The Paralympic Athlete Dedicated to the Memory of Trevor Williams Who Inspired the Editors in 1997 to Write This Book
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This page intentionally left blank Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science The Paralympic Athlete Dedicated to the memory of Trevor Williams who inspired the editors in 1997 to write this book. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science The Paralympic Athlete AN IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION PUBLICATION EDITED BY Yves C. Vanlandewijck PhD, PT Full professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences Department of Rehabilitation Sciences Leuven, Belgium Walter R. Thompson PhD Regents Professor Kinesiology and Health (College of Education) Nutrition (College of Health and Human Sciences) Georgia State University Atlanta, GA USA This edition fi rst published 2011 © 2011 International Olympic Committee Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered offi ce: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offi ces: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. 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The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifi cally disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fi tness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifi cations, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Paralympic athlete : handbook of sports medicine and science / edited by Yves C. Vanlandewijck, Walter R. Thompson. p. ; cm. “An IOC Medical Commission publication.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4443-3404-3 1. Athletes with disabilities. 2. Athletes with disabilities—Health and hygiene. 3. Paralympics. 4. Sports for people with disabilities. I. Vanlandewijck, Yves. II. Thompson, Walter R. III. IOC Medical Commission. [DNLM: 1. Disabled Persons. 2. Sports. 3. Athletes. 4. Sports Medicine. QT 260 P222 2011] GV183.5.P37 2011 796.087—dc22 2010023430 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444328363; Wiley Online Library 9781444328356 Set in 8.75/12pt Stone Serif by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India 1 2011 Contents List of Contributors vii 9 Strength training 156 Foreword by Dr Jacques Rogge xi Marco Cardinale and Lee Romer Foreword by Sir Philip Craven xiii 10 Nutrition, body composition Preface xv and pharmacology 172 Peter Van de Vliet, Elizabeth Broad Part 1 Introduction and Matthias Strupler 11 Mental preparation 198 1 Introduction to the Paralympic Movement 3 Dietmar Martin Samulski, Franco Noce Sean Tweedy and P. David Howe and Varley Teoldo da Costa Part 2 Paralympic Sport Science Part 4 Best Practices 2 Biomechanics 33 12 Preparation for the Paralympic Summer Ian Rice, Florentina J. Hettinga, Justin Laferrier, Games: heat, humidity, pollution 217 Michelle L. Sporner, Christine M. Heiner, Brendan Marco Túlio de Mello, Burkett and Rory A. Cooper Sílvio de Araújo Fernandes Jr, 3 Physiology 51 Andressa da Silva, Luiz Oswaldo Carneiro Yagesh Bhambhani Rodrigues, Emilson Colantonio, 4 Medicine 74 Marcos Gonçalves de Santana and Stuart Willick and Nick Webborn Sergio Tufi k 5 Philosophy 89 13 Preparation for the Paralympic Winter Steven D. Edwards and Mike J. McNamee Games: cold, altitude 231 Marco Bernardi and Federico Schena 6 Sociology 102 P. David Howe 14 Contribution of sport science to performance—wheelchair rugby 249 7 Psychology 116 Laurie A. Malone, Natalia Jeffrey J. Martin and Garry Wheeler Morgulec-Adamowicz and Kevin Orr 15 Contribution of sport science to Exercise Testing Part 3 performance—swimming 264 and Prescription Brendan Burkett 8 Aerobic and anaerobic power 137 Index 283 Yeshayahu “Shayke” Hutzler, Yoav Meckel and Judith Berzen v This page intentionally left blank List of Contributors Marco Bernardi MD Rory A. Cooper PhD School of Specialization in Sports Medicine, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation “V. Erspamer”, “Sapienza”, Università di Roma, Rome, Research and Development Service, and the Italy and Italian Paralympic Committee Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Judith Berzen MSc Israel Sport Center for the Disabled, Ramat-Gan, Israel Varley Teoldo da Costa MS Department of Physical Education, Yagesh Bhambhani PhD University of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minas Gerais, Brazil Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Steven D. Edwards PhD Elizabeth Broad PhD Department of Philosophy, History and Law in Clinical Services, AIS Sports Nutrition, Australian Healthcare, School of Human and Health Sciences, Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia Swansea University, Swansea, UK Brendan Burkett PhD Sílvio de Araújo Fernandes Jr, PT School of Health and Sport Sciences, University Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Australia Marcos Gonçalves de Santana PhD Marco Cardinale PhD Campus Jataí, Universidade Federal de Goiás, British Olympic Medical Institute, Institute of Sport, Jataí, Brazil Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK and University of Aberdeen, School of Christine M. Heiner BA Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, UK Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Emilson Colantonio PhD Research and Development Service, and Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sao Paulo, Santos, Brazil University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA vii viii List of Contributors Florentina J. Hettinga PhD Franco Noce PhD Center of Human Movement Sciences, University of Department of Physical Education, Groningen/University Medical Center, Groningen, University of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, The Netherlands Minas Gerais, Brazil P. David Howe PhD Kevin Orr BS School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Ottawa, ON, Canada Leicestershire, UK Ian Rice MS, OTR Yeshayahu “Shayke” Hutzler PhD Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Department of Veterans Affairs, Rehabilitation Science, Netanya and Israel Sport Center for the Research and Development Service, and the Disabled, Ramat-Gan, Israel Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, Justin Laferrier MSPT University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA