asa that perspective isan not includedin Roma She the policies. example. She says that even Koczethough gender equalitycritically and anti- April 2011). talks aboutwomen’s activism is limited to avery fewwhat politically active Roma women (Interview Kocze, 26 she callsmovement a according‘missing to KoczeRoma is a perspective’concentrated a while activism women’s political women’s Roma is certainly there Kocze to effortAccording movement. than towards onmovementa common analytical goal Inherwomen’s movement. viewRoma weshouldabout talk women’s activism political rather whereas Roma as as suchwell Roma whendiscussing perspective adifferentvoices Roma another Kocze, scholar Angela as does not existchange andas well self-empowerment as collective and social change (Maya 2006: 2). (Interview community and inthissense according“the Roma Maya movement women’s is personal about againstKocze, both 26themaleleaders” (Maya, 2006:1).racism Maya emphasizes that Roma women’s movementmeans to stand of the(and continuing)lack women’s ofattention mostly issuesof on to predominantly the part the wider society by wider initial Roma men rights tothe Roma pursuit overtheyears in women and of response and patriarchy “through process the movement rights as an women’s organic Roma the terms evolution the of within and outsideattention toRoma within rights women’s awarded (Maya, 2006:1).Maya movement Roma the of the Roma According to Maya the Roma women’s movement in Europe evolved in response to the lack of extremely thing”positive (Maya,2006:2). allow us to see, the fact that there is something we can refer to as a movement is already an 11 th April A 2011). th CEU eTD Collection Izsak has been an active member of established Izsak hasbeen Roma by Open the Jointthe Women’s an memberof Network active Ms. of Decade. the is a National co-coordinator also in she Hungary; Administration and Public for in social inclusion Justice responsible of ministry the chief for Secretary staff State of the of Rita Izsakis the DecadeWatch a whoprepare beenreport. inshe has team experts the of also inclusiveness; gender for plans action develop to Secretariat with Decade the worked Award’, Can Be DifferentRoma 2006:4).Agnes issues(Jaroka, Osztolykan, Member (Politics of Hungarian Parliament, Party),it of is toraise awarenessandproclaimed understanding her that (sinceambition 2004), primary who was recentlyJaroka theLivia levels. international first and national at activism political awardedthrough changes womanpolicy about bring of Roma theorigin ‘International And many activism. thereare indeed, from to examples struggle Roma women of who Hungary to be elected as themovement, Member Womanof European a Roma women’s of andcharacteristics existence views on the varying are of there Even though Kocze ParliamentCourage and Maya grassroots to transnational 26 Kocze, (Interview seem to have creating towards andwhichis amovement progress with connected of all levels from activism consensus ‘movement’ this term interrogate to have activists Roma that finallyemphasizes Kocze scattered. onand disconnected still is it thehowever is remarkable, levels various at women Roma of existence activism the for Roma issues,of and on this basis a Roma women’s movement couldRoma be formed. Kocze says that women’s recognition promoted hassuccessfully politics and transnational national activism women’s at lives.impact Roma haveon people’s The movement should adirect grassroots. people atthe perspective,in talksKocze from grassroots herthe should opinion a movement beownedby therefore absent from the policies. (Interview Kocze, 26 developedin Decade the Plan,agenderedStrategic isnot perspective is actual reality and 12 th April April 2011). th April 2011). CEU eTD Collection but its various bodies do have consultation and consent rights. Swenden and Vermeersch state Vermeersch and Swenden rights. consent and consultation have do bodies various its but have asof The minoritynot authorities they 2002:6). do arerestricted self-governments power (Swenden,Vermeersch Self-Government Minority Gypsy National the elect to were governments andmunicipal theRoma opportunity self- form municipal self-governments, got these to In Roma. of beginningthe of 1990sHungary the situation introduced the (1993). Under Minority act this legislation the on effect positive little with integration Roma for policies new various The policy focus towards Roma undercounty level post-state socialism formation Councilsledcould of anumberof legalchannel.the Gypsy This tothe on gothrough was marked by the introduction change policy Roma whowanted be created. could themselves Roma new body Roma,of a of the of integration on working directly body state the of instead that view the with developed Council was setupin 1985. According Swenden to and Vermeersch mechanismthis was With approachRomathis to promote weregivenopportunity their National The culture. Gypsy Hungary into directionthe of promoting of ‘difference’ (Swenden,Vermeersch politics 2002:5). lead ‘integration policy’ changelabor,housing the Further andin education. towards regular employment components shapedassimilation (Swenden,Vermeerschpolicy, 2002:5).Threecore Roma changedfrom first being assimilative tobeing integrative in midthe 1970s approaches towards regimepolicy the of socialism, end the 1950still since the During thestate inHungary 1.3 RomaPolitics in chapter four. in Hungary level grassroots at activism women’s Roma on more discuss will I Initiative. Society (Swenden,Vermeersch 2002:5). (Swenden,Vermeersch 13 CEU eTD Collection during 2004.During 2004,governments, with involvementthe of Roma and otherstakeholders placeleadfor took theDecade,aprocess in that the The Hungarian took preparing government of Roma Inclusion (Press release Decade of Roma Inclusion 2003). launch the and Slovakia Decade the endorsed of andMontenegro, Serbia Macedonia, Romania, Republic, Czech the ofHungary,Croatia, Bulgaria, TheMeeting, governments 2003:1). the the Program, Development Bank, Europe, DevelopmentNations of UnitedEurope Council of Council 12 in Hungary, Challengesinfor Future’held 2003”(Decade 1 the Budapest, Europe: Expanding inan ‘Roma conference regional of the outcome direct isa initiative “The Decade of objectives and tasks enumerated in the Strategic Plan in a time bound period. 27.12.2007, Korm.). The Action National for 2008-2009is forPlan implementation the created by 28.6.2007) andHungarian Parliament Action the National for 2008-2009(1105/2007.Plan for Decade the Roma of Inclusion as 2005-2015 approved Parliamentary the resolution (68/2007, the policy developments discussed above. These are the following documents: The Strategic Plan of background the are tobereadagainst three, inchapter discuss Iwill years,which fewlast the in of Roma politics of Hungarian formingbackground development the The documents core one Roma women is still persistent (ERRC comments CEDAW 39 specifically and Roma against discrimination initiatives policy various despite that show reports likeERRC institutions sameAtthe and advocacy research time firstplace. countries in the European international Central on and Eastern to pressure be attributed thisthat changecan argue authors The 2002:7). (Swenden,Vermeersch concernsof communities Roma rights the increasing new introduce tendency to institutions fordealing with socio-economicthe andhuman late 1990s Hungarian in that policy Roma-related changed, wasan asthere the gradually “Thefounding international partner organizations oftheDecadeare theWorld Bank,the Open SocietyInstitute, 14 th session, 2007:2). st ISC 12 , CEU eTD Collection Herzegovina,Albania and Spain having joined in later years, and with Slovenia holding an and Bosnia with initiative, in Decade the participating countries twelve are there Currently Amendedissues” (ToR, 2010:4). into“take accountpoverty,mainstreaming shouldgovernment core discrimination,gender as and the that to addition In areas. priority the on focus special have should governments The housing. and health, employment, are,education, in those initiative, Decade the areas enlisted priority four Thereare 2005:1). way”(ToR, and quantifiable review inatransparent and theprogress to process in decision-making togetherbyincludingwork for the Roma thewelfareRoma “to of intergovernmental nongovernmental and organizations, andtheRoma civilsociety are proposed Reference Roma (DecadeTerms poverty, framework exclusion, discrimination and aregional within of tocombat of The Decadeisa European governments commitmenttwelve initiative political governments signed the Declaration of the Decade in Sofia, Bulgaria (Decade website). 1 (Decade and for policiesmakingplans, reachingthetargets and programs needed” of estimation resources level country Developing initiative. Decade the for mechanisms monitoring and requirements “identifying data phase were, preparatory for the thegovernments during important tasks 13 Children's Fund (UNICEF) also became partners thein Decade.” (Decade website) and Traveller Forum,and the European Roma Rights Centre. In 2008, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, and the United Nations Organisation forSecurity andCo-operation inEurope, theEuropeanRomaInformation Office,the European Roma the the andSinti Issues Human of Rights Roma InstitutionsDemocratic and Contact Pointfor Office for the of formonitoring on both country and cross-country levels” (1 targets quantifiable Decadeand the for goals set the “to together work to themselves committed HereafterToR, the Terms ofReference are the guiding rulesof the Decade that explain the Decade functioning. 13 st , 2005:1). , 2005:1). The Decade initiative the asaninternational governments, initiative ISC Meeting, 2003:2). In February, 2005, prime ministers of foundingministers of eight In February,2005, prime ISCMeeting, 2003:2). 15 st ISC Meeting, 2003:2). The other The ISCMeeting, 2003:2). CEU eTD Collection organizations, international donors, andother international organizations” (ToR Amended 2010: 7) 15 Amended 2010:4) (ToR, Decade” observers at International SteeringCommittee meetings and workshops until their decision to participate thein 14 status observer initiative is guided by an International Steering Committee Steering International an by guided is initiative least ThePlanning theDecade for period. ten-year during once at hold the DecadePresidency the its has Action National prepare based onthe priority Plan to Eachpartaking government areas. 2007:3). By formally acknowledging the responsibility towards integrating By formally core 2007:3). asthe towards acknowledging gender the responsibility Plan (Strategic areas” priority four the with measures connected viaand the tasks effectuated be to isforeseen “Gender equality that Plan promises DecadeStrategic The Hungarian society. civil Roma the and organizations international the involves which initiative, Decade highestInternational (ISC),actingbody making decision astheSteering of the Committee an is there However initiative. Decade the joining governments the on mechanism balance and checks or obligation legal no is there governments, partaking the of commitment political contribution Amendedis note since important 2010:11).It to that (ToR, the Decade initiative isa of annual the ISCdecidesthe year amount For each onthe of subsequent amountEUR 20,000. isFund administered by Worldthe Bank.All countries have contributeDecade to an to initial for purpose financingof the international The within theTrust activities Decadeframework. been hasestablished Fund (DTF) A Trust Decade Amended2010:7). Decade Presidency (ToR, the Open Societyby is foundation established aprivate AmendedThe DecadeSecretariat 2010:7). Decade (ToR, Institute facilitation for unitthe the of as atechnical support of DecadeSecretariat the establishment the which Amendeddecision-makinginbody The 2006 approved of ISC co-ordination 2010:7). and (ToR, mainly performs an administrative role in support of the “International SteeringCommittee is madeupof representatives of participating governments, Roma “Governments intending to participate in the Decade and international organizations can participate as 14 (Decade website). Within the Decade framework each government has to has eachgovernment framework Decade the Within (Decadewebsite). 16 15 ; this Committee is the highest the is Committee ; this CEU eTD Collection equality inequality of priority the Decadeinitiative. areas the issue in the Decade priorities, the Hungarian state has committed itself to promote gender 17 CEU eTD Collection Decade NAP of Here Hungary? of Decade NAP primary inquiry i.e.main research question will be toanalyze, how gender isincluded in the the objective, main the following thus study, the of objectives the from arise inquiry of lines The ininclusivenessto enhance secretariat gender NAP the of Decade. the and actors society institutions,civil governmental relevant of the Decade representatives of as suggested byvarious stakeholders such Roma as academics, women activist, representatives Roma (women’s) activism I aim putto forth recommendations based on my own research as well gender-sensitive and politics Roma level national of analysis the on Based Health. and Housing i.e.Education, Employment, resolution, in Decade enumerated the priority four areas the for in Hungary DecadeNAP of the intersectional genderanalysis Iconduct and For this purpose I aim study to inclusiveness genderthe in the Decadeof Romain Inclusion 2005-2015 Hungary. 2.1 Research Objectives and Research Questions process. research andthe research for the used methods this study. In the last section of this chapter I will put forward the research design, describing the and theories in thisused study. Iam Analysisapplying Gender andIntersectionality theory for this study. In thenext section I will lay down the analytical framework, i.e. the conceptualization achieve of lines inquiry research to applied theobjectives questions i.e.on the the elaborate of about what this researchhavinginAfter first in andRoma this politics chapter, discussed‘Roma Iwill Hungary’, talk study aims at, i.e.Research Design and Chapter2:Analytical Framework the objectives of the research, and further I will I will study thetasksandstudy inI will whether measures enlisted NAP the 18 CEU eTD Collection together and not against each andnot against together other. The gender and intersectional manner.be should studied inanintegrated dimensions the arguingrace, ethnicity, that class, and analysis areexploresdimensions different identities of women’s and social asinfluencedposition by their the toolstherefore analysis to Intersectional studymanner. specific and a distinct in women of various experiences shaping categories of differences study social various such interaction Intersectionality the to of different approaches categories as developed have researchers Feminist position. disadvantageous in a or position advantageous an in putwomen categories along these generated disability and difference such as age, race, class, categories social by different shaped are experiences their a monolithic whole, not are Women equally benefitdiverse groups of Roma menand women. of studyi.e.inclusiveness Decade the to NAPwhether andtasksin objectives the NAP the instudy for important to 2005:5).Thereforeis genderanalysis women’s gender order policy andservices equally beneficialproduce outcomes for diverse groups of women men”and (Office policies,and programs existinganalyze proposed non-government andorganizations whether to of innovative definethatenableswomen’s government as“an analysis policy process Gender inclusiveness of Decade NAP for Roma Inclusion‘Gender analysis’ of ispolicy a documents primary tool I will that be usingtostudy gender the along with the intersectional analysis. Office 2.2 Analytical Framework inclusivenesssuggestions toenhance of gender Decade the NAPin Hungary. on my analysis of Romawill further put forth the examples of genderpolitics aware Roma (women’s) civil society.Finally, based I women. non-Roma and men Roma and vis-à-vis women Roma of exclusion gender specific the address aware Roma (women’s) activism I will develop 19 CEU eTD Collection in the public sphere. Gender analysis, among other things, gives evidence on how policies things,in affect evidence amonggives on other analysis, Gender the public sphere. meneliminating unequalrelationships between women inand andimportantly private the more indentifying, isSmyth,and Thusanalysis Mukhopadhay,gender about analyzing 1999:9). (March, andlevel” market, community at international, state, with the interrelate those household with between sphere the private relationships)(involving personal andsphere (which public the deals relationships divide the down breaks analysis “Gender that emphasize Mukhopadhyay and Smyth March, (ibid).age and soon race, like, class, social from categories ofmen different women and relationship the depicts analysis in Mukhopadhay, Further 1999:9). by widerposing such questions as ‘Which men? Which women?’ the Smyth, (March, loses?” Who gains? Who How? decides? Who what? has Who what? does who society).relationships of women inand society, men inequalities and the in thoserelationships,by asking, the highlights and “explores analysis Gender Mukhopadhyay and Smyth March, to According It looksGender Analysis atRoma (women’s) activism so as to study the gender inclusiveness of the policies concerned. howa genderincluding conduct aim andintersectional DecadeNAP analysis of the policies, to power I Therefore institutions. making policy international and national of that including institutions social the in all is present intersection relations class and ethnicity the with intensifies which bias gender A levels. various at place taking oppression multiple toanalyze women’s Roma instruments key are analysis intersectional and Gender women. Roma of exclusion and discrimination withinin developof picture to aholistic important arevery order intersectional Genderanalysis and the 20 CEU eTD Collection discrimination in sense substantive discrimination the of elimination the to contribute can that laws and policies identifying at aimed intervention al.2010:64) analyses every of component legalthe machinery Binns (Bacchi, Eveline, government of analysisnotantidiscrimination is about inlegal i.e.sense the not carried in out it courts, the guidingin principle development the project. of any or policy, program Eventhoughgender becomes a gender that equality gender requires that analysis Binnsemphasize Bacchi, Eveline, as gender analysis gender aims towards equality, whichthis study envisions. et al inclusivity and developmentof Eveline,Binns encourage the gender (Bacchi, gender sensitivity describes a process or aset of processes for analyzing policies, existing orin a formation stage to that term generic a is analysis Gender women. non-Roma vis-à-vis women Roma i.e. Hungary in politics feminist larger in a subsumed get not should it and men Roma Roma i.e. vis-à-vis women politics Roma broader the in subsumed get not should women Roma of identities because specific the is important analysis on focus gender of the this study In thecontext developmentof policy suggestions. the for and analysis oriented policy for basis isit a therefore and differently men and women mainstreaming, gender analysis leads policies to shift their focus to the transformation shift the of focus to transformation their to leadspolicies analysis gender mainstreaming, men in both Resulting andwomen to benefitequally. structures reshaping organizational Gender goesbeyond analysis focusing on accesstoequal the itopportunities as envisions serve asatoolfor making Roma women’s policy inclusive.gender in inclusive policiessociety produced civil andactions the recommendations and study this will ., 2010: 64). Thus gender analysis is both Thus tothis important is2010: 64). study theoretically genderand analysis politically both ., . The further authors state with that understanding,this “gender analysis is an ” (ibid). This study envisions that the examples of gender examplesof the envisions that study This (ibid). 21 et CEU eTD Collection ethnicity. The Intersectionality perspective emerged from a context of intersections between intersections of from a context emerged perspective The Intersectionality ethnicity. class and asgender, race, such ofdifferences theinterrelationships on depending situations, various social divisions thatpositionorindividuals disadvantageousgroups inadvantageous or 20 late back tothe 37). Thistheory 2009: dates (Pantea, and disability” sexual orientation ethnicity, class, race, gender, integrating oppression of as patterns and social thecultural conceptualize “Intersectionality is a theory and a paradigm for sociological and cultural studies that Intersectionality this generates intersectingfactors rethinking.other approaches is crucial for widening welfare for the larger society. Gender analysis and analysis of important in gender analysis, a theme I shall discuss in the next section. The thatare factors rethinking other of intersection about also talk at this point The authors (ibid). factors of policy other of range a with intersects gender how of analyses strengthen and gender of understandings simplistic challenge then can which discussion nuanced into transformed be should Binns, Eveline, anddefences”(Bacchi, resistances compromises, strategic requiring settlements, messy Eveline, Binns Bacchi, change. institutional target that characteristic transformational the have Roma for policies the that importance more even is of it minority ethnic discriminated As equally. women and men Roma both benefit to agenda transformational this have (Bacchi, Eveline, Binns institutions,inimproving just beyond thisway and goes access of in women position strategic th century north American Black Feminist Movement. The term intersectionality refers to refers intersectionality term The Movement. Feminist Black American north century et al. 2010: 65). The authors make an important point make2010: 65).Theauthors important an complex the that policy process et al. et et al.2010:65 cite Ailwood to describe policy processes as consisting of “uneasy, describe to citeof policy Ailwood asconsisting processes ). Policies that are specifically introduced for Roma should 22 CEU eTD Collection Black feminists indentified crucial the nexus and gender race and in 20 back19 thought (Lykke history 2005).This to dates in history feminist has longer an and even complicated intersectionality of Conceptualization 2005:3) feministin and, theories, postcolonialparticular, andtheory, blackfeministtheory (Lykke, construction and transformation (ibid). mutual of processes are class and race gender, between intersectionalities that stresses further initiating mutual butwithout Lykke other boundedtransformation. each clashingagainst entities, Barad happens betweentwo Inter-action to according (Lykke2005:2). while interplaying” other, each transform mutually and interpenetrate which phenomena, non-bounded between interplay to refers “Intra-action by“intra-act”. “inter-act” replaces Baradand Karen philosopher interact” (Lykke, her 2005:2).Lykkefeminist revisits following definition physicist and etc. nationality age/generation, sexuality, class, ethnicity, race, gender, suchas categories socio-cultural institutionally constructed discursivelyand around in/exclusion which produce analyze,feminist hierarchies socio-cultural how asatool to andpowerdifferentials, theorizing has kindsof intersectionality been of used indifferent of In concept words “The the Lykke Nina discussed issues the blackof women’s employment in US(Davis,the 2006:193). Intersectionality infirst usedby Kimberle racetheorist 1989whenshe was Crenshaw critical women’sfound movement classand gender creating asfactors double burden on women. 23 th century anti-slavery movement where movement century anti-slavery th century socialist century CEU eTD Collection discrimination and leave out the dynamics of poverty and exclusion (ibid). In her view however, of dimensions mainlygender ethnic consider and to tend research terms using these argues that 2009:21).She multiplemultiplemarginalization, or discrimination” (Kocze, disadvantages, variousnumber in of ways a includingsuch ways concepts as “double discrimination, double in hasbeen described inscholarship women situation of Romani the that acknowledges Kocze Roma situation. analysis of women’s the for categories the are still exploring activists women Roma because Kocze, to according so, is This (ibid). activists women Romani (Kocze, Koczefurther is intersectional countries” emphasizes 2009:21). merely the approach that for a possibility different in emerging movements women’s majority with interactions their racism and sexism, of which they have become aware as members of the Roma movement and in speak aboutforlanguageoffered Romani to with both their a experiences activists women has multiple discrimination of notion the and “intersectionality states that Europe women of Roma context the in written Intersectionality’ ‘missing on research her in Kocze, Angela Author differentgroups and individuals. analysis is very crucial subsumedin either in gendercategory the ethnicity.or Asopposed to this intersectionalitybased order to provide means ethnicityto deal the multiple with ethnicitythe viewof from oronly point of genderpointthe mutual view, the of transformation marginalizationand gender of from only are analyzed women Roma if of concerns women, of Roma context the In categories. is neglected.view social failsof the to mutual and structures those construction analysis separate the As are seen as they intra-acting than rather tobeinteracting are analyzed social categories When a result the specific concerns of Roma woman get 24 CEU eTD Collection gender in the Decade priority areas. I also inquired about suggestions from the experts on how to experts the suggestions from inquired about areas. Ialso Decadepriority ingender the nottheDecade include NAP effectively onwhether or interviewsinlevel; Iaskedquestions the institutions, and European bodiesintergovernmental theregional on representativesrelevant of governmental of relevant representatives academics, activists, Roma women interview Further tosubstantiate my analysis I gathered evidences from field,the for this I decided to activism. Roma to (women’s) related wellasdocuments included as ongender afocus that studies analyzed NAPinHungary. Ialso for priority in the Decade the enlisted areas measures analysisof tasksand intersectional the Decade NAP and Roma (women’s) activism, Iprimarily used desk research and did a gender and informationMy researchgender inclusiveness requiredthatIgather questions about the of Sampling method collectdecided formulated afterdata questionsthe the on I to andobjectives. follows from is or bytheresearchguided and objectives the research andquestions I therefore research for qualitative the The researchdesign 9). (DeVaus,2001: as unambiguously possible” research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as study. is logical Research design of inquiry.a structure DeVausstates “thefunctionthat ofa In this section on Research design I will describe the study design and methods employed for this Design 2.3 Research out. is left ifbe dimension theclass completed cannot Roma women of analysis of situation the the 25 CEU eTD Collection during August 2009 to December2009 I did an internship in JBN. 18 directly reproduced or paraphrased the quote very closely to what interviewees have said. 17 16 in initial support After this representatives. of contacts government providedMiskolc, Sajokaza researchthe fix wasdeveloping. Ididn’t interviewees onthenumber of flexibleThe interviewresearch plan was kept animportant asevery finding leadto with which to get contacts of other experts in the field. from Ihadidentifiedhence ballingtechnique began and with usedsnow Hungary,I sources the issuewas gender on the identify of such since perspective difficultRoma. It to actors Iam not wanted to talk to Roma I decidedfor onpurposive (non-probability)sampling datacollection.the Asfor this study I and non- Roma women experts fromimportant for this study various levels working inclusiveness werevery the Thus interviews with enhance genderDecadeNAP. the of experts with the women activists in Hungary. Further Jai Bhim Network them, LidiaBalogh, helpedme in getting contacts of Roma women’sorganizations and Rom of one and theconference, of in involved organizing the were with who interacted people the I present. were level European and regional the on bodies intergovernmental relevant of representatives as well as institutions governmental relevant of representatives onRoma and issues, academic experts women numberactivists, of Roma a good by April Women’s Lobby and European the theHungarianWomen’s Lobby. this For conference was duringconference the European ‘Roma Womenin inBudapestFocus’ organized 7 on interviews My altogether. know primary and getchannel contacts to to of potential interviewees fifteen identifiedfind process I my interviewees.balling In techniqueto and could take the Hereafter JBN, during previousmy studies inCentral European University in 2008 Ihave volunteered JBN in and Inthis paper even though there are no quotations used to indicate what the interviewees have said I either Seealsothe Annex IIforthe listof interviewees. 16 . 26 18 (JBN) a Roma Rights organization in 17 due tothe use of snow- th of CEU eTD Collection asked for the permission before starting the interviews. the before starting for thepermission asked a digital on Theinterviews focused were andinterviewees questions. were recorded recorder the preparednessLastly, them. wasfrom also expecting was I usefulinformation what know to interview in the before taking guideline or notes as the answers were mostly conciseinformation my foruseful six paper. Thirdly, about intervieweesof the askedfor aquestionnaire due to the relevant amount of largestpossible the to gather Iwanted interviews in onetime Secondly these appointment. an fixed limitof had they time and constrains hadtime interviewees the most cases in focusedfirstly as interviews were, efficiency, The semi-structured for conducting reasons detailed understanding of the topic” (Konate, Sidibe, n.d). gainis and complete “to of purpose which the interviews, interviews, Iuseddepth/focused semi-structured types of Among various the beforehand. orthemesquestions areprepared 19 guide The ‘interview n.d). Sidibe, (Konate, obtain elsewhere” cannot researcher or that the information status a particular position, knowledge, have specialized who qualitative research as “toobtain ofview,aiming points reflections observations and of people Konate and Sidibe interviews define semi-structured based on excerpts of guidethe on Semi-structured Interviews interviewees. with all the interviews did I semi-structured interviewees. three exception of from an with areHungary my interviewees Mostof interviewees. couldbe potential who me of contacts experts the provided interviewees these with interviewees, contacts building See Annex I for the interview guide of the interviews used for thisstudy 27 19 ’ i.e. a written list of CEU eTD Collection ‘too’ the in end specifies that being a Roma woman is as much gender asethnicity. Roma women” meansthat thelarger women’s movement in Europe should recognize Roma women’s status. The the especially in policies identityand specificity ofwomen Roma getssubsumed. The first partofthetitle “aren’t are considered tobe agender neutral category. Roma andWomen arenot mutually exclusive categories, thisAbolitionist. Ichose title particular forthis chapterbecauseobserved I in many researches andstudies Roma 20 document the instance of For Roma. exclusion cyclical the perpetuate which Decade, areas of the show between priority the situation intrinsicon not the the link it Romathe ingeneral of does provides Plan care.WhiletheStrategic HousingEmployment, document and Health i.e., Education, aspriority areas, designated themes Decade the asper plan action of the describes and first Hungary in Roma of situation the briefly enumerates Plan Strategic The genderis equality in only mentioned equal context of the treatment. 2007:12). Thusitevenappears that though a crosscutting theme all for policy the priority areas, mainstreamingand antidiscrimination” (NAP,equal of treatment promotion the relatingof to 2007:3). The term ‘Roma (Peric, in framework Decade the neglected issues are gender of the that women’ show studies However appears only once for priority the areas. be through tasks enumerated the implemented into genderequality envisions the NAP of Hungary under of Plan Hungary Strategic The initiative. issuein asa is enlisted core Decade the Gender equality the “tasks perspectives. enlistedfortasks priority four the documents areas in from these two andintersectional gender 2008-2009 of Hungary,in section Iwill passed2007(see 1.3). also analyze the andobjectives (NAP) Plan Action years National two and (2007) Plan Strategic areDecade those analysis, In this chapter the analysis will focus onChapter 3Aren’tRoma Women two main documents of the Decade initiative for the This title is inspired by the famous speech “Aint I a Woman?” bySojournerthe famous byspeech“AintIaWoman?” Truth,anAfrican-American is inspired Thistitle 20 Womentoo? 28 information CEU eTD Collection required for integration. However the Plan does not clearly put forth the measures to be taken forbe taken to forth measures the clearly put not thedoes Plan However integration. for required activities preparative with schools of numbers increasing for be administered to tasks the furtherenlists The Plan 2007:5). Plan Roma people” (Strategic of the qualification of elevation schooling i.e. effectuation segregatedclasses and andschools desegregated all of dissolution education, integrated the “expanding scopeof the aims at education Plan Strategic Roma. The of of field the in objective the fulfill to tasks and objective main the enlists Plan Strategic The 3.1 Education how inclusiveabout gender is the Decade Plan in Strategic field the of education. documents against afew studies that explicitly focus on gender. In the first sub section I will talk Decade these thissubstantiate Iread finding areas. To in Decadepriority the eachof perspective lack show aintersectional it can documents and of Plan gender NAP, the and be that seen in Strategic initiative of DecadeHungary, documentthe core the forthcomingof analysis In the produce more and intersection excludedthat vulnerability the their groups. to important that the policy documents should comprise analysis of very thebe formswould it of social exclusion, exclusion social abolish to policy a formulating In isolation. in dimensions these at looks document the while care health proper no and unemployment segregation, meeting in JBN, Sajokaza on 14 21 Roma the against community hostility and stigma the to due happens mostly this that show researches society civil The 2). slightly mentally is disabled children of double the national the average” (Strategic Plan2007: educational for institutionsestablished to that“theproportion of transferred states Roma children Discussion with the president of the Chance for Children Foundation, Hungary Mr. Andras Ujlaky th of2011 April 21 . Thereis a visible linkbetween school segregation, residential 29 during the during CEU eTD Collection exerted upon Roma girls and “lower such lays issues expectations as fear andinsecurity. down Pantea and becauseof the also the poor level of teachers’community,becauseallowed youngnot often girls to travel are patriarchalalone values dueto preparation to deal with multicultural mentioned that in certain places where there is high Roma populationthe closest school is80 Kmaway. assistant lecturer University of FacultyPecs ofHumanities, Instituteof Education Department of Gypsy Studies women in Central and Eastern Europe on 7 22 recently in Budapest The to attend school (Interview Derdak,15 encourage youngin to order Roma mothers andRoma with girls of caring responsibility children drop out particularly among the Roma girls. Therefore schoolsa gender the youngRoma girls role havetotake care of leadsto youngertheir siblings which should be equipped with crèches orevenas bearing and marriages isa of instance, early child high rate early there for community Roma girls inAmbedkar high founded school by sharedJai Bhim Network, that in toinvolveorder young the school Inwe thehave interview to consider Derdak various with structural Tibor,constrains and the policy ineffectiveness” 2009:5). (Pantea, dimensions. the founder women linked “customs andare with of values community,the in poverty family,the aswell In ofthe Jai Roma of education affecting traditional disparities gender states the that Pantea 2009:5). girls” (Pantea, Bhim Roma of attainment) Network, education (low dropouts and enrollment low in involved factors complex Roma who also whyteaches Roma boys and girlsin dropthefocus continue not reasons encouragingon does specific the Roma schooling.ThePlan to girls out. By contrast Pantea writes about the “gender disparity and The European Women’s Lobby and the Hungarian Women’s Lobby organised a European conference on Roma distance of school is one of the reasons mentioned in a Roma women’s conference held in conference a Romawomen’s mentioned is reasons the of school one of distance 22 . The distance of school especially affects girls from traditional Roma traditional from girls affects especially school of distance The . th April 2011 in Budapest. The speaker Szilvia Labodane Lakatos, th May 2010). 30 CEU eTD Collection constrained them to Blue collar unskilled jobs in informal Blue ininformal jobs sectors. them unskilled constrained collar to made oflow Thisbacklog primary and education moreeducation. women vulnerable Roma for rate national achieve the average mento Roma after 20years women for Roma ittook school. Roma women reached this rate after 20 years (Kertesi, Kezdi, 2009: 15). This malesshows primary primary of completed 1960scompleted Roma school. born 80percentafter that 97 1950s shows the after percent ofmalesborn that in rate completion rate Hungary. This school national primary average on the providefor statistics Roma. authors The employment Kertesi levelKezdi low the anddiscriminatory that explain education of Romaamongst leadto labor into market. enter boysRoma to due and to familial out asRomagirls drop Roma responsibilities education”(ibid), women’s in affects communities segregation Roma itingender “strong Pantea’s To put words 2009: 15). the eldest girl child due familiesfamilialto out drop the of andcaringdomestic especially work responsibilities work who has to assume motheringYoung Romaboysin toenter drop out intoorder whereasinformal Roma work, girls from poor role differently. to women Roma and men lookRoma affect communities and families after Roma inthe Poverty younger siblings (Pantea, 2009:15). (Pantea, contributions or are in conflict with traditional culture” low attainment of school of Roma girls Pantea states that the “gender out (Pantea,2009:15).Further Roma” for to drop alsoas reasons (andissues) related stereotyping gender curricula that do not value Roma women and girls’ 31 CEU eTD Collection anti-discrimination elements, alternative methods of informal education, education promotion of promotion education education, informal of methods alternative elements, anti-discrimination mentions following as be importanttasks the to carried out:“theframing andimprovementof Plan Strategic The as addition, in In goal. for education public children Roma level education of measures;desegregation laying its down in tasks field the it of education, aboutanequal talks at aims Plan Strategic The women. Roma by faced specifically problems solve to measures Read againsttheseitbecomesclear that not backgrounds Plan provide Strategic holistic the does women is needed. Roma specifically and Roma by schools of attainment low of analysis intersectional and gender vulnerability be and needs understood to tackled inRoma in toachieve policy and order this goal bearing pregnancies and numerous whichdeteriorates healththe Roma women.of cyclical This issues related to or have lack of control over sexuality and reproduction, this leads toearly child which family involved not of making,inignorant due to Roma women are they decision are the of members male mostly of dependency as such women, Roma on of has consequences various education of level Low unemployment. of problem the to leads further what women Roma of isattainment education itself facedlarger of a manifestation by societal specifically problems We have seen above that Roma women’s low level of education is due manyto factors. The low women. Roma and men Roma both than educated than better and this Roma toin women higherlevel contributes their employmentof non-Romaare women be that it argued can also levellow education, can of to berate attributed lower than that of Roma men and non-Roma women. If one aredistinctly rates Roma employment we cansee women’s that of employment, 3.2,on In section the reasons for low employment 32 CEU eTD Collection areas to formulate the plans/programs and policies. and formulate plans/programs the areas to link these two Strategic the should Plan that andemphasize and employment between education link the draw will I employment of area the sub-section, following in the discussing When such class and ethnicity. factors intersecting the education and secondly ofRoma women’s dimensions affecting reasons genderedbiases the Strategic Plan would need to closelythese lookovercome to at, first order In of all above. the gender stated reasons the for school evening the attend to likely not are communities from young women disadvantaged Roma Yet education (ibid). correspondence inclusion youngof Roma in education Public eveningthrough and schools secondary education One Plan fulfill2007:6). (Strategic of campaign measuresto the is this task forto the youngdisadvantaged adults into public meansthe through education informal of alternative, encourage is in to Plan school. Oneof enumerated tasks the Strategic they end updiscontinuing long anda on school distance located allowedto not totravel aregenerally young girls Roma conservative customs before dueto school. Asstated from to coming Roma women discourage tasks inenlisted fieldthe of education. TheStrategic Plan biasedalso creates measurescould that and second,promotion languageof The and culture. gender is dimension not included in the relates betweenRoma toreducing andnon-Roma first, desegregation that differences education, Two issues of focus emerge in tasks the Strategicthe under Plan in enumerated fieldthe of (Strategic Plan Pedagogues” 2007:7). encouraging (Romani training Roma languages, and Beas) andemployment of Roma the humanequal opportunities, Roma folkin fundamental education,rights, and studies culture 33 CEU eTD Collection 23 fee. employment toRoma women who havebenefitted from the child care allowance and child care for opportunities feePlan offers related the Strategic child-care and and child-care allowance Programs in womenHungary,So, 2004). whoare employed childbirth prior to benefit from the leastfor at 180 2 the in haveworked women days years (Social who Security before childbirth” covers cash maternity benefits (childcare costs) for“all pregnant employed orself-employed inPrograms Hungary Security insurance (Social on dependent benefits are costs childcare in the First, Hungary problems by which Roma women are distinguished from groups. other two thisitneglects (Strategic restrictsAs the itself to Plan 2007:10). perspective,Strategic Plan inbenefitscontributes” of the paymentimproving employer programs offer existingthe that vocational as trainings, thefacilitation accesswell as them proper of to by maintaining and and formsfeeflexible of of employment e.g.establishment child-care and child-care allowance fortaken the “promotion of foremployment women (including women) Roma from returning rate (Strategicof forthbe measures employment TheRoma Plan women’s puts Plan, 2007:9). to increase the to positive discrimination about talks Plan Strategic the field ofemployment, In the Care. Health and areas, namelyEmployment inmentioned two are women Roma Plan, Strategic as theimprovement level of the employmentRoma(Strategicof people’s In Plan, 2007:9). the people’s integration in market laborthe in association with their and training retraining, aswell Roma the facilitate to is Plan Strategic the of objective principle the employment of field the In 3.2 Employment Social Programs Throughout the world 2004, U.S. Social Security Administration, Office of Policy website. 23 , 2004).The Social Program Insurance maternityfor benefits in Hungary 34 CEU eTD Collection employment in Hungary decreased together with male employment, it never went below the below it went never male employment, with together decreased in Hungary employment countries”is (Kertesi, Kezdi2009:8).Thenoteworthy female point thateven though among post-communist even comparison, low ininternational were that reached levels summarize mid-1990’sauthors “by Hungarian statingrates Svejnar’sargument employment the year old population was 72 percentin 1980, 66per centin 1990, and in53 percent 2001. The rate of “according employment 16-64 the Hungarian the Census, Kezdi that write to Kertesi and with low orno social benefits (Pantea, 2009:22). specificallyininformal sectorlong endupopting the forhours employment wherethey work responsibilities, beingRoma of society.the Yet bring women upmore children inand areengaged child rearing developmentconsidered the not domestic is ascontributionandunaccounted well- to work thus theirTheir women. Roma for option valuable a returnconsidered is not home at Staying women. to laborRoma on“employing” focuses measure exclusive the tofact that isrelated The second problem market is restrictednon-Roma women. to compared by thismarketlabor focus returning on alone againstRomawomen into women discriminates as fact. The Plan. in Strategic the enlisted discrimination positive the access to to be able not will birth Poor Roma who have notavailed of womenchild-care allowance. Roma women who were unemployed prior togive employment in opportunity enumerated because Plan Strategic Roma thePlan excludes women having children. Therefore to which they cannotavail of the childcare allowance and will notget Yet Roma women are mostly engaged in unpaid domestic work or/and informal care work before 35 CEU eTD Collection located in remote areas yet. This finding needs to be quantified. At Roma tobequantified. This the women’s areasyet. needs in located finding remote Roma would enable them to education means thatthe of This 2009: 3). Kezdi for” is (Kertesi, education controlled once access jobs despite of thefrom little non-Roma, explains location, whiledifferenteducation Roma,the geographic of and fact that they had to be geographically Kertesi-Kezdi According“more to gap isa third than explainedbylower of employment the with rate employment 17 percent. achieving but of Roma 58percent employmentrate lowest women atthe remained of the women had reached the OCED national average by 2003. Non-Roma women in fact did better by non-Roma and men non-Roma that conclude can we data rate employment and gap ethnic howeverin nobe theemployment changes Roma significant could traced (ibid). of From the non-Romainincreaseof the employment duetothe further in percentpoints 1994, widened hadreached37 ethnic further the that state gapwhich authors The 2009:8). (Kertesi, Kezdi percentage points by 2003 because of employmentof rising non-Romathe butnotfor Roma” the 40 was increased into at 36-37percentage points rate It 1994. andnational employment Roma between Thedifference 17 percent. at stayed and that of women cent, Roma 32 per was at and 17per to centamong women, which didnot improve. By 2003, employment of Roma men statistics of Roma employment, “by 1994; Roma employment was below 30 per cent among men later” conditions bymacroeconomic unchanged significantlyHungary dropped yearsin the first post-communistthe of transition and remained in Roma of “the employment showthat results study The Kezdi 2009:2). (Kertesi, Hungary” in Roma of employment formal low ofthe causes extent the “analyzed study Kertesi-Kezdi’s women’s employment rate in Hungary was at par with international employment rate. aboveincreasedit (ibid).by OECD average,that slightly This means with 58percent 2003, and 36 (Kertesi, Kezdi 2009:2). Kertesi-Kezdi Kertesi-Kezdi Kezdi give (Kertesi, 2009:2). CEU eTD Collection discrepancies discrepancies and alack jobof is There (ibid). anintrinsicaccess” linkbetween race/ethnicity wage from both suffer women Roma not or “whether analyze not does report the therefore and Roma are assumed to be all Romadiscrepancies men. The specificity and Romaof Roma do thatwomen from asserts wage suffer report the Opreastresses 2003n.d.). that (Oprea, womennot. isIn neglected the report and women offers” jobthan wage rather in terms of access be conceived can Roma against discrimination are assumed to be all Romanianreport womenthat shows the gender gap Opreacites an (Oprea,2003:n.d). mutually from exclusive World categories” the example Bank in employment Romania. The reportspecifically. however states that She “the writesis available data out lack Oprea critically the of Roma women on points disaggregated “that statistics n.d). Thething first that inboth of sexism (Oprea, 2003: understood racism” the context and often refer to ‘women’must be women Roma of marginalization “the that writes Oprea Alexandra In herarticle and ‘Roma’ as though they areemployment of Roma as priority. willingindevelopment Thereshouldbe take thestate field of employment. will and political to underlinesJaroka the employmentof Roma should agenda.be prioritized as astate Thisinformation that the betterdevelopment jobs these youth were employed on jobs such as cleaning toilets in Railways. According to eventhat many youngthough Roma men and womenhad a thatwoulddiploma qualify forthem of Roma 7 (Jaroka, be andrecruited women trained unemploymentcould especially Roma she suggested, for which, nursesfor places are8000unfilled statedthatthere Jaroka is not simplyLiviaParliament provided Jaroka evidences for job discrimination Romaagainst the community. partconference heldinon 7 Budapest of the overall th April 2011, Roma woman andmember of activist European 37 th April,furtherJaroka noted 2011). CEU eTD Collection status group. policies both fall the Romalow-that shouldinterpreted in people address andnon-Roma the be can it population, low-status the among overrepresented strongly are Roma Since general. Hefurther 2009: 1). states that low policies andlegislation focusthese groups of in social status group of Roma, elderly suchaswomen, children,the disabilities)”with (Koszeghy,and persons legislation any donottarget Roma most policies people (or “housing-related public andspecific Koszeghy in hisstudy ‘Housing on Roma Conditions of Travelers’ and in Hungary,states that housing. of in achieve area the genderequality to measures enumerated areno and there also document notdoes give data on segregated housing. disparity Gender in housing mentioned isnot in the document The facilitiescomfort2007: 3). (StrategicPlan without blocks, apartments segregated tens of of Romathousands families slummed live insegregated, housing in circumstances hasincreased, inof Roma and segregation the andsettlements people non-Roma the housing and infrastructural disadvantages.and employment The documentemphasizes thatin decade, pastthe economic, with afflicted thatare of country the inlive micro-regions the people who Roma of themajority of conditions living adverse the about talks document Plan The Strategic 3.3 Housing to Roma. and genderand this linkis in missed out various studies, researches and related policy documents 38 CEU eTD Collection creation ofthe potentials of mobility (Strategic Plan 2007). transformationthehomeflexible of systemofsubsidyfor purposes buildingofresidential primarilytowards the improvement of access to benefits in cash andbenefits inkind aimedatthepreservation of housing and facilities; in densely populated with Roma people; creation ofproperly differentiated financing conditions of public services; settlementsliving in orsettlement-like environment; complex development of the mostdisadvantaged regions 24 Plan in Strategic the elaborated and measures aretasks task particular undereach achieve this there required objective, to In order Plan 2007:13) regions” (Strategic villages and in the segregation of scale reduction large- a achieve “to is objective main its housing of field in the Plan, Strategic the to Coming in low-status mostas they (ibid). households the are overrepresented implementation any of socially housingresponsible Roma social policy. Thisaffects again the proportion low the flats. that of stresses whichKoszeghy is in4-5 percent approximately Europe, first half of 1990s,the proportion the of public in tenements becameHungary among the lowest of public mass inas a framework legalof Hestates of the housing. resultthat and policy the privatization Koszeghy’s political study showsthatrental the and economichave changes 1989-1990 of impacted flats is the primary factor that prevents formulation and as inadequate housingas inadequate legislation. plan that would address the specific handicap of Roma woman dueinadequate to housing as well these facilities can facilities for Romaprovide for education beneficiaries of people. Theand indirect employment be Roma women even thoughdocuments is reductionthe segregation of and the creation housing in of an environment that will the documents do in enumerated it NAPforyearsthe 2008-2009, canbeseen main the that focus both of not include a clear action volvement ofpeoplehaving lowincomes (or noincomes) into the rental housing andsocial housing program, These include, implementation ofcomplex goalprograms for theacceleration of thesocial integration ofpeople 24 . From the objectives of the Strategic Plan and the tasks 39 CEU eTD Collection housing and land rights differently given their different gender roles and responsibilities. and roles gender different their given differently rights land and housing of thesituation Roma emphasizes experience men Pantea women and that 2009:37). (Pantea migration young(irregular) and Roma girls experience aparticular of risk being trafficked” external housing promotes lack of “the that face, Panteastresses they harassment specific the and women Roma on eviction of consequences the show not does study Koszeghy’s While family butchild’s to adequate righthousing is not considered. evictions (ibid). In this sense principle of child protection is only restricted to child’s right to Rights Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities (Hungarian NEKI) (Koszeghy,2009:10) of LocalMinistry Government. Civilsocietyactors: RCRF, Autonomia Foundation and DefenseLegal Bureau forthe actors: Roma Integration Department of the Ministry of Social Affairs and HousingLabor, Department of the 25 interviewees of Koszeghy’s experience amongfrequent families with many children” (Koszeghy, 2009:83);and,according tothe aremore sinceevictions sufferfrom evictions, in “Romadisproportionately children that reality from beKoszeghy families undertheprincipleof protection. taken away child theiremphasizes housing bein but still would evicted process this children the families of these evicted would not social in’ the movedto ‘arbitrarily have Roma who is that here idea The overrepresented. are whereRoma comelow-income group from be that to tend those entitlements be The tenants movingflatsreasons only) into without (NAP,2007:7). enforced” can children which to may(according be not children separated from families due financial their to of protection the on Act in the principle the that so be revised should system protection child flatsarbitrarily moving into and servicesprovided social by housing)system and the (social the bethose against applied to procedures implementation “regulation and that states 2 of NAPthe number the task families, Roma affecting legislation housing inadequate give of anexample To Koszeghy interviewed Koszeghy twogovernmental representativessociety andcivil representatives:Governmental three 25 , the rights of children tend to be of rights violatedthe duringtendchildren to 40 CEU eTD Collection 27 Conditions of Romaand Travellers [online] 26 of in are eviction process the facedwith Roma that harassment women shows This case (ibid). should such conduct violatedhuman beprohibited” harassment, therefore dignity,unlawful and to amounted of method eviction the that ETA established procedure the repeated the In initiated. in investigation casewas the of and anewprocess resolution against the appealed government “thelocal 2009: 109).Koszeghy that states (Koszeghy, continuation of this unlawful practice notice,inherher causingalso absence, partial belongings.damage ETA to prohibited the prior dignity her without whileevicting to woman equal treatmenta Romani andof theright Authority (ETA) Treatment filedthe with Equal Annexlegal hisin discusses housing discrimination was first decisions study. the The case 2 of Koszeghy by eviction. affected are Roma women how of examples also practical There are from legalize areas deprived to their (Pantea, status tenure 2009:35). education women discourage with poor inheritance procedures legal expensive bureaucratic and women and their (Pantea, 2009:35).In dependants” addition, emphasizes Pantea that the difficulties inhousing; finding substitute the consequence ishomelessnessultimate among have more and in abused process the or hurt getting andof beingevicted, of an increasedrisk “Roma areat women that study and (HIC) states International Coalition toHabitat refers Pantea properly asowner (ibid). was notif separation, registered thehusband in or divorce cases of (Pantea, M2009:34). Roma for women evicted example uponthedeath get of husbandstheir or men women inthisareaaffectand Roma differently atrocities problems and Consequently, ETA’s resolution ETA’s The by Ferencvaros. of housing local the gave discrimination government adecision regarding Theproceedings were initiated by Roma Civil Rights Foundation (RCRF)(Koszeghy, 2009: 109) Fulltexts of ETA decisions are notpublicly available, The case extracts can be found in Koszeghy (2009), Housing 27 established that the local government of Ferencvaros violated the right to violated right the of Ferencvaros local the that established government 41 26 in 2006/07. The Budapest Metropolitan Court Metropolitan in Budapest 2006/07. The CEU eTD Collection security of components usedin Pantea’s gender analysisby arecreated UNHCR (1991).Thoseare:legal tenure (througha homedisabled elderly,the needs 2009:32).The sick or adaptedtotheir special to (Pantea, owninglivelihoodnatural land, andbe basic rightnot to evicted resources, services,the andthe of right or renting,‘shelter’ by adefinition housingproviding ‘adequate includingof toaccess rights alsothe to individually and housing’ between‘adequate distinction makes aclear Pantea theNAP. Plan or Strategic the or collectively); housing. one adequate Iwill adequately whichof is discuss these addressed by components not for components of housing Romarights to several adequate specifies of Pantea’s genderanalysis accessibility to of view and herdouble discrimination isas Romaaddressed. woman not example case discussed above the harassment of the Roma woman is only seen from ethnic point discrimination would consist of. Similarly the legal mechanisms are often gender blind and in the ethnic what out spell sufficiently not do mechanisms legal the and subtle is discrimination discrimination(Koszeghy, financial the2009:109).Thisshows ethnic status” that basis of on establish to possible itwas only but discrimination ethnic suspected ETA cases the discrimination in housingKoszeghy further cases states or that in accordingthe cases to the staff related of the ETA “it isto difficultother 2009:76). and (Pantea, to harassment discrimination against the establishareas ethnicof social life.and such support, as information,time, political and economic powerand qualification actInto several lackresources women cases Roma in most that emphasizes a Roma Pantea woman. to support provided the and proceedings likely wheretheRCRFinitiated not successful iscase only the this that note to is important It justice. attain to repeatedprocedures go through haveto likely to 42 CEU eTD Collection winter when it freezes many on them. for bore wells InSajokaza approximately arefourthere water houses. 500 the During women fall and get role injuredtraditional their requireswork in them As to householdthethe lack facilities of putan burdenenormous specifically most. the whenwomen Roma theyaffects water as such go outfacilities to to drawinaccessibility water. Mr. housing by are surrounded inadequate the and emphasized that Mr.Derdak ground. dumping houses of the Most settlements. Roma poorest the of has one Sajokaza of Sajokaza. settlement Roma in segregated facethe women that problems discussedspecific Derdak Mr. (Sajokaza), Tibor Derdak,thefounder of RomaJai Bhim organizationNetwork, in rights Miskolc There are, however, such specific problems of Roma women. In an interview conducted with Mr. effects. these counteracting at aim thatwould measures enumerated are there nor discussed neither byRoma women are experienced specifically oflackaccessibility of adverse effects but the services facilities social offfrom and micro-regions which are cut i.e.location, the inof segregation villagesandthe regions. inachievemain ofis Plan objective to Strategic of housing the field the alarge-scalereduction land, androads, education,(includinginfrastructure healthcare) e.g. water andlocation. The and facilities materials, services, to accessibility namely, NAP in the mentioned briefly only I will now discuss componentthe whichisin adequatelyelaborated not Strategicthe andis Plan tocultural 2009: (accordance (Pantea needs of 32) group) specific the localto the accessibilityphysical environment); (refers to accessibility); cultural adequacy of accordingcause rights); habitability housing deprivation other (varies not expenses for should (the affordability livelihood); and services civil from far too (not location and healthcare) and land, education, (including water e.g.roads, andinfrastructure facilities materials, services, In this relation the Plan deals with the issues of issues the with deals Plan the relation this In 43 CEU eTD Collection Roma health women’s (ERRC status 2006: 38). of vulnerability the aggravates marriage early and violence trafficking, that emphasizes addition health conditionsemphasize the not Plan Strategic the does However health care” (ERRC 2006:13). accessing of specific discriminatory barriers andforms of abuse with along rejection on ethnicthe while grounds vulnerable general” study face women shows that “Roma 2006: 13).The ERRC gender-related (ERRC groups in Roma for health policies the than fragmentary morehealth careare to andaccess health such as Roma‘Ambulance women. not on the Theway’is While gender ERRCstudy noreference here,the servicesystems”to healthcare (ibid). there on ERRChealth carestudy states that to of their access improvement aswell as atbirth, lifeincrease inthe expectance people, in “the efforts to promotetasks Roma in women’sthe field of healthnegative consequencesonhealth lifeand (ibid).quality Strategic The further Plan enumerates care. The main objectiveemphasizes that the regional, schooling,is social, economic and“to social deprivation has substantiallyimprove health whileconditions ofthe Roma birth national average, than the shorter years birth is 10 at Roma people of expectancy life the that ratio isThe Strategichigher Plan gives a general thanoverview3.4 Health of the healththe conditions national of Roma people. It states averagewomen. Roma (StrategicNAP have not consideredPlan the gender2007:1). disparity15 Derdak, in the area of housingThe and its specificPlan (Interview liketuberculosis. severe coldmore disease cough, and to themvulnerable makes effects on facility water hot of lack the that and manually laundry the do women that said further Derdak th May 2011) From it May 2011) From canbeseen Strategic qualitativeandthe the the that data Plan 44 CEU eTD Collection discriminatory statement (Interview Pantea, 17 Pantea, (Interview statement discriminatory the doctora boy, or a girl expecting, was she what doctor the asked she When time. first the for toldRomania her to goseven months pregnantand shehadbeen not the doctorinto andSpain visited a in doctor back to Spainheard from she and that a incidence an migrant narrated Pantea sector health askin the Roma discrimination the about talking While womanthe from doctors Spain who had come into Romania. 2009:28). Spain.Roma (Pantea This woman This was fertility, morbidity indeedand mortality. Further early pregnancies increase the birth-related mortality of was majority lifehavehigher rates and expectanciesascomparedfemale populations, of lower to a May, In herstudy emphasizes 2011). that across Central Pantea RomaEurope, Eastern women 17 Pantea, (Interview attentions enough got yet haven’t women of expectancy life and rate mortality maternal like problems serious that she explained Pantea, Maria with interview the In level of maternal and prenatal health. for thelow inparticular reasons are the focus women on Roma lack of the apolicy system and Pantea’s in segregation 2009:28-33). and study health show health that ERRC care the (Pantea low level prenatal and maternal vulnerability to inRomaof Roma women’s women results marriage higherof to seekhealthcare. rate Early child bearingamongst and andearly reluctant make women Roma system inthehealth care women of Roma double discrimination the 2009:28-33).According Pantea (Pantea to low levelthe in inclusion of health Roma and public level poorer health, vulnerability” nutritional increased prenatal and maternal and their of sexual, incidencesillnesses chronic mental andincreasedof health rate of illnesses,Roma women’s countries increased “Roma Decadeinitiative shows on Pantea’s study the women’s conducted 45 th May,In ERRC the 2011). ‘Ambulance study th CEU eTD Collection segregation in health care. The Strategic Plan task 5 talks about improvement of 5improvement Plan inhealth Strategic care. The segregation of aboutknowledge task the talks Roma women’s and sterilization againstcoercive measures enumerate anyspecific not Plan does women Strategic the of Roma is concern a specific sterilization coercive Even though 24 optional protocol by the ERRC and the Legal Defence Bureau for National and Ethnic Minorities (NEKI) 29 egeszsegi allapot, szocialis, es egeszsegugyi szolgaltatasokhoz valo hozzaferes. Budapest, 2004, p. 62 28 after 8years constant struggle of wasfinallycompensated This Roma woman year 2001byinducingherconcede to to the misleadingincomplete and/or information (ibid). in the sterilized was who woman Roma one of litigation in involved became (NEKI), Minorities 10 Statement full (ERRC Joint withoutbe informed consent” conducted appearedto and four cases of sterilization, these interviewed anddocumentednine of Romawomen “forty-four cases out 10 Statement Joint care”(ERRC in health racial segregation in hospitals and raciallymotivatedphysical and verbal abuse Roma of women differentiated in arange show In March of ERRCfieldresearchconducted gender the 2003 Hungary (ERRC 2006: 41). isThere data however nosex-disaggregated enumerated in regards. this by practitioners” general treatment discriminatory and 44.5%reported careinstitutions, health in other and hospitals treatment havingfaceddiscriminatory interviewed reported Roma of the in thesurvey hospitals.According “25% to treatment percentage of Roma facing discriminatory a representative theway’ on not This case of coercive sterilization of Roma woman in Hungary was taken toCEDAW committee under theCEDAW ERRC referred to this source: Delphoi Consulting. Ciganyok Magyarorszagon – szocialis-gazdasagi helyzet, th th Feb, 2009). April, The 2003). ERRC, together with LegalDefenseBureauthe National for and Ethnic issues including “sterilizations fullof Roma women without and informed consent, 28 survey conducted in Hungary is referred to estimate in the is survey to Hungary conducted referred th April, 2003). In 2003). In April,inMarch Hungary,2003, ERRC the 46 29 (ERRC News (ERRC CEU eTD Collection attainment of Roma and their employment. Some issues of importance for the situation of between educational link is intrinsic Roma there that an seen wehavealready sections In previous Disparity and WithRegional 3.5 Education, Employment,Housingand HealthIntersecting With Each Other situation. this change to developed been already have options policy what organizations international four wewillactivism examplesthe see through of grassroots andthrough initiativesthe of Employment, Housing consequences andHealth andproduce incyclicalof nature, chapter the Roma women for oflow health level inhealth areaof of care aswell the as consequences gendered policies specifically.Thus the NAP andWe Strategic will Plan ofsee 2009:44). gender (Pantea, Hungary sensitivity” in do notthe focus onsection thefocusis no on there but and practices anti-discriminatory attitudes strengthening prejudice-free consequences of3.5 the lack The for traininghealthdemand professionals of focuses “multicultural on forprograms that of intersections intersectionality specificallyclass,task gender and andethnicity. genderinequalities focus of on butno discrimination ethnic regional disparity, issuesof on intheNAPfocus enlisted addressing of Education, Thetasks populations. Roma for universal largely considered health are risks that states further mainly She indicators, ofmaternal in (Pantea,2009:44). area health” the gender-disaggregated few with aminimum awareness, level gender of demonstrate Croatia, and Slovakia Serbia, Romania,Pantea, “the Montenegro, of NAPs According to Hungary, and Herzegovina, Bosnia Plan, 2007:16), however there is no specific emphasis on Roma women. (Strategic services healthcare to rights their about clients Roma of information of level the and 47 CEU eTD Collection supervisor Prof. Zimmerman to include asection on the intersection of the four Decade priority areas. 30 intersection areas. The allDecadepriority for the at intersection located the women are girls more, as discussed in the section on education the distance of the school from the settlement settlements education housingaffect the inadequate of Roma the Further living and insegregated small villages mostly by populated Roma (Koszeghy, 2009:48). closed down. Thisaffected Roma adversely as many schools publicdissolved in were schools state financing.As aresult with were450 schools schools merged other 33schools and were of Education and Culture population on strongly impacteducation” rightthe set to In 2007 (Koszeghy 2009: 46). Ministry the a limit of minimum 15 Roma the of distribution regional different and types settlement different studentssystematically per class as condition “the health. Hewrites level of attainable and highest the education, employment, to their access to receive of Roma on housingconditions of impact concerning the data quantitative provides Koszeghy health andcare system employment. access to marginalization education, Romaintensifying in areasof in the of the roleimportant further Regional segregation plays an 2009: 38). (Koszeghy, healthcareinstitutions” educational and workplaces, access (quality) services, country, to part of poorer andsouth-western the with in the north-eastern of especially country, the depressed areas in economically underdeveloped, are over-represented Roma population. total the of that from differs systematically and uneven, Hungary.Koszeghy,According“in to territorial Hungarythe distribution Roma is very of opportunities, health care system and ‘adequatehousing’ defined in (as housingthe section)in Employment Education, deprive of Roma that disparities regional the emphasizes Koszeghy women.Roma of particularly vulnerability areas aggravates Decade priority During a discussion about my thesis on 6 th May 2011 (Academic writing session) a suggestion came up from my from up came asuggestion session) writing 2011 (Academic May 48 30 of the of CEU eTD Collection Fernandes. Ms Ostalinda Maya Ovalle, ERRC Women’s Rights Officer conducted interview withMs Dolores 32 Kozgazdasagi Szemle, Vol. XLVII., No. 10, pp. 775-798. (Koszeghy 2009: 48). 31 Romi called a Roma association aboutwomen’s spoke Maya interview. informal jobs that lackpart time makes to low Romahousehold and women confined requiredin education the work security. Here I wouldhousehold Longhours burden in“remote work. laundry areas”puts extra concentrated on as like to mention and a withwater facilities of i.e. ahouse lack housingof inadequate In the caseof women Roma case shared by Maya in the (Koszeghy settlement” 2009: 48). workplaceslinks and proper transport whichwouldenable jobresidents toobtain a outside the most of “approximately 200 villages, mostlywhich populated lack by are active Roma, A research published in2005 regional allocation (Koszeghy, 2009:47). Koszeghy housing the impact is of about employment, mainissueherewrites the onthe the levelexplaining arepoor this education of Roma,of regional and disparities discrimination. is significantly Romawomen of andspecifically Roma employment seethat we can section employment In the lower thanhousing and secure employment. the respective on decisionthe making power of Romathe womenwhichintensifies with lackthe of proper ill effect direct have education of levels ratioLow health. their on consequences has which violence for the whole and sexual diseases vulnerable to further women Roma makes related trafficking Sex work population. trafficking. vulnerable to women makes Roma housing lackadequate of another dueto place to The main housingmigration frequent eviction affectsfrom schoolingRoma children,and of section, one factors inthe As discussed school. tothe girls adolescent their from sending parents can discourage Romi was the first Romani women’s association established inSpain. It was established inJanuary 1990 by Ms Koszeghy refers to G. Kertesi (2005) 'Ingazas a falusi Magyarorszagon. Egy megoldatlan problama', in: 49 32 in Granada, Spain inGranada, 31 shows that shows CEU eTD Collection Quarterly 2006, 4 Quarterly Fernandez who was one of the first Romani feminists inSpain. The interview is published in the ERRC Roma Rights “18.6 percent that datashow Survey 48). 2009: (Koszeghy spatial disparities” to strongly relates worse Roma for primary average the isthan care services and significantly population this a surveyattainable health.in 2004whichstates “theaccessof to that Herefers to level published highest the to right the with inequalities related housing of intersection the documents Koszeghy 7 Roma and involved women mostly in are cleaning unorganized servicesector jobsthe (Jaroka, talks Romadiploma youthshaving about of areemployed despite who in jobs. cleaning toilet make Roma women multiply disadvantaged. In the education section, Irefer Liviato Jaroka who Discrimination2009: 18). and segregation intersection and their with all discussedsectors the (Pantea, their education” to suitable employment from getting women prevents market labor Europe’ of “doublethat 2006, whichstates, inexperienced byRomawomen discrimination the in Southeast Displaced ‘At Risk:andthe Roma UNDPreport the to study inherrefers Pantea makes market women dependent. shows low notonly that lack but education of skills driving(here skills) remoteness and from business andthereby economically dependent (Interview Maya, 28 license makesRoma women on malethe dependent membersof for family the running their main ofincome source many for in Roma women selling. isstreet Spain Thelack of driving Maya emphasizes havingthat driving license is very important for Roma in women as Spain one her with issues. Fernandez work havethese started read and andMs. and license, driving write should women Roma that thought Fernandez Dolores Ms organization the of founder the where th April, 2011). th issue. 50 th April April case 2011). This CEU eTD Collection eselyegyenloseg', in: 15, No.4, pp. 2009:48) in: Esely, 71-99(Koszeghy Vol. eselyegyenloseg', 33 policies. inclusive maymore creation leadtothe of gender actors of help society civil society for genderinclusive policy and the reform, advocacy national revision policy with of the civil of voices collective The chapter. following in the activism grassroots this of examples some by supported international is changingorganizations, working towards thisscenario. We will see and with networking often grassroots the at activism and in Hungary movement women’s Roma the Nevertheless, affect Romaspecifically. women areas that in thepriority gender disparities indisparity, wesaw of Plan inadequacies DecadeStrategic and NAPaddressing the a number of In this analysis of all the priority areasin with dealing memberscommunity and with authoritiesand institutions.and their intersection with Roma women disempowered renders which is deprivation This acyclical community resources. each other and with regional disadvantages. Theirpolitical participation ishindered limits theircontrol andthis over multiple to due level societal at ability making decision lack women Roma trafficking. of risk at Roma women from the labor market, confine them alienate tomultiple disadvantages The informalwomen. Roma for consequences social has grave disparities work and in many regional casesand other each they with health and arehousing employment, education, of intersection The in education and(ERRC employment 2006:38). men Roma ascompared to Roma women position of bythe iswomen disadvantaged aggravated by Roma health where experienced to care lack opportunities the equal of that states The study limits Roma women’s tohighestopportunities attainable ofhealth” standards (ERRC 2006: 38). study emphasizes “alongthat with inequality ethnicity/race-induced gender-specificthe structure of Romathe lives population in settlements without primary physicianscare Koszeghy refers to F. Babusik (2004) 'Hozzaferesi kulonbsegek az egeszsegegyi alapellatasban 1, Struktura es 51 33 ” (ibid). The ERRC CEU eTD Collection Czinkoczi furtherpolicy for support Roma, grassroots to the civil society and Roma women’s empowerment. Ms. emphasized effective toward advocacy attitudes, negative on changing itfocuses functions. First, initiative that Officer of Ms.CzinkocziRoma Initiative, frame Budapest, talked aboutthe in which Romathe all programs of the Roma Initiative include gender and 34 (Roma Initiative Decadeinitiative tothe making related activities and grant allOSIprograms program guides Czinkoczi, 25 (Interview initiative of Decade part countries theDecade inallthe isThe Roma activities whichco-ordinates anOSIprogram, Initiative 4.1 RomaInitiative generating activities and selfhelp for group savingmoney. focusing have projects on organizations women. Some Roma targeting haveprojects andsome women the prioritySome of organizationsthe discussedspecifically in on chapter this work issuesthe of Roma areas like inclusion genderand problems what theyface. health, inclusion genderon this level. furthereducation Iwill explain why areeffective in organizations these for beingimplemented on are what programs and elaborate inHungary society organizations and civil some the of examples give will I activism. society civil through especially haveHungary in possible plans toDecade Strategic Plan and the NAP. This chapter aimsstartshow to that gender aware Roma policy is income largely we In inclusionfrom is missingsaw that Hungarian the gender previous the chapter Chapter 4: Gender Aware RomaPolicyandActivism The Roma Initiative Web Page 34 ). In ). In an interview with Anita Czinkoczi (25 52 th May2011).The Roma Initiative th May2011),Senior Program CEU eTD Collection organizations inHungary are partof this network (Interview Czinkoczi, 25 35 from networkingwomen’s organizations Hungarian the for is willingness there that says she research her on based However network. women’s Roma to connected not are women’s organizations in Hungary that Izsakstresses 2009:9). (Izsak, internationally and nationally movement women’s and movement Roma both in perspective women’s integratingfocused Roma on JRWI therefore, and community” Roma outside the build“to themovement, Roma women findshould allies totalk about their problems and inside mainstream women’s movementsrights in (Izsak,2009:6).Europe” Izsak further stresses that into the mainstream issues, integration of perspectives women’s the developing onRoma Roma women’s policies Roma movementon “focused JRWI that states Izsak rights. women’s and Roma of issue the on work its and JRWI worked to create about she writes Izsak, byRita Movement’ linksRoma Women’s the‘European In on a casestudy between Roma women (Interview Czinkoczi, 25 and focus was thatRoma level grassroots women mostat lackare vulnerabledue to resources of level. behindthis change The reason grassroots at activism Roma women’s strengthening focus from establishing anetwork of Roma women activists atnational international and level to its as changed Romalongerthe Initiative JRWIno The initiative. exists Program of Roma the focusing on The JointRoma Roma Women’s Initiative (JRWI) was women.one of the first programs of the Roma Initiative JRWI local the Roma NGOs. wassupport to governments started local of level the at advocacy policy the show and Initiative Roma the in the yearspecific concerns of Roma women (ibid). In the following I will discuss the programs guided1999by by the Network Women’s Hungarian Hungarian Women’s Lobby is a network of Humgarian women’s organizations and three Roma women’s th May2011). 53 35 (Izsak,2009:9).Izsakinher article th May2011). CEU eTD Collection strengthening of Roma women couldnot be sustained duetolack of resources. and international network activists,of level women national grassroots advocacy groups Roma The program such envisionedas JWRI that working atvarious levels such as establishing an effective the initiative ended due to the lack of financial support (Interview Izsak, 4 very and although stabilize itself not JWRIcouldthe that states further Izsak country. respective their in policy the in change the advocate and women Roma affect that policies analyzing decided establishto national focal points i.e. Roma woman activist will have the responsibility of Roma activists Bitu, women Nicoleta of leadership the that under stated interview in the Izsak Roma in women eleven countries”European 2009:6). (Izsak, networkingof enhance the grassroots to in 2006 launcheda project “JRWI also Izsak writes incountries. seven European freedom andgender equality aiming choice of promotion of atthe Roma from women Kosovo settled JRWI inMacedonia. conducted trainings and workshops of refugee situation the UNHCR concerning the of office the to theheada letter of and wrote women, Roma for refugee fund’these a ‘solidarity JRWI started inMacedonia. Kosovo settled intervenedNetwork inseveralsensitive issues, such as situation of Roma from women refugees In periodthe during whichitwas JRWIoperational along International RomaWomen’s with international levels. and national at women Roma of rights the promote to working activists women Roma together itbrought that was JRWI of mainachievement the Izsak According to (Izsak 2009: 5). Europe” agendathroughout Romawomen’s rights influenced the JRWI “greatly emphasizes that 54 th May May 2011). CEU eTD Collection reestablished a network called ROMNIA on6 called ROMNIA network a reestablished JWRIhave partof whowere women Bitu and Roma activists Nicoleta this perspective “to promote gender“to equality by empowering women part Roma to take in processes the affecting perspective.Theaim is from a grassroots concerns Roma women’s (RWEG)approaches which Since 2008 the Roma Initiative started a new program, the RomaWomen’s Empowerment Grant and action. Decade NAPin involveforHungary developing inclusive these experts can perspectives gender April, 2011). 8 (Bitu, too process in Decade the involved were JRWI from activists The Roma women rights. This showsactivists that women’s genderlocally,Roma among networking on focused work JRWI’s internationally. and nationallynationally aware movement, and women’s strategiesmainstream the and internationallymovement Roma the into perspective women’s Roma as ofwell Roma as within and outside the Roma community. consciouslypolicy It work to towardsintegratingdecided women advocacy themselves for RomaThe women’sJRWI worked and thewith May Osztolykan, 9th 2011) Romameasures(Interview women concrete concerning enumerate the perspective not Plan did finalDecade the but Romawomen and men policytowards action concrete to seek solutionsfor a involved hoped Roma of 2011). women’sactivists inthe preparation DecadePlan the for the problems 8 (Bitu, Plan in the Decade cuttingissue a cross included as was genderequality that of Romapreparatory phase of the Decadewomen initiative and Bitu states that it was a result of their involvement involved inthe activists JWRIwere of women TheRoma held inBudapest. conference by Bitu activists 8 (Interview of a group started initiative overthe ownership have to itis important that and resources generate themselves haveherself, to including activists, Nicoleta Bitu in the interview stressed that in order to have sustained efforts, Roma women’s 55 th April tothe Roma 2011, prior women’s th April, 2011).With th April th CEU eTD Collection against Cancer initiative 2007in and OSI joined2008. in 37 36 (Interview Czinkoczi, 25 started was this initiative and therefore screening done get the to isit byRoma, difficult mostly populated settlements in disadvantaged the However, between 65 havemammographyHungary ageof women the 45 to accessto screening. free NGO in Bulgaria One example of a RWEG Program described as successful by Ms. Czinkoczi is a Roma women’s involved countries in initiative. the Decade the RWEG accepts proposals from local level Roma, and specifically Roma women’s, NGOs from in year local leadershipbuild andequitable (Roma aninclusive Initiative). skills way” Every itand civicgiveseeks Roma engagementto Further voiceto to concerns, women's stimulate appropriately. lives ofRoma concerns women are addressed the their andbyensuring that involvement ininvolvement trafficking (InterviewCzinkoczi, 25 young prevent isprogram Roma from aboutof girls to the risks of trafficking. Thepurpose this the capital for exposure visits. Various trainings are conducted with them to raise their awareness to are taken Roma young girls young Romagirls. on These Busfor the are conducted activities The mobileNGO runs awareness school a Bus. Various entertaining andeducational raising, Equal Cancer against Equal Chances by shouldbe promoted DecadeNAP.the risks these about them amongst awareness raising and girls Roma of education the encouraging program Such trafficking. of risk aparticular experience regions from disadvantaged Romagirls youngfor and3thatyoung inhave education Roma of awareness-raising We chapter seen girls. American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and Susan GKomen for Curestarted the Equal Chances mentioned. not Name 36 which young focuses on Roma girls livingin segregated Roma communities. 37 is an operational program supported by Initiative. Roma the supported isprogram an operational 56 th May May is 2011). This innovativean example th May May 2011). In CEU eTD Collection 38 25 Czinkoczi (Interview in community their achieve recognition leaders to Roma women local of capacity the indeveloping instrumental are Days the that emphasized Czinkoczi Ms. far. and of reducestereotyping by non-Roma.Roma community There were38Health Days heldso initiative (with the help Roma health Alongactivities, with gathering. asacommunity areorganized The Health Days of local NGOs) also conducts culturalhealth checkups held not only for women but also for the wholeevents, family. to spread most of timesthereareother the checkthe up, isRomawomen’s cancer Although mainfocus the awareness village. inDay their of the Health in charge organizing and take community spread the word the disseminating and information implementing theHealth Dayby Pearls.Colored These leaders of responsibility given are they and approached are government minority of part are who Community leaders, Roma women who are part of the NGOs, as well as Roma men and women Pearls. likeColored with NGOs local activities the its co-ordinate usedto The Roma Initiative Days’. arecalled‘Health activities for women. These cancer screening areas andconduct Under program this cancervillages specialists goto and from Roma settlements disadvantaged trained in Budapest. The trainings are called leadership development for Roma the For leadership women. development The trainings arecalled trained inBudapest. To establish a Mother’s Centerworld. The Mother’s Centers are self-helpthe groups organized by women themselves. in their respective women is is forthe disadvantaged and spreadacross ina model Mother’s Center Germany. The communities Roma womenits initial phase as it started in 2010. Ms. Czinkoczi statesparticipants that the idea of Mother’s Center started are in is in This Program Hungary Centers’. is ‘Mothers the currently Program operational Another 2011). See section 4.2. 57 th May 38 CEU eTD Collection Roma women in which they areWhen asked whetheralready the focus on ‘motherhood’ wouldn’t simplyengaged reinforce the mothering role of Ms. Czinkoczi Centers). Mother’s the responded that Roma women 25 Czinkoczi (Interview can organize women where Roma place isthe issues. This health related various talk on to specialist health instance for can invite municipalities sector. Roma health the can women or organize trainings forThey themselves. school, the towards problems their communicate can women Roma Collectively themselves. women can discuss problemsthe andissues communitythe of and canfind solutions for Roma where is place the This responsibilities. each other’s share collectively can where they canbe a place Center Mother’s The timenothemselves, for andchildcaringgives this work is network supportimportant. Romathis collective very mostly in women engagedare domestic The of purpose starting this initiative for Roma women is Roma have women lack of social activity. theirentrepreneurial small women canstart stage Mother’scoming tothe together have establishedCenter whichthey Inthe themselves. gradual couldbe for benefitthe Women contributed group. inthe supporteach of other by their work inchildren functions turns.The group with ideathat eachmemberhasthe skills useful which careof each other’s Women take bring children. their can they where ameeting place organizes The pattern of Mother’s Center is the following. The local organization or women’s group in places secondphase. the other the to extended be will program the and started be will Centers’ ‘Mother’s three phase first June In the March 2011 from organizations of 2011. to are trainedbetween periods the Hungary local communities and from various each Roma women of two ten period initial groups the 58 th May for May allinformation2011, on CEU eTD Collection inclusive agenda. Therefore the Roma initiative works on both the levels to capacitate Romacapacitate levelsthe both to on works Roma initiative the agenda. Therefore inclusive hasnogender initiative In addition Decade the women. Roma of is norepresentation where there bodies, local government and level local the of authorities prioritiesat aretaken about decisions in most mismatch Ms. cases reasonsfor that When the Czinkoczi explained asked this about obviouslybeen not substantiallyable to bearbring to agendathis on Hungarianthe Decade NAP. ithas initiatives, related anumber of well-designed and pursues agenda aware a clearly gender In sumit can thus be stated that while the OSI Roma Initiative, the co-founder of the Decade has the focus and priorities of RWEG. Roma The women’s empowerment. Advisory willgroup advise theRoma Initiative regarding Education Fund. is This withgroup created a viewtoeffectively implementing theinitiatives for Roma andthe suchasERRC international organizations from different Romaactivists women 8 on meeting first its have will group The of experts. buildRomaan group women emergingadvisory the isto Initiative Roma the plans of examplebeis of should training includedinthe DecadeNAP.and capacitatingthatOne agood This focus on Roma women’s development and on creating new opportunities for them by activities and achieve desiredthe goals theyhave defined (Interview Czinkoczi 25 new initiate organize, can they and capable are they that society majority and community women have the opportunity thisthrough initiative toshow withinfamily, their Roma the opportunity. They canusetheirinskills upin they programs take Center.Roma Mother’s the and time have didn’t they as before discover to able never were they which but possess do mother. The center is a place and opportunity to (re-)define themselves by discovering skills they can pursue their own interests in the Mother’s Center, they do not have to conform to the role of th June 2011. This advisory willgroup bring together 59 th May2011). CEU eTD Collection social life (Organisation pamphlet in english language). in english pamphlet (Organisation life social in the part active take to them assist to and guidance health mental and legal, social, them offer association in order to help Roma women in connection with their family and social roles, to county in the south Baranya the major in2004 city of Pecs, wasestablished Association The Pearls Coloured of Hungary. Mrs. 4.2 SzínesGyöngyök Egyesülete Kelemen, a Roma womanpractice. activist into insight this putting of ways some activist herself, out hastried OSI’s Roma Initiative achieve(ibid). equality in is gender to must process order started consult womenfrom Roma localthe NGOswhile defining theaction, theirintheinvolvement the inclusiveleast thatthe making keyfor isto stressed Ms.Czinkoczi Lastnot Decadegender the could andsupported have been pressuregroup. network advocacy a sustainable functionif lack JRWI The couldnot network due to of resources. of Roma women activists JRWI the that seen have We organizations. international the from inclusion gender for advocacy policy of field inthe work concentrated of a lack to mainly is due mismatch the view myown In advocacy. be should there level government the at change policy the for and level, local the is mobilization decisions are crucial grassroots on and as taken strengthening that however states She Plan. Decade theHungarian agenda on genderaware the translate ablebeen to not has why Roma Initiative give answer to OSI the policy level as not aclear Czinkoczi (ibid.). does for advocacy atthe ofexperts as advisory bybuildingwomenwell group atgrassroots as an (Coloured Pearls Association) Pearls (Coloured 60 CEU eTD Collection at thefields of employment, education and training, socialservices and the healthcare system Operational Programme isone of the five operationalprograms ofHungary. It includes the interventions targeted strategy and priorities. The strategy is implemented through the operational program. The Human Resources Funds assistance. The European Commission has prepared the Community Support Framework containing the 39 fundedby HumanResourceOperationalthe Development Program is In program launched year2006theorganization first its Center’ which the called ‘Women’s important to note that even though the HEFOP which aimed at supporting women’s entry into entry women’s aimed atsupporting even which thatnote though HEFOP the to important were trainedestablish to theirNGOs own again iswhich a social It is entrepreneurial work. women Some ownership. collective have women which on enterprises scale small own their endinformal updoing TheWomen’sjobs. Roma Program Centre supports women establishto into formal means of employment. their and restricts entry caringinresponsibilities women’sdomestic engagement unpaid work Roma women. Roma Additionally, towards discriminatory and problematic is particularly employment due to low level for asan avenue integration alone labor 3afocus market inon chapter As wehaveseen of education, Roma women Women’s program.Centre in the participated who Roma women the for successful program the was she cansaythat 28 Barasci, (Interview representatives minority few havegovernment become NGOs,a theirown haveestablished activities some and counseling activity and trainings.Some of have women establishedsmall entrepreneurialthe Roma through women supported Women’s Centre The becomeentrepreneurs”. them to follows:supporting “HEFOP enterinto at aimed labor the market women to through training for as thebackground the describes Association educationist and proposal a trainer,writer Employment inandLabor (HRDOP Kitti Hungarian HEFOP/1.3.1-06/1). Baracsi,works as who Hungary has prepared aNational Development Plan which sets framework forthe utilization of EU Structural th May Ms.Barasci further2011). stressed after that 4years 61 39 of the Ministry of CEU eTD Collection 40 Baracsi, 28 international proposals in write (Interview for English grants theyhavebig to as problem, knowing2011, Roma women not expressed thatlimited their English and wasa this opportunity during the place evaluation ‘MyDream’program the inof which the third of took May week that emphasized Baracsi projects. develop and write applications to aretrained NGO. Women laborbuilding, market training,minority training, andrights how training establish on to an team onleadership competence, trainings of women these through capacity development information and opportunities to do their work effectively. Thus, the association focused on resources, to have access not do they education lack of to due areasand from remote the being very however women active Roma are by community. These leaders the are recognizedas government, some of them are volunteering as leaders in the community work and some local minority self of the of are part them some of intheir communities, play roles leadership them who women Roma 25 involves program This Grant’. Empowerment Women’s ‘Roma isRoma Initiative’s of 2010. The the part program in November, Romawomen the Pecssince for has a program ‘My developmentDreams’ The association started training and personal called Health Day. the organize whofurther from villages the actors community local and Initiative Roma the between mediate to is primarily association the of Therole cancer’. against chances ‘equal Initiative Roma with OSI partners became Association the 2008, Since Access Program’. ‘Health is the Association the of program The other supported Centre Roma women’s economical, social and political entrepreneurship. laborthe marketand fundedtheWomen’s Program Centre based on vision,this Women’s the Seethe Equal Chances Against Cancer Program of Roma Initiative th May 2011). 62 40 CEU eTD Collection May 2011). 28 Baracsi through trainings (Interview these information and their rights havethey accessto the minority governments,planningimplementing and for their programs Some communities. of women these are part of a position they haveleadership developed their competencies the through trainings and thiswillhelp them incan use to help theirWhen asked what thesecommunity trainings would lead Ms. to, Baracsi told that the Roma women involved very efficiently community and association with the (ibid). as their with themselves, amongst built have women network the of impact strong the described Baracsi interview Ms. the During educational. were plays doing role roles while different mothers and daughters in households,the during the training, role the ofmentor, and the different a saw worldthey that expressed Women group. the through with interaction the and trainings the through lot these trainings.a learned have they that emphasized program Women Dream’ ‘My the of evaluation the during playedwomen a very different 28 Baracsi, (Interview role association by the given women forRoma support than their ongoing is the issue important most rolesthe things, important other among asBaracsi Ms. to According gender awareness. and development capacity of process the in community and household the involves association and see whatmakehusbands to is them understandHusbands what theprogram about. come areencouraged to their wivesduring who trainings.are also Thesementors leaders community familiesapproach women’s and participate leading the group roles of they play mentors, as serve association with the contact inclose been in (Interview whohave center from women’s the Roma women The training. the starting before expectations According Ms.Baracsi areinnovativeinvolve to opinions trainings the women’s and and Baracsi, 28 63 th May2011).This way the th May Roma May 2011). th CEU eTD Collection organizations do not have information and access to such programs (ibid). She such that emphasized have (ibid). programs and accessto information donot organizations but community based needfor the development is there networkinggreater resource and level grassroots Atthe Decade. such as by approached programs the areoften established NGOs organizations are notadequately informed andinvolved in level national the The programs. national Decade program Barasci, 27 (interview national Decade program the about know not do but Decade the under proposal for calls international about heard have said they that Ms.Barasci related programs to Decadepriorities, gender-aware implementing for association the approach local governments Decade, the under whether When asked by OSI’s Roma Culture Program. This year the theme of the festival is Roma women. Every year sinceyear association 2008the a festival.iscultural This festival organizes supported too. Fromprogram Center Mother’s the implementing thefor Initiative Roma with networks association association The two Roma demandfor their and rights inclusion.women are gettingas Roma women are gradually buildingnetworks on collectively levelscommunity strong to training toshows thatthey have developed capacities tohelp themselves. This capacity isbuilding crucial start a Mother’sinThis whatwork they communities(ibid). about theirdo respective advisedcan other each Center. emphasizedinnovative the that meetings during women shared plansandprograms and they 28 Baracsi (Interview withresources work community and community they withtrust are connected the willhelp association. inbuilding them This These havewomen with developed network Romaother leaders, women grassroots they have apply for grant. help proposal them wouldto and writing support at thetrainings therefore aimed socio-cultural and educational rights to Roma but to materialize these rights there is no financial While Ms.Barasciemphasized answering Minority Lawin the that Rights gives Hungary (1993) 64 th May, Shefurther arguedthatlocal level 2011). th May 2011). Ms. Baracsi also CEU eTD Collection not want this to happen again” (interview 8 Bitu, ownership, earlier we worked on projects and once the project ended,the activities started byus stopped, we do initiative, this will be lead by us women, we wanted to start something over which we wanted to have our women started a group called ROMNIA, in the interview Ms. Nicoleta Bitu told that “this even though is a small Lobby in Budapest on 7 conference ‘Roma women in focus’, organized by the Hungarian Women’s Lobby and the European Women’s 41 women to be part which help can they through municipality contact with has a strong the association Further care. of the programshealth to access their ensures Roma and of needs health care onthe focuses specifically cancer’ implemented against Romachances ‘equal The to women. upentrepreneurial activities take to were trained at localWomen women. capacitating and level development skill on focus they program Center Women’s (interview Barasci, under the that, health,stressed like housing, Ms.Barasci priority areas, employment, education, 27 in of integration Decade directly any the association gender on works the whether When asked festival. andcultural Centers program, Mother’s health access through local leaders women andthe Initiative likeOSIRoma organizations level international between larger the mediate is to role therefore their association’s founded on 6 on founded Mother’s Centre, Besides beingandchances equal the againstRomacancer program partners with Initiative’s the association2011). is part of ROMNIA International Roma Women’s Group May, 2011). 27 Barasci, (interview level community at women with shared is information the association the networkingis really helpful gain informationvarious to about activities and opportunities. From Roma women Activists from various European Countries came toparticipate thein European Roma women’s th April,2011 th April 2011. On 6 2011.On April 41 , and the Hungarian Women’s Lobby. Ms. Barasci stresses that this that stresses Barasci Ms. Lobby. Women’s Hungarian the , and th of April, 2011, a day before conference some of these European Roma th April 2011) April 65 th May, th CEU eTD Collection (Ibid) stories enjoy they as center the to go to mothers their push children sometimes home, books and they would reread these stories totheir children. Ms. Switzer told that since mothers take the books mothers Center coming receivedstory The and practicedas build with tothe confidence. aswell skills writing develop their reading, to women for Roma become avenue has now Center mothersraise encouraged to The issuesandconcerns. a positive that and securedatmosphere create to was important It hours. for two week come every to started women Roma government. Romathe women. Ms. developed Switzer in thecenter by community the involving local spending time with Roma andtheir women families helped ingaining of the trust family the and developed because of hostilitythe of majority society. Eventually,visiting each house and have they apathy the to due also and outsider an as her mistrusting were who women Roma the Center Ms. Switzer of had activities formed.the in women Roma involve Ms. to Switzerdifficult was it beginning states the In settlements. thatRoma it was a challenge for her to involve abilities creatively to teach and in assisttheir children learning. Ms.Switzer began byvisiting Storytelling in mother initially program Hungary began thefocus with on mother’s developing minorities. and oppressed the helping of principle “the with inHungary community religion) profession. came Switzer Hungary family Ms. to with her help in Bahaithe 1994to (universal ‘Mesed’ the isStorytellinginitiated Mothers by aprogram Ms. Furugh asociologistSwitzer, by 4.3 Mesed:Mesel resources. with organizations local andinternational and connects national organizations with networking establishes association The levels. various at activism of example women’s is agood Association pearls’ ‘The Colored Ý Edesanyak (Storytelling Mothers) 66 CEU eTD Collection When asked about what future plans does she envision for the Roma mothers who have built have who mothers Roma the for envision she does plans future what about asked When mothers aregetting where trained. 180Roma is are13centers there expanded and The project 27 Switzer every week (interview establish Roma into women aCenterby community the conduct sessionsproviding to rooms projectthe from gotrecognition support Roma Education localand support Fund, government When co-operation asked about from localthe municipalities, Ms.Switzer mentioned thatsince they prepare their for children school (ibid). activities are important for women to gain self confidence 27 Switzer step” (interview important is an already as they can read and at the same time mothers of Roma release stress the familial responsibility, more bear asthey more vulnerable are women andRoma stress, of level higher have communities disadvantaged show “Studies stress. interactin with helpauthorities. also to Theseactivities and government interview inreducing situations of their daily lives. The importance of third phase is women will be trained toappear enact wherethey will learn theatre women will andin thirdis introduced the phase writing of element a new phase in thesecond stories, is reading phase First sessions. reading story It is introduced(two years) along new to term initialproject phases are therefore and the only organizations. local and asexampleinternational ofnetworkingfora good of Mesedserves Roma mothers. building resource as capacity well children potential forRoma as preschool initiative important asan identifiedThe in inBudapest. RFF Mesed Inclusion 2005 of Roma Decadeof the framework in the created Fund (REF)was The RomaEducation development. early childhood At present the project is supported by the Roma Education Fund, ‘A Good Start’ program on th May 2011). 67 th May 2011). Ms. Switzer stressed that these that stressed Switzer Ms. 2011). May CEU eTD Collection example of inclusion. building bestexample Under thePGF and capacity of forgender practice training Roma Roma organizations and assists them inapply for structural funding (Interview Zentai 23 Service Reform Initiative), The Project Generation Facility helps training in and capacity development of Local needed to contribute the social inclusionof the Roma in all aspects of civic life (Local Government and Public European Funds "flow" to local governments, civil society, and private sector actors, who have the expertise of available resources and funds by governments inthe region andtohelp major European Structural and other 42 (Interview Zentai 23 Facility (PGF)The association of the gotMaking support 26 fromGalantai the the MostEU structural of EU women’s helped activist,rights formalizing andorganizing the Association funds(presentation Funds with the for help ofRomaformedin againstthis background year2010,Ms.the Angela aRoma Kocze, scholar and Roma Project (MtM), Generating anRoma 5million She communities. generated from individual HUF The SZIROM donors. was OSI initiativeIldiko Farkos, a Roma woman herself,first started to generate funds to help the flood stricken 26 Galantai (Presentation Roma the were affected most houses inof the were destroyed, aflood and alot of year Hungary was this 2010there part in 6000 town inhabitants’ north eastHungary of with about 30%of In whom the are Roma. the SZIROM is an association initiated to 4.4 Szirom: Szikszói RomaN help the Roma people from Szikszó. 27 Switzer Szikszó is a small opportunities of part time employmentconcrete for women in the school steps some is of now thinks project expanded,she the that but feelconfident, andmaketo read them as school assistants such (interview helpher to women first Roma objective was that stressed Switzer Ms. andconfidence expertise as employment opportunities for these women. She wishes to explore Making theMost of EUFunds for Roma (MtM) isaOSI initiative, through which OSI intends to the maximize use th th May 2011). May 2011). rd May 2011). In the interview Prof. Zentai portrayed SZIROM as an Ę k Egyesülete (Association k (Association of Egyesülete Women of Roma Szikszó) 68 th May founder2011). The of SZIROM the rd May2011). 42 CEU eTD Collection on concrete needs of Roma women (presentation Galantai Galantai 26 needs (presentation of concrete women on Roma needs of Roma women who take care of the household. They plan formto future programs based assess needsfrom conductedasocial to and specifically thequestionnaire community SZIROM employmentfor Roma low women In beginningwith the education. of May community workers generate adiaperfactory to start is futureplan to newbutthe is relatively community.SZIROM Roma in a village or Center’ toinitiate ‘Mother’s theirInitiative respective inBudapest In addition, two Roma women from SZIROM are currently getting trained with the help of Roma likelihood in reduce the of discrimination of education the Roma children (ibid). policy lessonsfrom belearnt to instance help and iswomen this each other contributes itto important two are There with children. Roma in teachers of school interaction the the difference paid job the presence Prof.further emphasizedmade(ibid). Zentai that of adrasticthese women wastemporary this assistants’, ‘school as the employed were Roma women in Szikszó, program Gandhi school model in other areas. Thus Ambekdar High school was formed in the northwest of create the to youth and Roma of needs educational for special a research conduct to in order forDerdak was approachededucation Roma Mr. children. by ministry inthe of education 2005 for Roma children. by education isingovernment system is initiated general ‘wealthy no there where parents’ space Therefore students of Ambedkar high school came. Mr.Derdak,emphasized that the Hungariannon- the Gandhi high from which the in region the community Roma of for the concerns started JBNwas education. school was formedschool diplomato ensure training Jai isBhim Network a incommunity program started 2005. Ambedkar high school right high provides for to Romaquality youth who haveGroup dropped out4.5 JaiBhim (GenerousGesture)Roma Women’sNetwork SelfHelp ‘Danmudra’ from school as well as adult 69 th May 2011). CEU eTD Collection the Danmudrathe selfhelpin group tocreate a order model microcredit like the Gramin Bank participate inlocal government and JBN minority envisions government. setting uptraining for isDanmudrathough inits are inception women’sgroups trainedphase andencouraged to Even activities. community their on advice for JBN approached however members woman JBN, The was as gesture) (generous ‘Danmudra’ a self helpformedgroup independent bywomen of In theyear 2009women computer took skills courseandtheir started choir singing group. Some of joined women literacythe and adultclasses Ambedkar some evenjoined highschool. raise tomeetings. the during motivated questions Women were every and Sunday.Saturday from village Sajokaza women’s oftwoRoma groups held yearthe 2008JBN meetings regularly Since for themeetings. asit whocame was alwaysin of children, formed mothers process the the Gramin Bank model. 43 women’s issues, for agrassroots work strengthening of position the and agency Romaof women Roma on focus they as them, of all that striking is it in common: thing one have here discussed To conclude chapterIwishhighlight this to that work the of organizationsthe andprojects 15 Mr. Derdak (Interview work” community with our poverty and resourcelessness, therefore we decided involveto parents of youththe in the process the community, their within were out drop to them lead that problems the as education and Mr. Derdakstressed thatenoughit “Furtherthat was not weunderstood to only with youth work up in andchildmarriage bearingearly role” Mr.Derdak15 (Interview and rearing end they out drop if they but education higher for go to motivated are they diploma school high that they do not drop out atyoung age, as for girlsit’s a complete change of life. Once they have Hungary. Mr. Derdak said that “for us one of the objectives was that Roma girls get involved and Gramin Bank is a Microcredit initiativedeveloped by Mohmmad Yunus Noble winner in 2006 fordeveloping the 70 th May 2011). A women’s group was A group May women’s 2011). th May 2011). 43 . CEU eTD Collection Strategy Plan. Strategy be whichchapter couldin helpful for Decade andincludinggenderawareness developing the emerging from the discussion of the gender aware programs and initiatives discussedin this I will inclusive chapter5, by Inthe policies. some policy conclude recommendations outlining gender concrete formulate to inorder consideration in to theseexamples take to well advised be in DecadeAction the Plan would Hungary However phase. building are still in capacity the new,so they very are inthischapter discussed most of initiatives the must It beaddedthat also build pressurefrom bottom.the andmobilizing for for women strengthening. grassroots this Theirvision,in words, other is to 71 CEU eTD Collection involvement of international partners such as UNIFEM, Roma Initiative and gender experts and experts and gender Roma Initiative UNIFEM, as such international partners of involvement First of all the statesuggestions forinclusive gender policy development of NAPthe and conclude. shouldforwardpolicyWith atnational andlevel. some at EU Iwillnowput background this developthe influence activists women’s Roma of network international and national of a establishments gender inclusive the that show also agenda. examples The state inclusive gender for advocating mobilization mechanismdeveloping Roma women’s atgrassrootscapacities canlead to women’s andempowerment their that affirm activism for society civil of examples The inclusive. gender more NAP the make to the NAP,be used could examples the from taken be can that lessons with policy The inHungary. society civil the inclusivegender policy isand action possible successful initiativesthat doexistinand Romathe of development the that see can we activism society civil of examples the from Nevertheless Roma specifically concerns. women’s tasks includenot concrete addressing do documents in the areas, priority the implementation enlisted tasks the of through effectuated the Strategic Plan and NAP. Even though the Strategic Plan promises that gender equality will be in identified not are care health and housing employment, education, to access women’s Roma missinginclusion in andare NAP. Plan the affecting DecadeStrategic the genderdisparities The secretariat. Decade of the and representatives actors society civil institutions, governmental relevant of representatives academics, activists, women Roma of suggestions the on based and activism, (women’s) Roma of examples recommendations based on the analysis of the core documents of Hungarian Roma politics and In finalthis Iwill chapter conclude by summarizing somemy major of findings and putforth Chapter 5 Suggestions andConclusion In chapter 3 I have shown that measures for gender for measures that shown have I 3 chapter In 72 CEU eTD Collection exemplified by the Mother’s Center shouldbe created. Center by Mother’s the exemplified as learning, literacy Adult community thatenhance beas shouldprograms promoted. Mesed such Projects is important. mothers) of Mesed(Storytelling example the Here assistance. school Special trainings should be given to Roma women at the local level to develop their skills for inkindergarten such as wellin school educational primary as assistance the schools. activities At level community it the encourageimportant to Roma be involvementin would mother’s the intersectionality. and gender on experts of help the with formulated be should curricula school inclusive Gender genderteacherspromote be should to given training multicultural and inclusive education. Roma girls education.as role models. Nationwide scholarship programs should bedeveloped specifically targeting women Roma successful educated, highlight to level national and level community at programs The Roma Education awareness create be to here would suggestion The ineffectiveness. andpolicy constrains Fundwomen are linked with customs andvalues community,of the in the poverty family, structural is a good of Roma education the affecting disparities gender example seen that wehave education of field In the here. Further be formed with a gender perspective. school gender and datashould andethnicity bedisaggregated produced circulated so policiesthat would and researches, studies with women.Along issues of Roma address the to by state the conducted put special should for Roma emphasis policies be researches Qualitative on creating women. State Secretariatfor Social Inclusion and Ministry of the Public as such Administrationjustice and inclusion and Justicefor should responsible bodies government The activists. women Roma 73 CEU eTD Collection infrastructural infrastructural of development regions disadvantaged the could reducethe regional disparity housing during should winter besubsidizedforRoma. especially Measures aimed at the the for heating electricity, like amenities Basic electricity. and water like facilities with equipped be and toahome not evicted right services,the livelihood andbasic natural land,resources, requires todefine the meaning of adequate housingand include should rights alsothe toaccess to Roma in women the housing legislation. related Romaadequate access women’s housing to In the field of housing, the state should pay attentionRoma women according totheir population proportion. to Roma women anda secure material basisspecificallyfor their work. There should be quota in both public and private sector for singlecreate minority members shouldto beworkers, andschool a stipend given assistants government which plansin project Szikszo regions. in TheSZIROM be promoted disadvantaged should the enterprises to developgiven a factory to community order changeto thissituations Skill trainingfinancial anddevelopment assistancebe should is an example Romamarket. inthestigmatized In workof arelargely caring andcleaning. women engaged groups for ofthis. changedRoma so as to offer support for all the Roma women who are willingLocal to enter intowomen the labor and Secondly enhanced. women NAPthatthe only Roma supports laborreturning to marketshouldbe to startwomen encouraged Roma shouldof anddevelopment be interests taking consideration into opportunities entrepreneurialcommunitywomen’s household shouldbe work recognized valued andpositively parttime work and activity. of andRoma mostly inunpaiddomestic family. work responsibilities the caring engaged In Smallthe field scaleof work and employment it first has to be acknowledged that Roma women are 74 CEU eTD Collection commitments should be made sustained for gender inclusive policy framing. need of politicala is there andadvocacy network women’s Roma with Along policies. aware gender the protect will lobbying atnational international leveland beshould developed and sustained topromote from the state. and networking At sametime the the specificity. women’s acknowledge Roma policies to the Decadestrengthening women level grassroots Roma at the is crucial their mobilization as influence will initiative from various levels should and groups be The integrated. examples of Roma activism shows that is a political efforts scripts policy inclusive gender tocreate in order that reemphasize to I want end In the commitment andpractices. anti-discriminatory strengthening prejudice-free attitudes sensitive, gender and such shouldbe trained tofocus on gender along dimensions multicultural with fordimension participateprofessionals health and such The days. organize should promote, practitioners example. Chances hospitalsa good against Cancer’ Program andhealth are Thegovernment in by conducted communities. TheHealth the organized days Romaunder ‘Equal Initiative the organised. Awareness for useprograms the of contraception as well as sex shouldeducation be be health should women’s atRoma specifically focusing programs Health awareness mothers. nutrition for Roma program women and specifically focusingyoung at girls Roma and Roma and health bound time create should state The mortality. and morbidity fertility, of rates higher and majority female populations, to ascompared life have lowerexpectancies Roma women health care. and in employment Roma women thevulnerability accessing education, of which aggravates 75 CEU eTD Collection Online Sources: References: x x x x x x x x x x pdate%20-%20Final%20%2830-07-08%29.pdf http://www.romadecade.org/files/downloads/DecadeWatch/DecadeWatch%202007%20U from available [online] Inclusion Decade Watch (2007), Roma Activists Assess the Progress of the Decade of Roma %20Complete%20%28English;%20Final%29.pdf http://www.romadecade.org/files/downloads/DecadeWatch/DecadeWatch%20- Decade Watch Decade Watch 2005-2006(2005), Report [online] availablefrom http://www.romadecade.org/decade_secretariat Decade of Roma Inclusion [online] available from 2005-2015 ing.pdf [24 May 2011] http://demo.itent.hu/roma/portal/downloads/Decade%20Documents/1st%20ISC%20Meet from available [online] Summary and Minutes Decade 1st ISC meeting (2003), First Meeting of the Roma Decade Steering Committee: thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false gact6HdDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book- s+2001+research+design&hl=en&ei=0T3sTci_Lszz- http://books.google.co.in/books?id=wImwZZXzPIkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=De+Vau De Vausin Research (2001), Design Social [online] availablefrom Research [25 May 2011] http://www.2010contralapobreza.mspsi.es/actoPresentacion/Roma/DeclarationTRIO.pdf occasion of the second Roma Summit [online] available from Cordoba Declaration, Joint Declaration by the Trio (Spain, Belgium and Hungary) on the of Terms Decadeof amendedReference Roma Inclusion (2010) from Lykke, Intersectionality Nina Revisited: (2005), Problems and Pottentials, Manuscript pp.193-210No.3 Studies’ special issue on Intersectionality, Phoenix, Ann, Pattynama, Pamela (eds.)Vol.13 “Intersectionality Davis Women’sJournal and in (2006), Feminist Politics,” of European theory, Gendering practicesandfeminist Change: Testing water.InBacchi the and Eveline eds (2010) Bacchi, Eveline, Binns,Mackenzie(2010), Gender andHarwood Analysis andSocial Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift Kvinnovetenskaplig No.2-3 76 University Adelaideof Press. 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Romani Women in the Decade of Roma Inclusion http://www.soros.org/initiatives/roma March 172003, Published on [30May 2011] December, 2009 79 , www.eumap.org Published on [31stMay, 2011] [2June 2011] [31st May,[31st 2011] [31st May, 2011] [2June 2011] [31 May 2011] [25 CEU eTD Collection oint http://www.romadecade.org/third_decade_watch_report_experts_assess_the_decade_at_its_midp Watch Decade Reports lan%202008-2009%20EN.pdf http://www.romadecade.org/files/downloads/Decade%20Documents/Hungarian%20Action%20P Korm. [online] availablefrom Decade National Action Plan 2008-2009 (NAP) (2007) Decision 1105/2007. No. (XII.27.) [4 June 2011] http://www.romadecade.org/files/downloads/Decade%20Documents/Hungarian%20NAP_en.pdf 68/2007 (VI.28.) Resolution Parlimentary Decade Strategic(2007) Plan Documents: [4June 2011] 80 [online] available from available [online] CEU eTD Collection - Position held: - Organisation: - Name: ofinterviewee Profile Annex IInterview Guide x x x x x x x x x Whatsuggestions you would give tomake theDecade Initiative Gender Inclusive? plans? programs, Can you give me examples of the civil society initiatives that have gender aware Health Housing? and i.e. Education, Employment, the Decade areas of the Have there been government and civil society collaborations to deal with the priority gender aware? for reasons do you are think the What women’s issues in Nationalthe Action Plan? genderyou andspecifically Do integrates Roma think Decadeinitiative the effectively issuesRoma Whatyou to related deal women do with? Since when do you work on the issues of Roma women? Why women’s started? initiative was theorganization/Roma initiative? women’s me of organization/Roma and history the tell the work Please - Tenure: - Position held - Educational qualification: 81 CEU eTD Collection 11 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 Sr. Name no s uuhS izr F Ms. Furugh Switzer Peric Tatjana Ms. Ms. F Anita Czinkoczi Ms. Nicoleta Bitu Ms. Violeta Zentai F Ms. Tunde Buzetzky Ms. Angela Kocze Ms. F Ostalinda Maya Izsak: Rita Ms. Osztalykan Ms. Agnes Annex II Profileof theInterviewees F F F F F F Sex Europe situationof Roma and otherethnic minorities in the on focusing professional rights human a Romani CRISS Director Center forPolicy Studies Roma for Funds of EU Most the Making Budapest, Anthropology Centralat EuropeanUniversity, Social and Sociology of Candidate PhD Decade. the of Hungary; she is also a National co-coordinator of Justice and Public Administration in responsible forsocial inclusion in the ministry Chief of staff for the Secretary of State Party) Different Memberof Parliament (Politics Can Be Hungary for past 16 years in lives and Canada in Alberta of University the studied Inter-cultural, International Education at Foundation and life-skillseducator. She has lecturer, director of the Unity in Diversity leader, workshop sociologist, Persian/Canadian Edesanyak Meslo Mesed: Officer) Roma Initiative (WomenGrant program, Sr. Secretariat Foundation Facilitator, Decade of Roma Inclusion ERRC, Women’s Rights Officer affiliation Issues working on/ expertise Organizationand 82 8 8 22 26 4 In 9th person May 2011 27 25 12 28 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 Interview of Date th th th May 2011 In person April 2011 In person May 2011 nd th th th th th April May May May April May interview Skype In person In person interview Skype In person In person In person interview of Medium CEU eTD Collection 15 14 13 12 Ms. Maria Pantea Maria Ms. DerdakMr. Tibor Galantai Julia Ms. Barasci Kitti Ms. F Director Jai Bhim Netowork,M Miskolc F F the National Action Plan” for UNIFEM in Mainstreaming “Gender Plan Action National Decade on astudy conducted Researcher, of Szikszo) Women of Roma (Association Szirom: Szikszoi Roma Nok Egyesulete science. is she pursing doctoral studies in educational and science communication studied has Barasci Trainer, Proposal writer and Educationist, Ms. Szines Gyongyok Delvideki (Coloured Pearl) 83 17 26 28 15 2011 2011 2011 2011 th th th th May May May May interview Skype In person interview Skype In person