The American Terrorist: Everything You Need to Know to Be a Subject Matter Expert

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THE AMERICAN TERRORIST: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW TO BE A SUBJECT MATTER EXPERT

Terry Oroszi, EdD Intel Analysis Program, WSARC Boonshoft School of Medicine, WSU The Dayton Think Tank, Dayton, OH Briefing: This research identifies the attributes of an American terrorist by studying the patterns within 34 demographic variables and exploring their correlation with the motivation to commit crimes related to terrorism. We believe that such an understanding will help to halt the recruitment of American citizens by instructing concerned parents, coaches, teachers, and family members how to quickly identify a person that is susceptible to radicalization and how to intervene. Studies conducted 20 years ago have identified some markers by examining international terrorists: single, male, early 20’s, university education, and from an affluent middle or upper- class family (Russell, 1977; Jenkins, 1980, Dingley, 1997). This study confirms the previous findings and expands upon them by examining 519 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes related to terrorism. Additional characteristics scrutinized include the location of residence, crime and imprisonment, religion, organizational alliances, race, heritage and path to citizenship, field of study and occupation, social status, military experience, mental health, marriage and family, conviction, punishment, and target. We endeavor to continue identifying the common traits of terrorists and the social circumstances that render a person susceptible to radicalization and prime them to commit acts of terrorism. By creating a well-sourced and researched list of behaviors we offer methods for community-based curbing of radicalization. Briefing: This research identifies the attributes of an American terrorist by studying the patterns within 34 demographic variables and exploring their correlation with the motivation to commit crimes related to terrorism. We believe that such an understanding will help to halt the recruitment of American citizens by instructing concerned parents, coaches, teachers, and family members how to quickly identify a person that is susceptible to radicalization and how to intervene. Studies conducted 20 years ago have identified some markers by examining international terrorists: single, male, early 20’s, university education, and from an affluent middle or upper-class family (Russell, 1977; Jenkins, 1980, Dingley, 1997). This study confirms the previous findings and expands upon them by examining 519 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes related to terrorism. Additional characteristics scrutinized include the location of residence, crime and imprisonment, religion, organizational alliances, race, heritage and path to citizenship, field of study and occupation, social status, military experience, mental health, marriage and family, conviction, punishment, and target. We endeavor to continue identifying the common traits of terrorists and the social circumstances that render a person susceptible to radicalization and prime them to commit acts of terrorism. By creating a well-sourced and researched list of behaviors we offer methods for community-based curbing of radicalization. Learning Objectives

1) Speak with confidence on several aspects of terrorism in the United States. 2) Explain why some people are identified as terrorists and others are not. 3) Identify markers of a developing extremist and the tools to help steer them down a better path. 4) Recommend a strategy based on your interpretation of the data presented and communicate that strategy with others. 5) Recognize and appropriately respond to potential threats related to terrorism, including the subtle signs. 6) Summarize and apply the fundamentals of terrorism to other aspects of violent behaviors. 7) Educate others on the true aspects of terrorism and terrorists, based on real data/statistics. Definitions of Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism International Terrorism Terrorism “…the unlawful use of force “…activities that involve violent “The unlawful use of violence and violence against acts or acts dangerous to human or threat of violence, often persons or property to life that is a violation of the motivated by religious, intimidate or coerce a criminal law…, appear to be political, or other government, the civilian intended to intimidate or coerce ideological beliefs, to instill population, or any segment a civilian population, influence fear and coerce governments thereof, in furtherance of the policy of a government, or to or societies in pursuit of goals political or social objectives” affect the conduct of a that are usually political” government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping” What makes a crime an act of terror?

• The type of crime and scale of its outcome should not be used to determine if a crime is an act of terrorism. • If the individuals or groups committing the acts of violence are doing so because the victims do not follow their personal or religious beliefs or the act can be used as a tool for political gain, then the chances are they are acts of terrorism. If an individual pulls out a gun and fires at school kids or co-workers, the individual is not likely to be prosecuted as a terrorist. Terrorism Legislation, INTENT

• In a criminal case, not related to terrorism the burden of “proving intent” is on the prosecution.

• In the case of terrorism, acts that "appear to be intended" to intimidate, coerce, retaliate may still qualify as terroristic crimes without additional evidence.

Thirty pieces of legislation related to terrorism were enacted in the United States in 2015-2016. Domestic or International Terrorist?

A B Domestic or International Terrorist?

A B

If an individual plans or trains for a terror act in the US – Domestic Terrorist (A) If the individual plans or trains for a terror act out of the US – International Terrorist (B) Learning Through Game-playing

Are you a potential recruit or have hidden aspirations to become a terrorist? The Profile Of An American Terrorist

“People who are more open to terrorist 1. Male. recruitmentCollegeMale and- EducatedTerror radicalization Relationships Terrorists tend to: SocialFeel Class angry, (#248) alienated or 376 2. Between 15 - 43 yrs. old. 178 disenfranchised.” Deangelis, Tori (2009), Understanding121 Terrorism, Vol 4010 3. Educated (increased chances “Many found the radicalized114

# Terrorists # 46 46 with unemployment). individuals2 9 to have feelings25 of anger and88 hatred.” This map depicts the60 countries16 of origin1 4. Single (no wife or girlfriend). Aarten, PaulineYes ( 2017), The Narrative Noof Victimization forand 474Deradicalization:Single nonMarried US born AnChildren Expert parents View.Divorced of Studies menWidower inand women Conflictthat have &Relationship Terrorism, been Type charged Vol. 41 with 5. No active father figure. terrorist acts that were committed in the United States ofTerror America alert since as boy 2001. pilot flies plane into OfThe the map 483 excludesMales ~80% 302 American15 years old born – 43 skyscraper! 6. Middle/upper class. parentsyearsAll otherold; and Male due to Ave. data = 32 availability, years old Classes, 103, Ofdoes the 36not Females represent ~80% a complete 17Working years dataold (lower) – set.46 46% 7. Live away from childhood “TheThe youngyears map manalsoold; Ave.excludesCharles = 35.5 Bishop 256 YearsClass parents is, 120 oldbest, 54% of home. describedunknown as ora young vague man decent, who (Dr had Olivia very few friendsStone, and PhD was APAM very muchChrist a Church, loner, a NZ) 8. Feel isolated, angry victimized. troubled young man.” WHAT CAN WE DO?

Fighting terrorism in our community, neighborhood, in our schools and our homes.

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

Poverty, Pollution, and World Peace The Profile Of An American Terrorist

How to Help 1. Male. Encourage them to join productive groups 2. Between 15 - 43 yrs. old. Work on CV/Resume with them, help 3. Educated (increased chances them find employment, offer with unemployment). encouragement.

4. Single (no wife or girlfriend). Be a good friend/mentor and do not be afraid to call address bad behavior. 5. No active father figure. Be that father or big brother figure. 6. Middle/upper class. Talk to them about their country, 7. Live away from childhood norms, games…and tell them about home. yours.

8. Feel isolated, angry victimized. Be a friend, mentor, suggest help. The Research… American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11 • • MohammedSamuel Shannahan Wali Zazi • Theophilus• BurroughsNuman Maflahi • Zakaryia•AbdinRichard David Hupper (Piraton) • • • Ali Kourani (Ali Mohamad Kourani, Jacob• • Aziz Sayyed ••• MohammedJamieSamyDanielAbid PaulinMohamed CowartNaseer Yousry Ramirez Hamzeh • Thomas• Emanuel Justin•BastianOctober Nojan L Lutchman MartiniqueSullivan Lewis • ZakiaHanad• NasrinMahmud•MustafeRichard FaruqMusse Poplawski Brent Lewis Daniel) • • ••• MohimanulJarallah•SamyDanielAdamMohammed JosephWasil Bhuiya Raishani Maldonado(Saleh El(Saddam-Goarany Muhammad) (Daniel Mohamed Aljughaifi Raishani) • ) Timothy• • EmersonKaan• LorenOdedSercan McCoy BegollyOrbachDamlarkaya Fleming • ZaleHaris• H. QamarMansourThompson• RobelBarry J KidaneArbabsiar WalterPhillipos Bujol (Manssor) • ••• MonasserJared•SantosDanielAdam Loughner ColonPatrick Mosad Dandach Jr. Boyd Omian (Ahmad Shakoor) • Tnuza• • EnaamJamalKamal•• Omar HassanAliM. Derwish MohamedArnaout Ali Bagegni • ZareinHarlem• AhmedzayMarc• •SuarezRobert HaroldBasaaly Blake RamseySaeed Jackson Moalin • ••• MonerJason•SariDaniel AdamAbdullah MohammadMichael Seth Gadahn Franey alLudke-Kambodi Abu (Azzam(Abu Salha Dawuudal-Amriki) ) • Traci• • ElaineEnriqueKamal•• OmarUpshurAli MarquezSaid Muhammad Kattan Hassan Jr. Brown • ZeinabHasan• MarcosTaleb Akbar•• Robert-BernardJedi Alonso Goldstein Raymond Zea Augustine • ••• MoussaJayyousi•SchaefferDanielAdam Ali Wells Kifah Hamdan CoxLynn Herriman Cunningham • Troy• • MatthewEricKarunakaran•• HarrounOmarAli Kastigar Saleh Mir KandasamySeddique(AbdirahmanMateen(Karuna) ) • ZiyadHasan• YaghiMarie Ali•• AyeshRobert BetimAntoinette LorenzoKaziu Castelli Hester Jr. • • • Hasan Edmonds• ••• MubarakJeffrey•SeanDanielaAdam Andrew Leon Hamed Greene Nauveed Battle DuncanHayat • Umar• • ChaudhryEricKary• ReginaldOmarKlemanAli Shukri Shafik RobinsonAminHammami • Zoobia• MarkShahnaz• Robert RobertBilal Abood McCullum Walker (Amir Said Abdul Rahman • Mufid Abdulqader • Omar Shishani • Hassan KamalAl-Ghazi) ••• Jehad•SebastianDarrenAdamMostafa Arness GregersonShafi (AhmadJackson Guery(Daodand) Emir Anwar) • Umar• • FarooqErickKeonna• JamalAllen Thomas Hendricks Walter lyon (Hammad Abdur- • Zubair• AhmedMarlon• Bilal Hicks Mazloum • Mufid Elfgeeh • Onta Williams • Hassan• MoussaRoger Makki Stockham ••• Jessie•ShafalDavidAdel Curtis WilliamsMosed Daoud Morton IV • Umer• • HayatErwinKevin AntonioRaheem) Lamar JamesRios • Zulfi• HoxhaMarwan• ("AbuBonnell Othman Hamza(Buster) El al--HindiAmriki Hughes") • Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal • Parveg Ahmed • Hatem •NajiRonaldFariz Allen Grecula ••• Jim•Shaker DavidAdis MasriMedunjanin Adkisson • Usaama• • EstebanKevinAbdullah• Alton William Santiago Rahim Nolen Harpham (Jah'Keem Yisrael) • Masoud• BrandonAhmad L. Khan Baxter • MuhanadDavid WrightMahmoud (Dawud Al FarekhSharifAbdul Khaliq, Dawud • Patrice Lumumba Ford • Hawo Mohamed• Rothschild Hassan Augustine • • JohnShannon Allen Maureen Muhammad Conley • Vincent• KhaledArmstrong• Alwar ad-DusariiPouryan • Matthew• Aaron Llaneza •SharifAdnan Wright, Abdihamid Dawud FarahSharif Wright, Dawud • Everitt Aaron Jameson • Brian Neal Vinas • • MuktarJohnSharif Georgelas AlMobley-Bakri (Yahya Abu Hassan) • Vincente• Khaled• RafaelPatrick T. Pierre Safadi Alan (Rafael Lawwill Upshur) Heather• Mediha• ElizabethRoxanne Medy Coffman LauraSalkicevic Kopke •SharifAbdulAhmad AbousamraWright • Eyad• SuleimanAman Hassan Yemer • • Brother of Mohammed Hamzah Khan • • MunirJohnSheheryar PatrickAbdulkadirAlam BedellAbdulkaderQazi • Waqar• HassanKhaled• Paul Khan T. G. Steitiye Rockwood Jr Henry• Michael Dewitt• Ruben McFarland Finton Shumpert(Talib III Islam) • •DavidAhmad Yamasu Hussam("DawudAl DinQatal Fayeqal-AbdulAmriki Aziz") (Abu Bakr• Fadhil• AlAmer- KhaledySinan Alhaggagi • • Bruce Edwards Ivins • • MuntherJohnShelton PhilipOmar Thomas Walker Saleh Bell Lindh (Sulayman al-Faris, Abu• Wasil• FarooquiKhaleel• Paul AhmedHall (Hassan Abu-Jihaad) Hinda• MichaelOsman• Russel DhiraneAnderson Defreitas • DayneAlsinawiAtani)Christian (Shakur) • Faisal• MohammadAmera Akl • • Burhan Hassan • • MustafaSulaymanShirwa AlAhmed-alAboody-Irlandi) • Wesam• ElKhalid• -HanafiPaul Ouazzani Schlesselman Hoda• MuthanaMichael• Russel Curtis(Umm Dennison Reynolds Jihad) (Abdullah (Fritz Mueller) Chekdamize) • • Ahmad Khan Rahami • Faisal• ShahzadAmiir Farouk Ibrahim • • Burson Augustin • • Nachimuthu"JohnShivamDecarus T. BookerPatelLowellSocrates Jr.Thomas (Muhammed (Abdul MalikAbdullah Abdul • William• KhalilKrar• Pete Abu Seda-Rayyan(Pirouz Sedaghaty) Hor• I. AklMichael• Ryan Mixon Gibson(alias Anderson Abdul Tawala Ibn Ali Alishtari) • • Farah• MohamedAmina Farah Beledi Ali • • Byron Williams • • NaderHassan)"ShueybKareem)Ahmed ElhuzayelMossa AbdelJokan Sattar • Yahya• GobaKhwaja• RaeesMahmoodAlam Qazi Hasan Ibraheem• Michael• MusaibliSabirhan QueenHasanoff • Fareed• AmrMumuni I. Elgindy (Anthony Elgindy) • • Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax ••• NaderJonas•SinhDemetriusAhmed VinhSaadeh M. EdmondsNgo “Van”Abdullah Crocker Minni • Yasein• TaherKobe• Rafil DialloDhafir Williams Ibrahim• Michael• A.Sabri Mohammad ToddBenkahla Wolfe • Farooque• Ahmed • ••• NadiaJosé•SisterDemetrius PadillaAhmedRockwood of Mohammed PittsAli Omar (Abdur HamzahRaheemKhan Rafiq) • Yaser• EsamKori• RahatulHamdi TaylorAndrew (KoriAshikim Joseph Ali Muhammad) KhanIII Stack Ikaika• MichaelErik•• SaddamKangCarlos Wallace Eduardo Mohamed Hardee Almonte Raishani • Father of Mohamad Saeed Kodaimati • ••• NadirJose•SixtoDerrick PimentelAhmedHamidRamiro Shareef SoofiHassan Garcia(Muhammad(Talib Al (Abdullah-UqailyAbu Yusuf)Salam Ali) Ibn Shareef) • Yasith• ChhunKristi•• Rahmat AnesGoldsteinSubasicAbdhir Imran• MichelleRabbani•• SadikCarlos MarieMonasser Leon Bastian Bledsoe Omian • Fawaz Mohammed Damrah • ••• NajibullahJoseph•SohielDerrickAhmed KabirAnthony ThompsonZazi Hussein Davis Mahamud (Abdul-Latif Abu Khalid)• Yehuda• LamontAbraham•• RahmoAnthony RansonKodaimati M. Hayne Islam• SaidMoeed•• SafyaNatshehCaryAbdul RoeLee Salam OgbornYassin • • Fawaz• Rahal • Ismaaiyl Brinsley ••• NarsealJoseph•SoufianDomingueAhmed BatisteCohenAmri FrederickIbrahim (Yousef Bilal Jr. Mohamid (Walli MujahidhAl-Khattab) ) • Yi Qing• ChenLevar• RajaAntonio Haley Lahrasib Washington MartinezKhan (Muhammad Hussain) • Mohamad•• SahimCasey JamalAlwan Charles Khweis Spain(Abu Omar) • Naser Jason Abdo • Faysal• RamyGalabZamzam • Ismail Alsarabbi• Said Azzam Mohamad Rahim ••• Joseph•StanleyDonaldAhmed Hassan GrantRay Mohamed Morgan PhanorFarrokh Isse • Yonathan• Liban•MelakuAnwarHaji Mohamed Awlaki • Mohamad• Castelli SaeedMarie Kodaimati • Nasser Abuali (terrorism unlikely) • Frederick• Randall Thomas Blue Chapman (Seifullah) • Issa Doreh• Said Mohamad Harb ••• Joseph•SulejmahDonaldAhmed Jeffrey T.Hadzovic Surratt Mohammed Brice El Gammal • Yong• Ki LionelKwon• Arafat Nelson M. Williams Nagi (Harun Ash-Shababi) • Mohamed• Cedric Abdi Carpenter • Naturalized Citizenhan Lawwill • Gale• NettlesRandall Garett Cole • Iyman Faris• Sajmir Alimehmeti (Abdul Qawii) ••• Joshua•SultaneDouglasAhmed CloughRoome McAuthur OmarSalim AbuMcCain Ali • Yosvany• Lonnie Padilla• Ariel Vernon Conde Bradley • Mohamed• Charles Abdihamid Bishop Farah • Naveed Afzal Haq • Garrett• Randall Asger ToddGrimsley Royer • Izhar Khan• Salah Osman Ahmed • • JoshuaSyed Hashmi Cummings (Fahad) • Yousef• MohammedLucas• Arifeen Helder RamadanGojali • Mohamed• Christopher Albanna Lee Cornell • •DouglasAkba WrightJihad Jordan • Gen Mustafe Noorudiin • • • NemrJoshuaSyedAli Rizwan Matthew RahalFarook Stone • Yusuf• AbdirizakLuis• Randy PortorrealWehelie Lamar Wilson Jr. (Rasheed) Jaber• ElbanehMohamed• Saleh ElahwalAmiin Ali Roble • •DylanAkram BoydAbdallah (Mohammed) • Ghassan• ArmanElashi Ali • • Christopher Paul • • NicholasJoshuaTahmeed Ray AlexanderAhmad Van Haften Rovinski • Yusuf• JamaLynn• Rasel IreneRaihan Stewart(Abu Abdullah al-Amriki) Jaelyn• Mohammad Delshaun• Samantha Young Zaki MarieAmawi Elhassani • •DzhokharAkram AnzorovichMusleh Tsarnaev • Gregory• Arwah HubbardJaber (Jibreel) • • Clark Calloway • • NicholasJoshuaTairod Ryne WebsterMichael Goldberg TeausantPugh • Yusuf• RodriguezLynn• Rawdah Wingate (AbuAbdisalaam Maria al-Mexiki(Umm) Waqqas) Jaffrey• Mohammed •KhanSamer el Hamzah Debek Khan • •EdwardAlaa ArcherSaadeh • Gregory• Asher Lepsky Abed Khan • • Clifford L. Cousins • • NicholasJoshuaTalha Haroon S. Young Stafford • Zacharia• Maalik•YusufRay AlimAbdurahman H. AdamsJones Jalil• IbnMohammed• AmeerSami Aziz Osmake Hesham(AbdulYoussef Samia (Abu) Turab) • • Alberto Renteria (Abu Hudhayfa al-Mexiki) • Gregory• Ashraf Vernon Alzaim Patterson(Ashraf Zaim) • • Coleman Barney • • NicoleJudeTarekEdward Kenan Mansfield Mehanna Feltus Mohammad • Zachary• Maher •AdamRaymond "Mike"Chesser DillardHawash(Abu Talhah(Jeff Osborn)al- Jamal• MohammedBana• Samih Fadl JunaidJamal Babar • Gufran• AsiaAhmed Siddiqui Kauser Mohammed • ••• Nidal•EhsanulHasanAlex IslamHernandez Sadequee • Reed Stanley Berry • James Cromitie• SamirColleen(Abdul Zafar Larose Khan Rehman (JihadAbdul Jane FatimaRahman) LaRose) • JudithTarik DowdellL. Bruey(Tarik Shah) Amrikee• • GuledMahin) AliKhan Omar • Mohammed Mosharref Hossain ••• Nihad•EliasAlexanderRosic Akhdar Ciccolo •• ReneAsif WrightAhmed (SalimRafiq Sabir) • James Earnest•• SamuelConner Thompson Baptiste C. Stevens (Ujaama Earnest James) • JustinTerrence Kaliebe McNeil • Zakaria• • HafizBoydMahmoud Muhammed Alessa Sher Ali Khan • Mohammed Subeh ••• Noelle•ElizabethAlexander Velentzas Lecron E. Blair •• RezaAtal Niknejad Bashar • James Elshafay•• SamuelCraig Benedict J. Crump Baxam Terry L. Loewen • Zakaria• • HamidMarufMahmoud Hayat Amin Mohamed Elhassan •• Noor•Elton SalmanAlexander Simpson Samuel Smith (Amir Alexander) •• RezwanAvin MarsalisFerdaus Brown • James Gonzalo•• SamuelDahir MedinaGurey RahaminSheikhTopaz Ali Guled • Hamza Naj Ahmed • Ali al-Tamimi • Awais Younis • James Ray• McElroyDamon Joseph • Elvis Redzepagic • Hanad Abdullahi Mohallim • Ali Asad Chandia • Aziz Ihab Sayyed • James W.• VonDan Brunn Roberts Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • Weapons Used Allegiance • FBI • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to International Org. • Terrorism Camp • Awlaki Influence • The Terrorist’s Target • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Demographics: Gender and Ages

Female Ave. = 35.5 Years old Male Ave. = 32 years old 80 Terrorists Residence Prior to Arrest

70 72

40 44 39 36 35 30 34 29 20 22 21 18 18 15 10 13 11 9 9 9 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 0 NY VA CA MN OH FL TX MI IL NC NJ AZ WA AL MA OR PA MD CO DC GA MO AK AR WI Top 10 Cities Where Terrorists Resided Prior to Arrest 45

40 42 35

30 32 25 20

# TERRORISTS# 15 15 10 12 12 10 10 5 9 9 9 0

CITY, STATE Demographics: Parents Birth Country & Citizenship Demographics: Top Ethnicities Demographics: Relationship Status

Female Terrorists & Relationships

9 8 10

2 1

Married a Terror Husband Engaged to a Divorced a Single Terrorist Together Unaware Terrorist Terrorist Demographics: Mental Health

Mental Health

Only 11% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were diagnosed with mental illness. (58 of 519) Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • Weapons Used Allegiance • FBI • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to International Org. • Terrorism Camp • Awlaki Influence • The Terrorist’s Target • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Domestic Terror Organizations

• The U.S. government does not formally designate domestic terrorist organizations. • Claiming an affiliation to a domestic terror organization is not illegal. • Therefore, it may not be illegal to give money or other forms of material support to a domestic terrorist group, even if the group is known for its violence and hatred of others.

The First Amendment protects the right of people to associate with each other and to express their points of view. Allegiance to Domestic Terror Org.

Fifty-Five of the Americans charged with acts related to terrorism self identifies as members in one of following groups. Political: Antigovernment (AG) which includes Sovereign Citizens Movement (SCM) members; The Revolution Peoples Group (RPC); National Socialist Movement (NSM); Hutaree (HUT); and two right wing groups, the Nazi party (Nazi) and the militias, in this case the Alabama Free Militia (AFM). Ideology: White Supremacy (also includes the Nazi and NSM members) and the Jewish Defense League. Religion: The Jam’iyyat Ul- Ilam Is-Saheeh (JIS). Allegiance to International Terror Org.

Al Fuqra (AF), Al Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHIF), Ansar al-Islam (AI), Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra (AN), Al-Qaeda (AQ), Al- Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), Al-Shabaab (AS), Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Hamas (H), Hezbollah (Hez), Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS/ISIL), Jaish-e- Mohammed (JeM), Lashkar- e-Tayyiba (LT), Pakistan Taliban (PT), Taliban (T), and the Tamil Tigers (TT). Allegiance: Anwar al-Awlaki Influence 94 U.S. Terrorists…

18% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were in possession of CDs, email correspondence, or were found with Awlaki YouTube videos in their internet history.

• First To be Targeted by the US • Killed by drone in 2011. Allegiance: Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf

• 2003 Virginia Jihad Cell (9 Members) • NY Terror Cell (5 Members) • Alaska Cell (5 Members) • The Portland Seven cell (7 Members) • Boston Terror Cell (3 Members) • Toledo Terror Cell (6 Members) • Columbus Terror Cell (4 Members • Torrance Four/Jam’iyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh • D.C. Five or Pakistani Five Cell (JIS) (Prison Cell, 3 Members) (5 Members) • Florida cell (5 Members) Partners Cells Lone Wolf • Fort Dix plot (6 Members) • ISIS NY Cell (3 Members) 19% • JDL Florida Cell (4 Members) • Jihadist Cell/ISIS (3 Members) • Lackawanna Six or Buffalo Six Cell (6 Members) • Miami Liberty Seven Cell (7 Members) 19% 62% • Newburgh Four (Prison Cell, 4 Members)

A lone wolf, lone-wolf terrorist, or lone actor, is someone who prepares and commits violent acts alone, outside of any command structure and without material support Allegiance: Religion and Terrorism Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • Weapons Used Allegiance • FBI • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to International Org. • Terrorism Camp • Awlaki Influence • The Terrorist’s Target • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Careers: College Education

Of those identified in the sample STEM Fields. Science, Technology, group, 176 male terrorists had college Engineering, Math and Medicine are experience, and 112 male terrorists majors in which the majority of did not. college terrorists sought. It is unknown if they chose those degrees in an attempt to improve their criminal skills. Careers: College Education

Degree Degree Cont. Occupations Accounting Math Retail 9% Aeronautics MBA Miscellaneous Labor 6% Biology Medical Food Service 6% Business Medical Degree (MD) Security Industry 6% Business administration Multimedia Health Care 6% Chemistry Nursing Transportation 4% Chinese Pharmacy Computer/IT 4% Computer science Philosophy Military 4% Criminal justice Physics Teaching 3% Dental Political science Construction 3% Economics Premed Fitness/Martial Arts 3% Education Psychology Communications 3% Engineering Radiology Trucking 2% Fire science Religious studies Financial Industry 2% Funeral services Social worker/ Aeronautics History Sociology and Criminal Mass communications Justice Careers: Social Status

Male Social Class Female Social Class

107 5 5

3 41 36 24 17 4 2 1 1 1 Careers: Military Military Terrorists 20 18 19 Military 16 14 experience 12 (N=37) 7% 10 8 9

# TERRRORISTS# 6 4 5 “DHS is concerned that 2 3 1 right-wing extremists will 0 attempt to recruit and Army Marines Navy Army National Air Force Guard radicalize veterans in MILITARY BRANCH order to boost their violent capacities”

• 7%, 37 terrorists • VETERANS…Homeland Security Classifies Returning US Veterans as Potential Terrorist Threat Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • Weapons Used Allegiance • FBI • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to International Org. • Terrorism Camp • Awlaki Influence • The Terrorist’s Target • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Behind Bars: Terror Timeline

Terror Timeline

42 42 41 40

32 30 31 27 25 22 23 22 19 16 12 12 8

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Murder Terrorism Money Laundering Making False Statements Conspire to Levy War Against the US Obstruction of Justice Material Support WMD/CBRNe (inc. bomb) Attempt to join a terror org Attempt murder/Conspire to kill (murder) Assault Weapons

14 14 5 14 3 5 115 28 39 43 3 23 Behind Bars: Official Charges (Top 12) Behind Bars: Crimes Involving Violence (318)

Terror Crimes Involving Violence. While the definition includes threat by violence a remarkable 71% are not using violence when committing the acts that got them charged.

• Sample size 318 Behind Bars: Weapons Used FBI INVOLVEMENT

No 40%

Yes 60%

#244 (144 yes) Male Terrorists Sentencing (did not kill or injure anyone) 30 25 28 Average Sentence 20 22 13 years 19 15 18 16 15 13 13

# Terrorists # 10 10 9 9 5 7 7 8 7 7 8 3 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 30 32 35 40 45 48 65 Sentence Length

Female Terrorist Sentencing (did not kill or injure anyone) 3.5 3 3 Average Sentence 2.5 8 years 2 2 2 2 1.5

# of Terrorists of # 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 19 20 Sentence Length Terrorism Training Camps

Saudi Arabia

Libya

Lebanon

Yemen Only 5 women attended Afghanistan training camps, all in Syria.

Afghanistan/ Pakistan Attended Somalia 28%

Pakistan

Syria Did not attend 72% 0 10 20 30 40

Behind Bars: Prison Locations

• Recidivism is relatively unknown for American terrorists, exception GITMO 27%. • Phase 2 of work is to visit the prisons and interview the terrorist. • Phase 3 a deradicalization program, 1st in the USA. MICHIGAN TERRORISM MICHIGAN TERRORISTS 1. David Brain Stone Sr. 12. Monasser Mosad Omian 2. Elias Mohamed Akhdar 13. Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal 3. Fadhil Al- Khaledy 14. Nathan Lawwill 4. Hassan Moussa Makki 15. Nicole Mansfield 5. Ibraheem Musaibli 16. Omar Shishani 6. Jarallah Wasil 17. Patrick Alan Lawwill 7. Joshua Clough 18. Reed Stanley Berry 8. Joshua Matthew Stone 19. Sadik Monasser Omian 9. Khalil Abu-Rayyan 20. Samer el Debek 10. Kifah Wael Jayyousi 21. Sebastian Gregerson 11. Mohammad Maleeh 22.Yousef Mohammed Masha Ramadan MICHIGAN TERRORISTS 1. David Brain Stone Sr. 12. Monasser Mosad Omian 2. Elias Mohamed Akhdar 13. Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal 3. Fadhil Al- Khaledy 14. Nathan Lawwill 4. Hassan Moussa Makki 15. Nicole Mansfield 5. Ibraheem Musaibli 16. Omar Shishani 6. Jarallah Wasil 17. Patrick Alan Lawwill 7. Joshua Clough 18. Reed Stanley Berry 8. Joshua Matthew Stone 19. Sadik Monasser Omian 9. Khalil Abu-Rayyan 20. Samer el Debek 10. Kifah Wael Jayyousi 21. Sebastian Gregerson 11. Mohammad Maleeh 22.Yousef Mohammed 9% Masha Ramadan 48% 43% Born in the USA Naturalized Unknown MICHIGAN TERRORISTS David Brain Stone Sr. -44 Nicole Mansfield-33 Elias Mohamed Akhdar-31 Omar Shishani-47 Fadhil Al- Khaledy-33 Patrick Alan Lawwill-31 Hassan Moussa Makki-42 Reed Stanley Berry-26 Ibraheem Musaibli-28 Sadik Monasser Omian-46 Jarallah Wasil-41 Samer el Debek-37 Joshua Clough-28 Sebastian Gregerson-29 Joshua Matthew Stone-21 Yousef Mohammed Ramadan-28 Khalil Abu-Rayyan-21 Kifah Wael Jayyousi-39 Age at Time of Arrest 3 Mohammad Maleeh Masha-23 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Monasser Mosad Omian-68 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal-23 1 Nathan Lawwill-32 0 19 21 23 26 28 29 31 32 33 37 39 41 42 46 47 68 Average Age At Time of Arrest = 34 Years Old # MICHIGAN TERRORISTS David Brain Stone Sr. -44 Monasser Mosad Omian-68 Elias Mohamed Akhdar-31 Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal-23 Fadhil Al- Khaledy-33 Nathan Lawwill-32 Hassan Moussa Makki-42 Nicole Mansfield-33 Ibraheem Musaibli-28 Omar Shishani-47 Jarallah Wasil-41 Patrick Alan Lawwill-31 Joshua Clough-28 Reed Stanley Berry-26 Joshua Matthew Stone-21 Sadik Monasser Omian-46 Khalil Abu-Rayyan-21 Samer el Debek-37 Kifah Wael Jayyousi-39 Sebastian Gregerson-29 Mohammad Maleeh Masha-23 Yousef Mohammed Ramadan-28

Average Age US Born = 29 Years Old Average Age Naturalized = 41 Years Old Terror Residence 10

0 Detroit Dearborn Flint Lansing Blissfield St. Joseph Ypsilanti Parents' Birth Country 9

8 8

3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1 1

0 USA Yemen Lebanon Palestine Iraq Jordan Sudan Relationship Status 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Single Married Children Divorced

Mental Health: 1 Terrorist Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal Military: 1 Terrorist Kifah Wael Jayyousi (Navy) Michigan Terrorism 21 men/ 1 woman MI Allegiances MI International Allegiances

13% International 17% AN, 1 Domestic 70% Unknown

LT, 1

T, 2

HEZ, 3 International Allegiances • Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra NA, 4 (AN) • Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT) AQ, 5 • Taliban (T) • Hezbollah (Hez) ISIS, 6 • Acted Alone (NA) • Al-Qaeda (AQ) • Islamic State of Iraq and Syria 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (ISIS/ISIL) MI Terror Timeline 5

0 2001 2002 2003 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Religion

18% 32%

50%

Converted to Islam Born to Islam Christian/Other Professions Social Class • Professor • Doctor • Owner Janitorial Services • Pizzeria • Handy Man middle class Professional Working class • Home Health • Truck Driver • Retail • Security Guard Where are they in Prison? Beckley FCI BEAVER WV Detroit RRM MILAN MI Detroit RRM MILAN MI Detroit RRM MILAN MI Detroit RRM MILAN MI Detroit RRM MILAN MI Terre Haute USP TERRE HAUTE IN How They Were Caught • Acquaintance alerts authorities • Airport security screening • Arrest by Tunisian government • Weapons of Choice Involved Violence Extremist statements • How official were notified Firearms & Knives 80% no 20% yes • Informant • Suspicious activity Average Sentence FBI Involvement 5.08 Years 5 Arrests Charges Michigan Terrorism 21 men/ 1 woman MATERIAL SUPPORT 6 CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY 5 FIREARMS VIOLATIONS 4 MAKING FALSE STATEMENTS 3 IMMIGRATION VIOLATIONS 3 VIOLATING SANCTIONS 1 USE OF WEAPONS 1 UNLICENSED WEAPON 1 UNLICENSED EXPLOSIVES 1 SMUGGLING 1 SALE OR RECEIPT OF STOLEN OR COUNTERFEIT … 1 RACKETEERING 1 OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE 1 MURDER 1 MILITARY-TYPE TRAINING FROM FOREIGN … 1 FUNDING TERRORISTS 1 CONSPIRACY TO LEVY WAR AGAINST THE US 1 ASSAULT 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

How They Were Captured

SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY 1

LEAKED FILES FROM THE "ISLAMIC STATE" 1

INFORMANT 1

EXTREMIST STATEMENTS 1

ARREST BY TUNISIAN GOVERNMENT 2

AIRPORT SECURITY SCREENING 1

ACQUAINTANCE ALERTS AUTHORITIES 1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 MICHIGAN TERRORISTS (Order: Year of Crime) 2001: Fadhil Al- Khaledy 2012: Joshua Clough 2002: Omar Shishani 2012: Joshua Matthew Stone 2003: Elias Akhdar 2013: Nicole Mansfield 2003: Hassan Moussa Makki 2015: Mohammad Masha 2003: Muhammad Bilal 2016: Sebastian Gregerson 2005: Kifah Wael Jayyousi 2016: Khalil Abu-Rayyan 2005: Monasser Omian 2016: Patrick Alan Lawwill 2005: Sadik Omian 2016: Nathan Lawwill 2005: Jarallah Wasil 2017: Samer el Debek 2011: Reed Stanley Berry 2017:Yousef Ramadan 2012: David Brain Stone Sr 2018: Ibraheem Musaibli Michigan Terrorists: Fadhil Al-Khaledy

• Occupation: Owned a janitorial business • Charges of fraudulently receiving a permit to haul hazardous materials. • Al-Khaledy received his fake license Jan. 14, 2000, after claiming he had passed a hazardous materials test in Michigan. • Al-Khaledy, who runs a one-man janitorial company in Detroit, said he did travel to Syria in 1998 to visit relatives. • He said he became a U.S. citizen in Michigan in 1999. • The FBI said it had found no link between the fraud and the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Michigan Terrorists: Omar Shishani Jordanian American Omar Shishani, age 47, was arrested and under investigation for terrorist ties for having nine allegedly counterfeit checks.

The Jordanian-born Shishani was arrested July 17, 2002; authorities say they found nine phony cashier's checks in his bags. They also say he later told them he could provide information about terrorism and that the name on the checks might belong to a member of Al Qaeda. Michigan Terrorists: Elias Akhdar & Hassan Moussa Makki

Elias Akhdar and Hassan Moussa Makki were part of a group that would purchase low-taxed cigarettes from North Carolina and untaxed cigarettes from the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in New York and then resell the cigarettes in Michigan at market prices. Elias Akhdar had received military training with Amal, a Shiite militia group, and had been involved in armed incursions linked to Hezbollah.

Hezbollah fought the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon.

Akhdar’s common-law wife, Brandy Jo Bowman, an American Indian of the Seneca tribe, and her grandmother Carole Gordon headed the network’s New York operations and facilitated Akhdar’s access to untaxed cigarettes from the Cattaraugus reserve. Michigan Terrorists: Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal

Originally referred to as "The Portland Six", Patrice Lumumba Ford, Jeffrey Leon Battle, October Martinique Lewis (Battle's ex-wife), Muhammad Ibrahim Bilal, Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal, and Habis Abdulla al Saoub made up the original six members arrested in October 2002. In April 2003, Maher "Mike" Hawash was arrested, and the name became "The Portland Seven".

Some members of which attempted to travel to Afghanistan shortly after 9/11 in order to aid the Taliban.

In 2003, he was sentenced to eight years on gun charges and for conspiracy to aid the Taliban in fighting the United States and coalition forces. Michigan Terrorists: Kifah Wael Jayyousi

Kifah Jayyousi was tried, along with Adham Hassoun and Jose Padilla, on material support for terrorism charges in Florida in 2007. Jayyousi was an engineer who had provided aid to Muslim fighters prior to 1995

Jayyousi was sentenced to twelve years, and is at the Terre Haute CMU.

Prior to his arrest, Kifah had been chief facilities director for the Washington, D.C., public school system, and then an adjunct professor at Wayne State University. Michigan Terrorists: Monasser and Sadik Omian • Age at time of crime: o Monasser – 68 Years Old o Sadik – 46 Years Old • Allegiance: AQ • Children: o Monasser -Yes • Citizenship: Naturalized • City: Detroit • Converted: Birth • Married: o Monasser -Yes • Parent's Birth Country Yemen • Partners Saleh Alli Nasser, Monasser Omian, Sadik Omian and Jarallah Wasil • Prison: Detroit RRM • Race: White • Sentence: o Monasser – 2.5 Years, 2 Years Parole o Sadik – 0.8 Years, 2 Years Parole • Sex: Males • Year of crime: 2005 Michigan Terrorists: Jarallah Wasil

• Age at Time of Crime: 41 • Allegiance: AQ • Citizenship: Naturalized • City: Detroit • Converted: Birth • FBI (Undercover): Yes • Parent's Birth Country: Yemen • Prison: Detroit RRM • Race: White • Sentence: 4.75 Years, 3 Years Parole Monasser Mosad Omian, Sadik • Sex: Male Monasser Omian, Jarallah Nasser • Target: Gabrielle Giffords Wassil, and Saleh Alli Nasse operated a • Year of Crime: 2005 “hawala,” an unlicensed money- transmitting business, in the Detroit area.

They used the hawala to send more than $9 million to Yemen. Michigan Terrorists: Reed Stanley Berry

A Southwest Michigan man, Reed Stanley Berry, 26, of St. Joseph, sentenced for 7.6 years to prison for trying to ram the car of an FBI agent conducting surveillance before the 10th anniversary of the Sept. 11 terror attacks.

“assaulting a federal officer with a dangerous weapon – his car”

Berry had a wife in London and an FBI source who was indicted for terrorist-related activity told FBI investigators that Berry wished to “vacation” in Somalia. Michigan Terrorists: Hutaree Militia

The Hutaree militia planned to kill a law enforcement officer and then bomb the funeral caravan using improvised explosive devices based on designs used against American troops by insurgents in Iraq.

The FBI had 2 working undercover, an agent and an informant.

The agent was Stone's best David Brian Stone Sr. Joshua Clough David Brian Stone man at his wedding. The wedding party dressed in military fatigues. Michigan Terrorists: Nicole Mansfield

Nicole Lynn Mansfield, the only American known to have been killed in the Syrian conflict, died in Idlib province in the north of the country. State media reported that she, along with two others – believed to be an a British man and a Canadian – were killed fighting for the opposition. “she was talking to people online and that they told her about the project in Syria"

Killed in Syria, May 2013 Michigan Terrorists: Mohammad Maleeh Masha

FBI hunts doctor from Flint area tied to Islamic State

Until last year, Masha lived in an orange-brick, two-story colonial in a leafy subdivision in Flushing, eight miles northwest of downtown Flint.

Federal agents are hunting for a suburban Flint medical school graduate who has fled to Syria and is believed to be working as a doctor for Islamic State extremists Michigan Terrorists: Khalil Abu-Rayyan

An American citizen who expressed support for ISIS and a desire to carry out a domestic The case drew national attention when terror attack on a church in Detroit. Rayyan was arrested in February 2016 amid growing concern among U.S. officials about ISIS support. Born to immigrants from Jordan, Rayyan identified as Palestinian and Muslim on social media, sometimes expressing sympathy for ISIS as two FBI undercover employees posing as Muslim women flirted with him online and by phone. An accused ISIS sympathizer from Dearborn Heights was sentenced Thursday to five years in prison on federal firearm charges.

He planned ISIS-type terror attacks, including downloading an image of an ISIS fighter holding the severed head of a woman and saying, “if I can’t do jihad in the Middle East I will do it over here.” Michigan Terrorists: Patrick and Nathan Lawwill

Nathan wrote he is a divine being. Converted from Christianity to Islam; one of “I am two in one. Mahdi to Muslims and them was married to a Tunisian woman who was Messiah to the Jews,” he wrote. “Christians also arrested, according to the NBC's sources. hate me because they know Jesus when they see him. But not Jesus when I am hidden in plain sight. Did you not read all the parable and see the signs when I was still yet with you and now too?”The brothers were arrested in Tunisia Tuesday on suspicion of belonging to a terrorist organization. One of the men was carrying a U.S. passport identifying him as 31-year-old Patrick Alan Lawwill. identified as 32-year-old Nathan Lawwill, also has ties to the Lansing area.

"He started to choke me and we ended up on the floor. The only thing I could do was to kick a dryer that was near me, trying to make noise. I screamed for his brother Patrick to help me and he watched through a crack in the door. He watched what was happening and he didn't help," make noise. I screamed for his brother Patrick to help me and he watched through a crack in the door. He watched what was happening and he didn't help" Michigan Terrorists: Sebastian Gregerson

Corken said social media posts and conversations recorded by an undercover FBI employee during a 16-month investigation proved Gregerson supported ISIS. She cited several comments Gregerson made, including one in which he critiqued ISIS attacks and suggested ways to boost the body count. The 45-month sentence for Detroiter Sebastian Gregerson, aka Abdurrahman Bin Mikaayl, capped a prolonged FBI investigation involving Islamic State supporters, radical threats and an imam who helped Gregerson amass a weapons cache. Michigan Terrorists: Samer el Debek

is Samer El Debek, a two-passport traveller who is a naturalized US citizen. The 37-year- old has 10 years under his belt as a full-fledged Hezbollah agent. It now is known that, not only did Mr El Debek...

It is now known that Hezbollah was actively running terrorist cells in and out of Thailand by 2007, four years earlier than previously known. The men involved were all dual nationals, carrying passports from both of their native Lebanon and other mainstream countries. And Hezbollah is clearly the most covert, clever and under-the-radar group around, whose terrorism is probably a far greater threat to Thailand than the vaunted and so-far unspotted Islamic State. Michigan Terrorists: Yousef Mohammed Ramadan

An Ypsilanti man arrested by the FBI’s counterterrorism team in August said he was an Islamic State supporter, admitting he made pipe bombs and watched terrorist propaganda videos

An Ypsilanti man arrested by the FBI’s counterterrorism team in August said he was an Islamic State supporter, admitting he made pipe bombs and watched terrorist propaganda videos, according to federal records obtained by The Detroit News.

Yousef Mohammad Ramadan also boasted that committing a terrorist attack in the United States is easy compared to overseas.

Search warrant records offer new insight into a counterterrorism investigation shrouded in secrecy and help explain why Ramadan was removed from a Royal Jordanian Airlines flight in August at Detroit Metropolitan Airport. Michigan Terrorists: Ibraheem Musaibli • Age at time of crime: 23 • Allegiance: ISIS • Attended terrorist training camp: Syria • Citizenship: Ukn • City: Flint • College: Graduate training • Converted: Birth • Degree: Medical • Involved Violence: Yes He is believed to be one • Occupation: Doctor of only two male • Official charges Material support Americans captured alive • Parent's Birth Country: Sudan on an Islamic State • Sex: Male battlefield • Social Class: Professional • Year of crime: 2015 Ibraheem Musaibli was raised in Dearborn. An Edsel Ford High School dropout, Musaibli helped his father operate a perfume shop in Detroit and had no contact with police besides a few minor traffic incidents, according to the Dearborn Police. Eventually, he got married, fathered a son and moved to the port city of Aden, Yemen. Questions?

All work in this presentation was completed by Terry Oroszi