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Bee Improvement • Summer 2006 and Conservation Bee Improvement • Summer 2006 and Conservation £3.50 Number 24 ra. Honeybee Conservation in the 21st Century Dorian Pritchard Native Irish Black Bee versus the Buckfast Bee T.N.Hillyard On the Question of the Buckfast Bee Karl Dreher Planning an Insemination Day Albert Knight Breeding the Native Bee of Wales Albert Knight 1140k www.bibba.com AGM 2006 than hitherto. The BIBBA AGM at Stoneleigh was The season so far better attended than ever, with rep- After an abnormally prolonged win- resentatives from the Irish Republic, ter and wet May, we now (early the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, June) seem to be heading for a heat- Scotland and Wales as well as wave. The conditions have certainly England. The business meeting allowed natural selection to operate went smoothly and resulted in a as weak colonies and poor queens Committee with several new mem- have in many cases been eliminated, bers. At the first Committee meeting and the survivors will hopefully do thanks were recorded to retiring well this summer. While parts of the members, including David Allen beekeeping world are in panic (Secretary), Angus Stokes (past because of heavy losses, ascribed to Dates for your diary President and Magazine Editor), all sorts of causes, the early BIBBA Albert Knight and Lester Wickham. pioneers took a longer-term view, 24-29 July 2006 FIBKA Summer Albert was presented a splendid cut seeing winter and spring losses Conference, Gormanston. Contact glass Waterford Crystal vase at the especially as all part of the bees' Michael Woulff, 00353 (0) 21 AGM in token of his long and valu- adaptation to the environment. As 4631011, email [email protected] able service to BIBBA (see his letter Beo Cooper used to say, "If they in this issue). can't winter in a single BS broodbox 11-12 August 2006 BIBBA stand Sue Cobey gave two excellent lec- with minimal feeding", I don't want at Shrewsbury Flower Show. tures which were well received by 'em." the audience. Several members 8-12 September 2006 BIBBA recorded their appreciation of the Conference, University of Bath (see Forum in which they were able to pages 28-9). see and question Committee Members. 18-22 September 2006 SICAMM Conference, Versailles. Contact Future plans Gérard Arnold, On page 27 is an indication of the [email protected] direction in which BIBBA hopes to move under its new Committee. The 19th-21st October 2006 National priority initiatives are breeding group Honey Show, London. activities, and the survey of A.m.m.. We hope these will complement 21st April 2007 BBKA Spring each other to produce a wider adop- Convention, Stoneleigh. tion of native bees at grassroots level, through networks of breeding 22nd April 2007 BIBBA AGM. groups as well as individuals. As part of these moves, I intend to con- 9-14 September 2007 Apimondia, tact as many groups as possible with Melbourne, Australia a view to publicising these activities in the Magazine to a greater degree 2 © 2006 Bee Improvement is a publication of the Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders' Association Honeybee Conservation in the 21st Century: new tools and new approaches Dorian Pritchard Native Irish Black Bee versus the Buckfast Bee T.N.Hillyard On the Question of the Buckfast Bee Karl Dreher Further thoughts on the Buckfast Bee Philip Denwood Planning an Insemination Day by a Group Albert Knight Breeding the native bee of Wales Albert Knight BIBBA AGM 2006 BIBBA Committee News BIBBA Conference 2006 Sincere thanks Albert Knight BIBBA at the Welsh Convention John Perkins Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders' Association Founded in 1964 for the conservation, restoration, study, selection and improvement of the native and near native bees of Britain and Ireland. Registered UK charity No.273827 http://www.bibba.com President: Micheál Mac Giolla Coda, Burncourt, Cahir, Co. Tipperary, Ireland <[email protected]> (00 353)52 67205 Secretary: John Hendrie, 26 Coldharbour Lane, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9JT 01732 833894 <[email protected]> Committee Chairman: Terry Clare, 89 Chalky Bank Road, Rainham, Kent ME8 7NP <terryeclare@tiny world.co.uk> 01634 233748 Membership Secretary: Brian Dennis, 50 Station Road, Cogenhoe, Northants NN7 1LU <[email protected]> Treasurer: Tom Robinson, 71 Broadway, York YO1 4JP <[email protected]> Breeding Groups Secretary: Sandra Unwin, 66 Elm Rd, Limehurst Village, Oldham OL8 3LB 01616 523313 <[email protected]> Postal Book Sales: John Perkins, Tinker's Mill, Crickmerry, Market Drayton, Shropshire TF9 2BG <[email protected]> 01630 638762 Bee Improvement Magazine Scientific Advisor: Professor Francis Ratnieks, University of Sheffield, Dept. of Animal & Plant Sciences, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN 0114 2220070 <[email protected]> www.shef.ac.uk/»taplab/ Bee Improvement Magazine Editor: Philip Denwood, Hillview, Bulbourne, Tring, Herts HP23 5QE. <[email protected]> 01442 827602 Cover photo: Karl Drakenberg handles a docile stock of A.m.m., Jamtland, Sweden. Photo: Philip Denwood © 2006 Bee Improvement is a publication of the Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders' Association 3 Honeybee Conservation in the 21st Century: new tools and new approaches Dorian Pritchard This paper is the text of a lecture delivered at the Central tion of the average point indicates the subspecies and the Association of Bee-Keepers Annual Weekend, Stratford-upon- spread of the points reveals the homogeneity of the sample. Avon, Nov. 2005. A weakness of morphometry is that it does not distinguish Introduction between true native bees and bees of the mellifera subspecies that have been imported from elsewhere. To do that you need Over the past 10-15 years new research methods have been to look at their DNA. developed within biology that are radically different from any that went before. These are within the realm of "Molecular DNA Biology" and they involve careful analysis of DNA The DNA molecule famously has the structure of a "double (Deoxyribonucleic acid). All animals and plants contain DNA helix", or double spiral. If you were to take a metal ladder and that provides a recipe book and manual for their construction. twist it around a telegraph post then remove the post, you In DNA-based research you are looking at the instructions for would have a good model for DNA. But it is not the overall creating an organism rather than the organism itself. shape of the ladder that is important, but the structure of its The central principle of conservation is to safeguard the sur- rungs. These are of two kinds, one has base molecules C at one vival of wild species within their natural environments. This end and G, at the other. The second has an A at one end and paper addresses the conservation of A.m. mellifera in Northern a T at the other. Both kinds of rung can be fitted either way Europe, but these approaches are equally applicable to all the round, so that each side of the ladder has all four bases, A,C,G honeybee subspecies. I will show how DNA studies can be used and T, with a complementary series on the opposite side. The to indicate genetic admixture (or contamination), degree of sequence along one side contains the important instructions, inbreeding, the ancestry and evolution of queen lines and the while the other side holds the same information in negative possibility that stocks have been transported to their present form. locations from elsewhere. The genes function by their base sequences spelling out the sequences of amino acids in the proteins of the organism. Natural distribution of A.m.mellifera Some proteins are structural, like muscle protein, but most are enzymes that operate like machine tools, performing a specific If we compare the natural distribution of the different sub- task when fed with the appropriate components. species of Apis mellifera with high summer, July average tem- The total length of DNA in any body cell of a worker honeybee peratures, we see that A.m.mellifera, the Northern European is about 20 cm, distributed between two equal sets of 16 pieces, Dark Bee, is the only one that naturally existed North of the Alps each tied in a bundle called a "chromosome". Drones have only and Pyrenees. Here July temperatures average below 200 C. one set of 16 chromosomes. All other subspecies are adapted to markedly hotter summers. In northern Britain and north-west Scandinavia July tempera- tures average lower than 150C, so you would not expect any Microsatellite DNA polymorphism race other than A.m.mellifera to survive there unaided. In the early days of DNA analysis it was common to chop up the extracted DNA into small pieces and collect it by centrifuga- Morphometry tion in a test-tube. The bulk of the DNA would collect at the bottom of the tube, but typically some would remain suspend- Traditionally the native British honeybee is identified by its dark ed at a higher level because of its lower buoyant density. This colour, narrow tomenta, long abdominal hair, short proboscis became known as "satellite DNA" and was found to consist of and two measures of the veins of the right wing, a negative dis- sequences repeated in many copies. Those in which the repeat- coidal shift and a cubital index below 2.1. These days there are ed unit was very short (4 bases or fewer) became known as several computer based methods for wing vein analysis, the one "microsatellites". Microsatellite DNA has no known function, but favoured by BIBBA using the "Beemorph" program. To apply is now exploited in forensic DNA fingerprinting. this, wings mounted on a glass slide or acetate sheet are The instruction "avoidbananaskins" could be represented by scanned and saved in a computer file.
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