Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Brno University of Technology

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Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně Brno University of Technology VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ÚSTAV KONSTRUOVÁNÍ INSTITUTE OF MACHINE AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN DESIGN SPORTOVNÍHO VOZÍKU PRO HENDIKEPOVANÉ DESIGN OF SPORTS WHEELCHAIR DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE MASTER'S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCEBc. Iveta Žerávková AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCEakad. soch. Josef Sládek, ArtD. SUPERVISOR BRNO 2019 2 3 4 ABSTRAKT Tématem této diplomové práce je design sportovního vozíku pro hendikepované. Návrh přináší nové možnosti při tvarování sedáku, díky využití netypického materiálu a stylu výroby. Ten je podpořený nezvyklými materiály použitými pro polstrování. Díky vytvoření rozšířeného ráfku návrh také nabízí nový způsob uchopení kol. V neposlední řadě nový design více dbá na estetickou stránku produktu a pracuje tak s jednodušším a vzdušnějším rámem. Práce přináší jiný pohled na problematiku navrhování sportovních vozíků. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Sportovní, vozík, hendikepovaní, basketbal, design, sportovec, florbal. ABSTRACT The topic of this master thesis is the Design of sport wheelchair. The design brings new possibilities in shaping the seat thanks to use new material and manufacturing process. There are use special materials for padding too. The design of the extended rim also offers a new way of gripping wheels. Last but not least, the new design is more concerned with the aesthetic side of the product and works with a simpler and more airy frame. This thesis brings a different perspective on the design of sports carts KEYWORDS Sport, wheelchair, handicapped, basketball, design, sportsman, floorball. 5 6 BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ CITACE ŽERÁVKOVÁ, Iveta. Design sportovního vozíku pro hendikepované. Brno, 2019, 101 s. Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta strojního inženýrství, Ústav konstruování. Vedoucí diplomové práce akad. soch. Josef Sládek, ArtD. 7 8 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Ráda bych poděkovala svému vedoucímu práce akad. soch. Josefu Sládkovi, ArtD za vedení, věcné připomínky a postřehy, které moji práci posouvaly dál. Dále chci poděkovat pánům Markovi Šrůtkovi a Zbyňkovi Sýkorovi za jejich konzultaci a cenné rady z praxe. V neposlední řadě také musím poděkovat své rodině, přátelům a spolužákům, za trpělivost a podporu během celého studia, a za jejich rady a pomoc, které mi pomáhaly se zlepšovat a posouvat dál. PROHLÁŠENÍ AUTORA O PŮVODNOSTI PRÁCE Prohlašuji, že diplomovou práci jsem vypracovala samostatně, pod odborným vedením akad. soch. Josefa Sládka, ArtD. Současně prohlašuji, že všechny zdroje obrazových a textových informací, ze kterých jsem čerpala, jsou řádně citovány v seznamu použitých zdrojů. …………………………. Podpis autora 9 10 OBSAH 1 ÚVOD 14 2 PŘEHLED SOUČASNÉHO STAVU POZNÁNÍ 15 2.1 Historický analýza 15 2.1.1 Historie sportu pro hendikepované 15 2.1.2 Počátky basketbalu na vozíku 15 2.1.3 Historie sportovních vozíků 16 2.2 Designérská analýza 18 2.2.1 Club Sport 18 2.2.2 Elite 19 2.2.3 Allcourt Ti 21 2.2.4 Sporta 22 2.2.5 Balance sport wheelchair 25 2.3 Technická analýza 27 2.3.1 Rozdělení sportovních vozíků podle sportu 27 2.3.2 Basketbal na vozíku 30 2.3.3 Vnější popis basketbalového vozíku 32 2.3.4 Materiály 37 3 ANALÝZA PROBLÉMU A CÍL PRÁCE 39 3.1 Analýza problému 39 3.2 Cíl práce 40 4 VARIANTNÍ STUDIE DESIGNU 41 4.1 Varianta I. 41 Varianta II. 45 4.2 Varianta III. 48 5 TVAROVÉ ŘEŠENÍ 52 5.1 Proporce a kompozice 52 5.2 Hlavní kola 55 5.3 Sedák 56 5.4 Stupačka 57 11 5.5 Podpůrná kolečka 58 5.6 Velikost 59 6 KONSTRUKČNĚ TECHNOLOGICKÉ A ERGONOMICKÉ ŘEŠENÍ 60 6.1 Konstrukčně ergonomické řešení 60 6.1.1 Rozměrové a hmotností řešení 60 6.1.2 Analýza pevnosti 60 6.1.3 Sedadlo 63 6.1.4 Připevnění polstrování 64 6.1.5 Stupačka 65 6.1.6 Obruč 65 6.1.7 Umístění upoutávacích pásů 66 6.2 Použité materiály 67 6.2.1 Rám 67 6.2.2 Sedadlo 67 6.2.3 Polstrování 67 6.2.4 Povlakování rámu 68 6.3 Ergonomické řešení 69 6.3.1 Ergonomické řešení sedáku 70 6.3.2 Ergonomické řešení polstrování 73 6.3.3 Ergonomické řešení kol 75 6.3.4 Ergonomické řešení upnutí kol 76 7 BAREVNÉ A GRAFICKÉ ŘEŠENÍ 78 7.1 Barevné řešení 78 7.1.1 Finální barevné řešení 79 7.1.2 Variantní barevné řešení 1 80 7.1.3 Variantní barevné řešení 2 81 7.1.4 Variantní barevné řešení 3 82 7.1.5 Variantní barevné řešení 4 83 7.2 Grafické řešení 84 7.2.1 Název a logotyp 84 7.2.2 Barvy 85 7.2.3 Barevné varianty loga 86 7.2.4 Fonty 87 7.2.5 Aplikace vizuálního stylu 88 8 DISKUZE 90 12 8.1 Ekonomická funkce 90 8.1.1 Marketingová strategie 90 8.1.2 SWOT 91 8.2 Psychologické funkce 92 8.3 Sociální funkce 92 8.3.1 Ekologie 92 9 ZÁVĚR 93 10 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJŮ 94 11 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK, SYMBOLŮ A VELIČIN 97 12 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ A GRAFŮ 98 13 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH 101 14 SLOVNÍK LÉKAŘSKÝCH POJMŮ 102 SUMARIZAČNÍ POSTER 103 DESIGNERSKÝ POSTER 104 TECHNICKÝ POSTER 105 ERGONOMICKÝ POSTER 106 FOTOGRAFIE MODELU 107 13 1 ÚVOD Každým rokem je v Evropě příčinou nehod, nemocí nebo násilím na lidech způsobeno téměř pět set tisíc poranění míchy, která mají za následek ochrnutí nebo ztížený pohyb nejen dolních končetin. Jen v České republice v průměru až čtyři lidé týdně, tedy dvě stě ročně, končí následkem úrazu nebo nehody upoutaní na invalidním vozíku. Snad i proto je sportovní vyžití pro postižené z mnoha důvodů velmi důležité. Pomáhá jim zařadit se do běžného života, udržovat si dobrou kondici, či zvyšovat sebevědomí. Pro mnoho postižených také otevírá možnost profesionálního růstu, cestování po světě nebo dosažení různých ocenění. Zadáním pro tuto diplomovou práci je design sportovního vozíku pro hendikepované. Mezi nejoblíbenější, nejen mezi postiženými, patří basketbal pro hendikepované. Jen v ČR je pět vynikajících týmů, které se účastní několika sportovních utkání ročně. Vozík koncipovaný pro basketbal je možné používat i pro další sporty jako je florbal, badminton či tenis. Tím je tedy potencionální cílová skupina zákazníků mnohem silnější a počet zájemců se zvyšuje. V této oblasti jsou také určité ergonomické a výrobní problémy. Je tedy nutné lépe pochopit fyziologické vlastnosti těla postiženého a přizpůsobit tomu i výsledné koncipování designu vozíku, měření klientů, výrobní postupy a použité materiály. Práce je zaměřená na malosériový, vysoce individuálně navržený koncept sportovního vozíku, který by měl díky své konstrukci, stylu výroby a použitým materiálům zlepšit stávající parametry. 14 2 PŘEHLED SOUČASNÉHO STAVU POZNÁNÍ 2.1 Historický analýza 2.1.1 Historie sportu pro hendikepované Počátky rozšíření sportů pro hendikepované můžeme datovat ke konci druhé světové války. Konflikt zapříčinil četná zranění páteře mnoha vojáků, která měla za následek trvalé omezení pohyblivosti. Britská vláda tedy v roce 1944 pověřila doktora Ludwiga Guttmanna otevřením kliniky pro léčbu vážných poranění páteře a míchy v nemocnici Stoke Mandeville. Zde se začal využívat sport na vozíku jako terapie, která zlepšovala fyzickou sílu a budovala novou sebeúctu pro veterány. V roce 1948, v den zahájení olympijských her v Londýně, uspořádal doktor Guttmann první soutěž pro sportovce na vozíčku, Stroke Mandeville games. Z této malé soutěže, která původně obnášela pouze lukostřelbu, časem vznikly paralympijské hry. Ty se konaly poprvé v roce 1960 v Římě a zúčastnilo se jich přes 400 soutěžících z 23 zemí. [2,3] obr. 2-1 Soutěž lukostřelců na paralympiádě v roce 1953 [12] 2.1.2 Počátky basketbalu na vozíku Již v roce 1944, díky rehabilitačnímu programu na klinice Stoke Mandeville, začala vznikat obdoba basketbalu pro vozíčkáře, nazývaná Wheelchair Netball, volně přeloženo Netball pro vozíčkáře. Tento upravený sport pro hendikepované se původně hrál na obyčejných kolečkových křeslech, která nebyla nijak upravená pro soutěž. 15 Obliba Netballu pro vozíčkáře rychle rostla a již v roce 1948 byl tento sport prezentovaný na Stroke Mandeville games. Basketball pro vozíčkáře, tak jak ho známe dnes, byl poprvé na hrách představen v roce 1956. [1,4] obr. 2-2 Wheelchair Basketball Canada, History of the Sport [13] 2.1.3 Historie sportovních vozíků První hendikepovaní sportovci byli nuceni používat hrubé samohybné vozíky. Ty byly svojí konstrukcí nevhodné pro rychlejší pohyb a dbaly spíše na pohodlí. Prvním takovým kolečkovým křeslům se říkalo „Push-Pulls“. Jednalo se o nízké čtyřkolky, ve kterých mohl pacient sedět a pro pohyb používal dvě páky umístěné po stranách. Díky nim se pohyboval vpřed i vzad. Nejstarší speciálně vyráběné vozíky pro sport se vyráběly pod názvem Travaux. [1] obr. 2-3 Fotografie jednoho z prvních sportovních vozíků – Travaux [1] 16 Určitý posun nastal na konci čtyřicátých let, kdy se na trhu objevily skládací židle z Ameriky od firem Dingwall a Everest & Jennings. Ani výrobky od těchto firem ovšem nebyly ideální. Prodávaly se pouze v jedné velikosti a nebraly ohled na výšku, váhu nebo typ zranění hráče. Díky zviditelnění sportů pro hendikepované a zpopularizování paralympiády se o vývoj sportovních vozíků začalo zajímat více firem. V různých zemí se objevovaly odlišné typy vozíků. Mnohdy si upravovali vybavení přímo sami hráči. Na mezinárodních soutěžících se od sebe učili a inspirovali. Proto je další zaznamenání vývoje v tomto oboru velmi složité. [1] 17 2.2 Designérská analýza V designerské analýze jsou prezentovány stávající produkty vyskytující se na trhu a popis jejich estetické, výtvarné a funkční stránky. Dále je také zmíněna možnost úpravy vozíků podle hendikepu, váhy, či stylu hry sportovce. Je tedy nutné si uvědomit, že produkty se mohou lišit, i pokud se jedná o stejný model od konkrétní firmy. Při popisu stávajících vozíků je nutné uvědomit si, že estetická stránka je považována za méně důležitý bod navrhování. Nejdůležitější je většinou přizpůsobení produktu rozsahu hendikepu jedince. Druhým důležitým bodem jsou pravidla hry. To je také důvod, proč si na většině produktů, objevujících se na stávajícím trhu, můžeme všimnout silné převahy konstrukčních a ne designerských prvků.
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