Electrical Steel Sheets Jfe G-Core, Jfe N-Core
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Units and Magnitudes (Lecture Notes)
physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek Units and Magnitudes (lecture notes) This lecture has two parts. The first part is mainly a practical guide to the measurement units that dominate the particle physics literature, and culture. The second part is a quasi-philosophical discussion of deep issues around unit systems, including a comparison of atomic, particle ("strong") and Planck units. For a more extended, profound treatment of the second part issues, see arxiv.org/pdf/0708.4361v1.pdf . Because special relativity and quantum mechanics permeate modern particle physics, it is useful to employ units so that c = ħ = 1. In other words, we report velocities as multiples the speed of light c, and actions (or equivalently angular momenta) as multiples of the rationalized Planck's constant ħ, which is the original Planck constant h divided by 2π. 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek In classical physics one usually keeps separate units for mass, length and time. I invite you to think about why! (I'll give you my take on it later.) To bring out the "dimensional" features of particle physics units without excess baggage, it is helpful to keep track of powers of mass M, length L, and time T without regard to magnitudes, in the form When these are both set equal to 1, the M, L, T system collapses to just one independent dimension. So we can - and usually do - consider everything as having the units of some power of mass. Thus for energy we have while for momentum 27 August 2013 physics 8.701 topic 2 Frank Wilczek and for length so that energy and momentum have the units of mass, while length has the units of inverse mass. -
Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Powercore®
Electrical Steel Grain oriented electrical steel powercore® Product range powercore® is the Content 06 Innovation and cooperation core material for the future 08 Energy: Our expertise 10 Grain oriented electrical steel Grain oriented electrical steel is a highly sophisticated Magnetic properties high-tech core material. It is used in transformers to 14 increase or reduce electrical voltages and currents. That is the only way that electricity can be transported over long distances with as little loss as possible. 16 Insulation types Premium powercore® electrical steel grades significantly reduce noise emissions in transformers, a distinct advan- tage in the light of growing urbanization and industrializa- tion. powercore® electrical steel is so energy-efficient that 18 Characteristics it is now possible to build considerably smaller transfor- mers with the same power output. As energy demand grows continuously, powercore® grain 20 Further processing information oriented electrical steel significantly contribute to protect- ing the environment around the world and to conserving energy resources. General note: All statements as to the properties or utilization of materials and products are for the purposes of description only. Guarantees in respect of the existence of certain properties or utilization of materials are only valid if agreed upon in writing. 06 Innovation and cooperation 07 Mindful of our responsibility at all times. Innovation & We are committed to environmental com- patibility and sustainability in everything we do. From the systematic reuse of water in our production and the use of process gases for our own heating and electrical cooperation generation needs to the resource-conserv- 3 ing utilization of all raw materials and the Developing ideas efficient recyclability of our products. -
Evolution of Power Losses in Bending Rolled Fully Finished NO Electrical Steel Treated Under Unconventional Annealing Conditions
materials Article Evolution of Power Losses in Bending Rolled Fully Finished NO Electrical Steel Treated under Unconventional Annealing Conditions Ivan Petryshynets 1,*, František Kováˇc 1,Ján Füzer 2, Ladislav Falat 1, Viktor Puchý 1 and Peter Kollár 2 1 Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia 2 Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Park Angelinum 9, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +421-55-792-2442 Received: 19 June 2019; Accepted: 5 July 2019; Published: 8 July 2019 Abstract: Currently, the non-oriented (NO) iron-silicon steels are extensively used as the core materials in various electrical devises due to excellent combination of their mechanical and soft magnetic properties. The present study introduces a fairly innovative technological approach applicable for fully finished NO electrical steel before punching the laminations. It is based on specific mechanical processing by bending and rolling in combination with subsequent annealing under dynamic heating conditions. It has been revealed that the proposed unconventional treatment clearly led to effective improvement of the steel magnetic properties thanks to its beneficial effects involving additional grain growth with appropriate crystallographic orientation and residual stress relief. The philosophy of the proposed processing was based on employing the phenomena of selective grain growth by strain-induced grain boundary migration and a steep temperature gradient through the cross-section of heat treated specimens at dynamic heating conditions. The stored deformation energy necessary for the grain growth was provided by plastic deformation induced within the studied specimens during the bending and rolling process. -
3% Silicon Steel Core Material
3% Silicon Steel Core Material (Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel) datasheet 3% (Grain-Oriented) Silicon Steel is a soft magnetic material that is best used in electrical power transformers and inductors. It has a silicon content up to 3.2 mass %, which increases the electrical resistivity and reduces eddy current losses. The magnetic properties can be enhanced during a cold rolling stage (along the length) to produce textured sheets, known as grain-oriented electrical steel. Due to its preferred crystallographic orientation, it is used primarily for non-rotating applications, i.e. transformers and inductors. Typical operating frequency of 3% Silicon Steel is 50-60 Hz (hertz). A variety of forms can be manufactured, including lamination, toroidal and C-cores, as well as glued block cores of various shapes by cutting or pressing. Date: September 2018 Revision 0.1 © U.S. Department of Energy - National Energy Technology Laboratory 3% Silicon Steel core Fig. 1: 3% silicon core Dimensions Table 1: Core dimensions Description Symbol Finished dimension (mm) Width of core A 180 Height of core B 240 Depth of core (or cast width) D 30 Thickness or build E 50 Width of core window F 80 Height of core window G 140 Minimum Gap width H Fig. 2: Illustration of core dimensions (cut surface to cut surface) Acknowledgement This technical effort was performed in support of the National Energy Technology Laboratory’s ongoing research in DOE’s The Offi ce of Electricity’s (OE) Transformer Resilience and Advanced Components (TRAC) program under the RES contract DE-FE0004000. Disclaimer This project was funded by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, an agency of the United States Government, through a support contract with AECOM. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Altogether More Powerful Non-Oriented Electrical Steel
Altogether more powerful Non-oriented electrical steel www.cogent-power.com ALTOGETHER MORE POWERFUL Cogent Power provides a broad range of high quality products manufactured to customers’ most demanding requirements, and has a responsive approach to the market. Our business Cogent Power is a Tata Steel Enterprise. The These non oriented electrical steels are Cogent Power Inc., in Burlington, Ontario, is a specialist product range from Cogent Electrical principally used for motors, generators, world leader in the design and manufacture of Steels ranges from high permeability grain alternators, small transformers and a variety of transformer cores and components, including oriented steels for power transformers to fully other electromagnetic applications. Thin distributed gap cores, toroidal cores and flat- processed silicon steels for all sizes of rotating gauge materials are also available which offer stacked cores. Cogent Power Inc. also makes machines, including thin gauge materials for the superior performance required for high amorphous cores. Cogent Power Inc. has a high speed machines operating at medium to frequency applications, such as hybrid car high quality slitting operation for electrical high frequencies. motors, flywheels and harmonic filters. The full steels, used to support its own business and product range is marketed worldwide direct or also to supply a range of grades across Electrical steels are manufactured on two sites: through the Tata Steel International global North America. Surahammar Bruks, in Sweden produces non- sales offices. oriented fully processed electrical steels. These steels are iron-silicon alloys with varying silicon Orb Electrical Steels, in the UK is responsible content and have similar magnetic properties for the production and global sales of in all directions in the plane of the sheet. -
Arxiv:1303.1588V2 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 8 Jun 2015 4.4 Errors in the Article
Translation of an article by Paul Drude in 1904 Translation by A. J. Sederberg1;∗ (pp. 512{519, 560{561), J. Burkhart2;y (pp. 519{527), and F. Apfelbeck3;z (pp. 528{560) Discussion by B. H. McGuyer1;x 1Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA 2Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027-5255, USA June 9, 2015 Abstract English translation of P. Drude, Annalen der Physik 13, 512 (1904), an article by Paul Drude about Tesla transformers and wireless telegraphy. Includes a discussion of the derivation of an equivalent circuit and the prediction of nonreciprocal mutual inductance for Tesla transformers in the article, which is supplementary material for B. McGuyer, PLoS ONE 9, e115397 (2014). Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Bibliographic information 2 3 Translation 3 I. Definition and Integration of the Differential Equations . .3 Figure 1 . .5 II. The Magnetic Coupling is Very Small . .9 III. Measurement of the Period and the Damping . 12 IV. The Magnetic Coupling is Not Very Small . 19 VII. Application to Wireless Telegraphy . 31 Figure 2 . 32 Figure 3 . 33 Summary of Main Results . 39 4 Discussion 41 4.1 Technical glossary . 41 4.2 Hopkinson's law . 41 4.3 Equivalent circuit parameters from the article . 42 arXiv:1303.1588v2 [physics.hist-ph] 8 Jun 2015 4.4 Errors in the article . 42 4.5 Modifications to match Ls with previous work . 42 ∗Present address: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, 5812 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. yPresent address: Department of Microsystems and Informatics, Hochschule Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, D-66482 Zweibr¨ucken, Germany. -
From Cell to Battery System in Bevs: Analysis of System Packing Efficiency and Cell Types
Article From Cell to Battery System in BEVs: Analysis of System Packing Efficiency and Cell Types Hendrik Löbberding 1,* , Saskia Wessel 2, Christian Offermanns 1 , Mario Kehrer 1 , Johannes Rother 3, Heiner Heimes 1 and Achim Kampker 1 1 Chair for Production Engineering of E-Mobility Components, RWTH Aachen University, 52064 Aachen, Germany; c.off[email protected] (C.O.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (H.H.); [email protected] (A.K.) 2 Fraunhofer IPT, 48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 November 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: The motivation of this paper is to identify possible directions for future developments in the battery system structure for BEVs to help choosing the right cell for a system. A standard battery system that powers electrified vehicles is composed of many individual battery cells, modules and forms a system. Each of these levels have a natural tendency to have a decreased energy density and specific energy compared to their predecessor. This however, is an important factor for the size of the battery system and ultimately, cost and range of the electric vehicle. This study investigated the trends of 25 commercially available BEVs of the years 2010 to 2019 regarding their change in energy density and specific energy of from cell to module to system. Systems are improving. However, specific energy is improving more than energy density. -
Electrical Steel Sheet for Traction Motor of Hybrid/Electrical Vehicles
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 103 MAY 2013 Technical Report UDC 669 . 14 . 018 . 583 : 629 . 113 . 6 Electrical Steel Sheet for Traction Motor of Hybrid/Electrical Vehicles Takeaki WAKISAKA* Satoshi ARAI Yousuke KUROSAKI Abstract 15 years have passed since the first commercial hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was sold. Meanwhile, the market has been expanding and the type of HEV/EV has been increasing, and then demands to electrical steel sheet for traction motor cores of HEV/EV has become diversified. In this paper, the demands to electrical steel sheet for traction motor cores of HEV/EV are reconfirmed, and then newly developed elec- trical steel sheet and the application techniques of electrical steel sheet are informed. traction motor needs to be not only economical but also compact in 1. Introduction size and light in weight, especially for HEVs that have a compara- Fifteen years have passed since the world’s first production tively small space for the motor (Fig. 1). model hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was introduced to the market. In order to increase the torque of a motor, it is important to pass Since then the market for HEVs has expanded with HEV models in- a larger driving current through the motor windings and increase the creasing in number. Today, electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in magnetic flux that interlinks with the windings. For reducing the HEVs are being manufactured on a commercial basis. Compared motor size, the electrical steel sheet used is required to have a high with the conventional gasoline engine, the electric motor has better magnetic flux density. -
AP Physics 2: Algebra Based
AP® PHYSICS 2 TABLE OF INFORMATION CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS -27 -19 Proton mass, mp =1.67 ¥ 10 kg Electron charge magnitude, e =1.60 ¥ 10 C -27 -19 Neutron mass, mn =1.67 ¥ 10 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV= 1.60 ¥ 10 J -31 8 Electron mass, me =9.11 ¥ 10 kg Speed of light, c =3.00 ¥ 10 m s Universal gravitational Avogadro’s number, N 6.02 1023 mol- 1 -11 3 2 0 = ¥ constant, G =6.67 ¥ 10 m kg s Acceleration due to gravity 2 Universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J (mol K) at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 m s -23 Boltzmann’s constant, kB =1.38 ¥ 10 J K 1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 u=¥= 1.66 10-27 kg 931 MeV c2 -34 -15 Planck’s constant, h =¥=¥6.63 10 J s 4.14 10 eV s -25 3 hc =¥=¥1.99 10 J m 1.24 10 eV nm -12 2 2 Vacuum permittivity, e0 =8.85 ¥ 10 C N m 9 22 Coulomb’s law constant, k =1 4pe0 = 9.0 ¥ 10 N m C -7 Vacuum permeability, mp0 =4 ¥ 10 (T m) A -7 Magnetic constant, k¢ =mp0 4 = 1 ¥ 10 (T m) A 1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm=¥= 1.0 1052 N m 1.0¥ 105 Pa meter, m mole, mol watt, W farad, F kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C tesla, T UNIT second, s newton, N volt, V degree Celsius, ∞C SYMBOLS ampere, A pascal, Pa ohm, W electron volt, eV kelvin, K joule, J henry, H PREFIXES VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES Factor Prefix Symbol q 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 12 tera T 10 sinq 0 12 35 22 45 32 1 109 giga G cosq 1 32 45 22 35 12 0 106 mega M 103 kilo k tanq 0 33 34 1 43 3 • 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m The following conventions are used in this exam. -
Modern GPU Architecture
Modern GPU Architecture Msc Software Engineering student of Tartu University Ismayil Tahmazov [email protected] Agenda • What is a GPU? • GPU evolution!! • GPU costs • GPU pipeline • Fermi architecture • Kepler architecture • Pascal architecture • Turing architecture • AMD Radeon R9 • AMD vs Nvidia What is it a GPU? A graphics processing unit is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. photo reference Wikipedia What is it a GPU? GPU Evolution image:reference Evolution of Nvidia GeForce 1999 - 2018 Modern GPU First GPU Nvidia GeForce 256 GeForce GTX 1050 CUDA CUDA is a parallel computing platform and programming model developed by NVIDIA for general computing on graphical processing units (GPUs). With CUDA, developers are able to dramatically speed up computing applications by harnessing the power of GPUs. text source photo reference Graphics Processing image:refence source Nvidia GeForce 8880 GPU pipeline Why GPUs so fast ? Why GPUs so fast ? simplified Nvidia GPU architecture MP = Multi Processor SM = Shared Memory SFU = Special Functions Unit IU = Instruction Unit SP = Streaming processor reference Nvidia Fermi GPU Architecture Nvidia Fermi GPU Architecture photo Nvidia Kepler GPU Architecture reference Specifications reference for table Pascal architecture reference GP100 (Tesla P100) image Pascal Streaming Multiprocessor Compute Capabilities: GK110 vs GM200 vs GP100 Cross-section Illustrating GP100 adjacent HBM2 stacks Cross-section Photomicrograph of a P100 HBM2 stack and GP100 GPU image reference image refence Nvidia Turing GPU Architecture reference Nvidia Turing TU102 GPU reference NVIDIA Pascal GP102 vs Turing TU102 reference Turing Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) reference New shared memory architecture reference Turing Shading Performance reference Costs !!! Really? image image Conclusion We have several GPU architectures from different companies. -
TESLA MODEL X from 2016—2021
TESLA MODEL X From 2016—2021 Airbag Stored gas Seatbelt SRS Pedestrian inflator preten- Control protection sioner Unit active system Automatic Gas strut/ High Zone rollover pre-loaded strength requiring protection spring zone special system attention Battery Ultra ca- Fuel tank Gas tank Safety low volt- pacitor, low valve age voltage High High volt- High Fuse box Ultra voltage age power voltage disabling capaci- battery cable/com- discon- high tor, high pack ponent nect voltage voltage system Cable cut TESLA MODEL X ID No. Version No. Page No. From 2016 — 2021 TESLA–202012–002 01 01/04 1. Identification / recognition WARNING LACK OF ENGINE NOISE DOES NOT MEAN VEHICLE IS OFF. SILENT MOVEMENT OR INSTANT RESTART CAPABILITY EXISTS UNTIL VEHICLE IS FULLY SHUT DOWN. WEAR APPROPRIATE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE). NOTE: The Tesla emblem indicates a fully electric vehicle. NOTE: The model name is located on the rear of the vehicle. 2. Immobilization / stabilization / lifting IMMOBILIZATION STABILIZATION/ LIFTING POINTS 1. CHOCK WHEELS 2. PUT VEHICLE INTO PARK POSITION Appropriate lift areas PUSH 1x Safe stabilization points for Model X resting on its side High Voltage (HV) Battery 3. Disable direct hazards / safety regulations ACCESS MAIN DISABLE METHOD 1. Open the hood (see chapter 4). 1. Double cut the first responder loop. 2. Remove the access panel by pulling it upward 2. Disable the 12V battery. to release the clips that hold it in place. WARNING Not every high voltage component is labeled. Always wear appropriate PPE. Always double cut the first responder loop. Do not attempt to open the High Voltage (HV) battery.