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Health in the Late Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Period in the Philippines

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Health in the Late Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Period in the Philippines Health in the late pre-colonial and early colonial period in the Philippines Sigrid Lorraine S. Labidon A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand June 2012 Abstract Bioarchaeology, the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites, is useful in understanding the health of past populations. Information on health of past populations is important in a holistic interpretation of the past and also helps in understanding the current health trends within a population. The use of a biocultural approach in bioarchaeology is essential in understanding the interactions between culture and biology and how it affects the way people live. In Southeast Asia, bioarchaeological studies on prehistoric health have been accomplished in recent years. This improvement in the bioarchaeological literature of Southeast Asia has provided essential information about the past life of Southeast Asians. However, these studies are mainly focused on continental Southeast Asia while studies on skeletal remains from island Southeast Asia focus on origins of current populations and paleoanthropological research. This thesis aims to address the gap in bioarchaeological literature in island Southeast Asia by examining several skeletal samples for evidence of health and disease from the pre-colonial and colonial period in the Philippines. The individuals from the Philippines were assessed for age and sex. The prevalence of skeletal and oral pathologies of the individuals from the two time periods were analyzed and compared. A summary of the archaeological and historical background of Southeast Asia and the Philippines was presented to provide a context of the samples. A review of the diseases likely to be seen in skeletal remains from the Philippines and the lesions they produce was also accomplished. The individuals from the colonial period had a higher prevalence of both skeletal and oral pathologies, suggesting a decline in health with the onset of colonialism. This result is consistent with historical evidence indicating a decline in health among Filipinos during the early colonial period. A comparison of pathologies from the pre-colonial period to similar time periods in mainland Southeast Asia indicates that the individuals from island Southeast Asia had better health and were subjected to less stress than those from the continental region. The archaeological and historical background of both regions suggests a difference in lifestyle which had most probably contributed to the difference in health status of the individuals from continental and island Southeast Asia. However, the examination of more skeletal samples is needed to further assess this difference in health among individuals from the two regions. i Acknowledgements This thesis would not have come to fruition without the help and support of numerous people. I am eternally grateful to these people who have been very instrumental to my intellectual growth. First and foremost, to my supervisor, Dr. Hallie Buckley, for all the support and supervision she has given me throughout the years which enabled me to learn more about this field. No words can express my gratitude for all the help and guidance you have given me throughout this endeavor. I am also very thankful to the Anatomy department for financially supporting my trip to the Philippines for archaeological excavation and data collection and for providing me with valuable experience in this field. To Dr. Victor Paz, who generously gave me the chance to work at Ille Cave where I had an irreplaceable field experience and also for giving me unlimited access to the lab to finish my data collection, I express my eternal gratefulness. Ille Cave is one of the most well- known archaeological sites in the Philippines. Back when I was an undergrad, I could only dream of doing an archaeological excavation at Ille, and it was very surreal to finally be there and I really appreciate that. To my friends and family, for the words of encouragement, occasional editing and proofreading of my thesis, answering all my silly questions and just for putting up with me in general, thank you so much. To my colleagues and fellow students of archaeology and anthropology back in the Philippines and here, thank you for the intellectual (and sometimes not so intellectual) discussions regarding this discipline we have so much interest in. And also to my friends from the Philippines, especially to Bea, Thea, Deyya and Ate Aya, thank you for accompanying me in the lab and helping me finish my data collection on time. Thank you for keeping me sane during those last few sessions when I was unsure whether I would finish data collection or not. And thank you for the enjoyable and memorable two months! To my aunt and uncle, thank you for your very hospitable accommodation during my stay in the Philippines and also for taking care of my well-being. To my cousin, thank you for lending me your room and having to put up with your younger siblings for about two months because of me and also for driving me around when I need to go somewhere. To anyone and everyone who has had a positive impact in my life, thank you very much. 非常感謝. ありがとうございます. 감사합니다. mrmiN+ salmt+. I could say thank you in all the languages in the world and it would still not be enough to express how grateful I am. ii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Regional and Temporal Context.............................................................................................. 2 Aims .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Limitations of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 6 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 9 Southeast Asian Prehistory and Early History .................................................................................... 9 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 11 Initial Settlers ........................................................................................................................ 12 The Austronesian Migration .................................................................................................. 14 The Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network ........................................... 18 The Development of Southeast Asian States ........................................................................ 19 The Neolithic and Metal Age in Southeast Asia ................................................................... 24 Colonial History .................................................................................................................... 25 The Prehistory and Early History of the Philippines ......................................................................... 26 Prehistoric Environment ........................................................................................................ 27 Settlement of the Philippines ................................................................................................. 28 Relations with other Southeast Asian States before the arrival of Europeans ....................... 29 European Contact Period ....................................................................................................... 30 Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia ..................................................................................................... 32 Bioarchaeological Studies in Southeast Asia ........................................................................ 35 Paleodemography .................................................................................................................. 48 Diet and Oral Health ............................................................................................................. 50 Isotope Analysis ...................................................................................................................
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