REGIONAL SUBSISTENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY Volume III Northwest Alaska Number I BY David B. Andersen Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Technical Paper no. 94 Juneau, Alaska 1984 Cover Drawing by Tim Sczawinski CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................... V Introduction ..................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ............................................ xvii Northwest Regional Bibliography .................................. 3 Keyword Index .................................................... 117 Author Index ..................................................... 135 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like first to thank several members of the Subsistence Division staff who have been continuing supporters of the computerized bibliography data base project of which this publication is a product. Steve Behnke, Linda Ellanna, Terry Haynes, Sverre Pedersen and the Division data management staff have contributed funding support, fresh ideas, enthusiastic encouragement, and professional assistance for which I am grateful. Secondly, several staff members intimately familiar with Alaska's northwest deserve special recognition for their role in this particular publication. I have drawn extensively upon Dr. Linda Ellanna's years of field experience in this region for critical review of publication drafts. Her professional library proved to be a major source of material for this bibliography. Dr. Richard Stern's recent addition to our staff along with his contributions to and knowledge of the literature for this region made him a valuable contributor and contact. I thank Jim Magdanz in Nome for his review of draft material and suggestions for additional sources. Thank you to Sandra Sobelman for reviews, source suggestions and access to her professional library. Zorro Bradley contributed with friendly encouragement, reviews, and source material from his files for which I am grateful. For graphics support I am indebted to Joseph Tetro for his map work and to Tim Sczawinski for cover artwork. BookCrafters, Inc., of Chelsea, Michigan, very ably handled the printing and binding of V this publication. Finally, while bibliographies do provide a service to researchers they admittedly make for some of the least stimulating cover-to-cover reading imaginable. It is for this reason that I am particularly grateful to Katherine Arndt for her patience and continued association with this publication series as editor. Kathy has the dubious distinction of having read this volume in its entirety--not once but twice. Her combined knowledge of the subject, the region and the English language has contributed substantially to the final product. vi INTRODUCTION This is the third in a series of regional bibliographies on subsistence in Alaska published by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Division of Subsistence. These publications are an outgrowth of a computerized literature data base compiled and maintained by the Division of Subsistence. What was developed by the Division as an in-house research tool attracted the attention of other agencies and individuals involved in land and resource management in Alaska. Numerous requests for access to the data base by computer users and nonusers alike, and the desire of the Division to make this information available to other researchers, have prompted the publication of these regional bibliographies as a first step in satisfying the need for an accessible, comprehensive reference data base on all aspects of subsistence in Alaska. History of the Project The Alaska Department of Fish and Game's Division of Subsistence was created by the Alaska legislature with enactment of Chapter 151 of the 1978 Alaska Session Laws. Among the Division's mandated respons- ibilities was the collection of information on all aspects of subsis- tence and its role in the lives of the residents of Alaska. To this end the subsistence bibliography project was developed to fill the vii need for a comprehensive reference data base on subsistence in Alaska. The ultimate goal of the project was the establishment of a computerized system for entry, storage, and retrieval of literary references pertaining to subsistence which would primarily serve the needs of the Division and the Department but would also be accessible to other users. Title collection efforts on the project began in late 1979 on a region-by-region basis. Library sources at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory at Barrow were searched as were the professional libraries of Division resource specialists. In 1980 collected titles for the northern half of the state were compiled into a computerized data base using the time-sharing system of the University of Alaska Computer Network and the FAMULUS program. In 1981 a second staff person was added to the project and title collection efforts for southern Alaska were initiated. By early 1983 a data base totaling 3500 titles for all regions of the state was on-line and operational. The collection currently stands at over 3700 references with additional citations being added all the time. Future plans for the project include continued update and maintenance of the statewide data base, additional regional biblio- graphic publications, and periodic updates to published bibliographies when a sufficiently large volume of additional reference material has been identified. Vlll Scope of the Bibliography The geographic focus of this bibliography is Alaska's northwestern region. The region's boundaries extend south and east from Cape Thompson to include the Noatak and Kobuk river drainages, Seward Peninsula, and Norton Sound communities as far south as Unalakleet. Also included are St. Lawrence, King, and Little Diomede islands. Nome and Kotzebue serve as regional centers. The population of this region is predominantly Inupiat Eskimo with the exception of the residents of St. Lawrence Island who are predominantly Siberian Yupik-speaking Eskimo. Sizable non-Native populations also reside in both Nome and Kotzebue. Figure 1 depicts this region and communities for which reference material has been collected. Subsistence involves complex interrelationships between economic, social, and cultural systems and between these systems and the environ- ment. To have maximum utility to researchers, a reference collection on this subject must examine the many aspects of subsistence. In an attempt to provide a broad spectrum of information to researchers, title collec- tion efforts were directed toward the following major subject areas: 1) subsistence hunting, fishing, trapping, and gathering activities; 2) physical, historical, social, economic, and demographic profiles of contemporary Alaskan communities; 3) the impacts of historic and contemporary development upon communities, culture, rural economies, and subsistence resources; ix II kKivalina 63. it. wrence lslan Chukchi f- 6r sea KC Shungnak u-- I # 0 Selawik i X \oBrevig Mission oMary’s Igloo Bering Sea NORTON SOUND Figure 1. Northwest Alaska region. 4) the distribution and movements of wild, renewable resources of Alaska; 5) diet, nutrition, and health of rural Alaskans, as they relate to hunting, fishing, trapping, and gathering; 6) traditional Alaska Native culture, society, and sociocultural change; and 7) archeological reconstructions of past land use patterns, resources utilized, and subsistence technologies. Sources and Collection Methods The professional libraries of Division staff and the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, were the major sources of references for the bibliography. Staff libraries containing regional subsistence material provided a convenient starting point from which a "core collection" could be gathered and built upon. Library tools and sources used at the Rasmuson Library included subject and author searches of the card catalog, the automated Washington Library Network catalog, the Alaskana file, Arctic Bibliography, Dissertation Abstracts, and the University Archives Collection. The Rasmuson Library also maintains an impressive accumulation of northern literature in its Alaska and Polar Regions Collection. Shelf readings in key areas of this unique collection proved to be an effective search technique. Several journal and periodical sources proved to be particularly useful, such as the Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, xi Arctic Anthropology, Ethnohistory, and Occasional Papers of the Cooperative Park Studies Unit (CPSU). Twelve northern bibliographies also were consulted and cited. The keyword "bibliography" in the keyword index will direct the user to the individual bibliographies used. When a pertinent reference was located, it was cited, examined for keywords, and abstracted within the scope of this bibliography. The bibliography of that reference was examined for additional sources, which were then located, cited, and searched in the same manner. A particular title was examined for potential inclusion in the bibliography if the reference appeared to deal directly with specific subsistence activities or offer information that might be useful to subsistence researchers. For example, the study entitled Kuuvanmiit Subsistence by Douglas D. Anderson et al. would be an obvious reference to examine for inclusion, as it obviously deals directly with subsistence activities. On the other hand a book such as Bering Strait: A Regional Physical Geography by L. K. Coachman et al. would not be included because,