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Understanding the History of East Germany Through the Literature of Christa Wolf

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Understanding the History of East Germany Through the Literature of Christa Wolf NACHDENKEN ÜBER OSTDEUTSCHLAND: UNDERSTANDING THE HISTORY OF EAST GERMANY THROUGH THE LITERATURE OF CHRISTA WOLF Kristen Oviatt A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2013 Committee: Kristie Foell, Co-Advisor Beth Ann Griech-Polelle, Co-Advisor Christina Guenther Douglas Forsyth © 2013 Kristen Oviatt All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Kristie Foell and Beth Ann Griechn Polelle, Advisors The Purpose of this thesis is to contextualizeCo- Christa Wolf’s works Der geteilte Himmel, Nachdenken über Christa T., Medea, and Stadt der Engel oder The Overcoat of Dr. Freud in their historical setting, and to discuss their contemporary impact on society. Wolf’s writings follow a pattern of her own influence within East German society and history, as she first acts on history, with Der geteilte Himmel, then becomes acted upon in Nachdenken über Christa T., and finally, she reflects on her personal history through Medea and Stadt der Engel. Contrasting these specific works with other novels and diaries of hers provides background information essential to those four novels. Then, placing these works in their greater historical context shows Wolf’s impact on the society around her. Wolf consistently provides a dual analysis of events through use of flashback and memory in her texts, giving the reader a unique frame of reference in reflecting on the works. Expanding on one of Wolf’s own terms, I call this literary use of multiple time frames and memories dual subjective authenticity. This literary device is significant in Wolf’s writings because through these dual perspectives, Wolf is able to address problems in East German society, while still showing support for the GDR government. Using primarily historical sources that reflect on the German Democratic Republic since the fall of the Berlin Wall, this thesis discusses contemporary approaches to Wolf’s literature and its complicated reception in both East Germany and the West. iv For Bert and Gert, without whose support none of this would ever be possible. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks go out to those who have helped me throughout the process of this thesis. First, one of my advisors, Kristie Foell, whose countless hours and resources kept me on the right track since day one. Also, I am grateful to advisor Beth Griech-Polelle, who encouraged me to constantly improve my research and make this thesis my own. Christina Guenther and Doug Forsyth, insightful committee members, also provided feedback that improved the manuscript in countless ways. I would also like to thank the history and German departments’ faculty and staff at Bowling Green State University, whose consistent support of my research made the completion of this thesis a joy. Thanks go to Tina Thomas for always greeting me with a smile and an uplifting word as I asked for help in planning meetings and scheduling rooms. Living in Bowling Green, I learned about the balance between university and community, and I thank the people of Bowling Green for their friendliness in my years of study here. Special thanks go to the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Bowling Green, whose daily and weekly contact reminded me that graduate school is not completed in a vacuum, and certainly cannot be completed alone. Their constant support and friendship have shown me that anything is possible with perseverance. My gratitude goes out to the graduate students at BGSU, whose interdisciplinary insight widened my understanding of my research, and deepened my passion for learning. Thanks go also to Ben Heili, whose research in GDR humor made collaboration in a number of areas entertaining and informative. To Amy Coonce, whose listening abilities and patience were almost certainly put to the test as I approached her with every research breakthrough, frustration, and success along the way, thank you. vi And certainly not the least, thanks go to my parents, Alan and Trudy Oviatt, who instilled in me a love for learning and have supported me in countless ways through the years. I love you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. CENSORED FREEDOMS: A LOOK AT THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTHORSHIP IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ...................................... 1 Christa Wolf, East German Citizen and Author ........................................................ 5 Politics and Culture in the East.................................................................................. 10 The Front Line in their Front Yard ............................................................................ 11 The Government and the Governed........................................................................... 14 Focus on Lit: GDR Literature and Its Different Roles .............................................. 17 Key Terms, Phrases, and Events that Affected Literary Culture in East Germany... 18 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER II. CHRISTA WOLF’S TRANSITIONING ROLE: FROM WRITING DER GETEILTE HIMMEL TO NACHDENKEN ÜBER CHRISTA T. .......................................... 27 Christa Wolf’s Path to the Berlin Wall...................................................................... 27 The Novel ........................................................................................................... 36 The Case for Subjective Authenticity........................................................................ 47 Reception and Fame................................................................................................... 50 After the Wall: Extending the Restrictions................................................................ 52 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER III. HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION: WOLF IN IDEOLOGICAL EXILE 59 Myth, Censorship, and History in GDR Literature.................................................... 59 Background to the Myth ............................................................................................ 62 The Need to Process the Past..................................................................................... 64 viii The Purpose of Rewriting the Myth .......................................................................... 67 The Pre-Stages of Writing Medea ............................................................................. 71 The Storyline ........................................................................................................... 72 Six Voices: One Affair .............................................................................................. 75 Scholarly Interpretation and Reception ..................................................................... 81 Moving On and Overcoming ..................................................................................... 83 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION: CHRISTA WOLF—A LIFETIME OF FAITH IN SOCIALISM ........................................................................................................... 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... ........................................................................................................... 94 ix The Purpose of Rewriting the Myth .......................................................................... 67 The Pre-Stages of Writing Medea ............................................................................. 71 The Storyline ........................................................................................................... 72 Six Voices: One Affair .............................................................................................. 75 Scholarly Interpretation and Reception ..................................................................... 81 Moving On and Overcoming ..................................................................................... 83 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION: CHRISTA WOLF—A LIFETIME OF FAITH IN SOCIALISM ........................................................................................................... 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY...... ........................................................................................................... 94 1 CHAPTER 1: CENSORED FREEDOMS: A LOOK AT THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTHORSHIP IN THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Literary texts are public events and as such are more susceptible to moral and political judgment than other kinds of discourse.1 -Marc Silberman During the Cold War, East German prose writing served to help the public become aware of what was happening in their present time, and since reunification, literature has helped in processing the events of the past. From literature studies to political analysis of previously classified information, scholars have sought to uncover the truth about what happened behind the Wall in order to contextualize the existing, and often contradictory, information. In Marc Silberman’s words, “We need to investigate the historical GDR culture and be prepared to recognize an ongoing or post-GDR culture.”2 One integral part of that historical culture is literature and the role it played in East German media. Because of the
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