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WAR SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION Burning Hulk of the Jean Nicolet

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WAR SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION Burning Hulk of the Jean Nicolet forced to kneel on the afterdeck while the Japanese crew repatriated from the Ofuma Prison Camp in Japan and was exhorted by their captain to beat the captives with told of Captain Nilsson being taken to Japan aboard pipes, chains and knives. The captain, who spoke to the another submarine. This submarine was apparently sunk Americans through a Hawaiian-born interpreter, taunted en route, as Captain Nilsson was never heard from again. and harangued the captives from the bridge. After several Tilden also was never seen again. hours of this, the submarine crew formed a gauntlet of 16 men on the forward deck. Harold R. Lee was the third Commander Ariizume’s fate remains a mystery, but he man chosen to run the gauntlet. Marched around the and his crew were aggressively pursued by a war crimes conning tower, he saw the two men chosen ahead of him tribunal after the war. On March, 26, 1944, the I-8 sank laying in a pool of blood halfway through. Had he a Dutch merchant ship, SS Tjisalak. Some 98 of the 103 survived the gauntlet, he would have faced a Japanese men aboard were murdered at Ariizume’s direction. A sailor with a fixed bayonet, whose task was to kill anyone flotilla commander by war’s end, Ariizume reportedly who got that far and toss his body into the sea. Lee knew committed ritual suicide rather than surrender to the that his only possibility of escape was in the water. In United States Navy. A war crimes investigation raised spite of his hands being tied, and receiving a clubbing the possibility that he escaped and swam ashore as his by a Japanese officer, he broke free and jumped over the boat entered harbor. In any case, he was never found to side. He was to remain in the water for the next 12 hours face justice. Eighteen of his crew from the I=8 were, before being rescued. however, convicted of war crimes in this case. The I-8 itself was sunk near Okinawa on March 30, 1945, by Sixty men were killed in running the violent gauntlet, USS Morrison (DD-560) and USS Stockton (DD-646). but 30 more were still tied up on the afterdeck when a British patrol plane appeared on the submarine’s air Oswald S. Wright was a 34-year-old cook aboard the warning radar at daybreak. Captain Ariizume ordered Jean Nicolet. He would not survive the atrocity an emergency dive and his crew quickly abandoned the Americans to their fate and rushed to their duty stations below. As the I-8 submerged, half of the men on the afterdeck drowned. Those who had survived to that point tried to return to the WAR SHIPPING ADMINISTRATION burning hulk of the Jean Nicolet. 2nd Lieutenant Miller, who had broken his arm in abandoning the ship, was with this group, but his injury prevented him from keeping up with the others. He was never seen again. When Indian Navy vessels appeared ItAS BEEN A\VARDEI) ’FILE later in the day, only 24 Atlantic War Zone bar of the original 100 men were alive. The survivors were taken to Colombo. Captain Nilsson, Gus Tilden and Francis O’Gara were taken to the Japanese naval base at Figure 3: Author&ation Card for the Atlantic War Zone Bar with the Atlantic War Zone Penang. O’Gara was later Bar (left) and Pacific War Zone Bar (right) above it. 20 JOMSA perpetrated by Commander Ariizume and the crew of Bird, Sterling L. (Utility) the I-8. For his sacrifice, his family received the Mariner’s Brandon, Willis L. (Oiler) Medal (Figure 1) and the War Zone Bars for the Atlantic Butler, Ermal (Utility) and Pacific. He would have also received a citation for Carlin, Clement (Chief Mate) the Mariner’s Medal and Authorization Card for the Carstairs, Jack E., Jr. (Ordinary Seaman) Combat Zone Bars. Unfortunately, only the Authorization Christen, Walter A. (Able Seaman) Card for the Atlantic War Zone Bar (Figure 2) has Downing, Howard R. (Oiler) survived the years, pinned inside the black leatherette Harding, Dexter, Jr. (Steward) issue case of the Mariner’s Medal. Horgersheimer, Russell E. (Oiler) Husten, James A. (Ordinary Seaman) The Mariner’s Medal was established in May 1943. The Kagy, Donald L. (Purser) Administrator of the War Shipping Administration, Admiral Emory S. Land, was authorized to award the medal "to any person who, while serving on any vessel in the American Merchant Marine during the war period, is wounded, suffers physical injury, or suffers through dangerous exposure as a result of an act of an enemy of the United States." The Mariner’s Medal differs in one basic respect from the Purple Heart in that its criteria do not require a wound. This recognized the physical danger inherent in operating merchant ships and the possibility that a seaman who survived a sinking uninjured could still face days, if not weeks, of exposure to the elements. The Mariner’s Medal itself was designed by Paul Manship, a noted sculptor. It is a gilt four-armed cross, with the arms making it almost square. In the center of the cross is a sterling silver disc bearing an eagle perched on a diagonal anchor. The reverse depicts a flaming torch before a wreath and stylized waves. This design is surrounded by "United States" and "Merchant Marine." [,lILLE R The ribbon is composed of one red and one blue stripe separated by a narrow white stripe. The medal was awarded over 6,600 times during World War II. 2nd Lieutenant Morrison Miller, an Army Air Forces officer, was on his way to Calcutta for assignment. His Figure 4: Reverse of the Purple Heart awarded to 2nd injury in abandoning the ship was reported by survivors, Lieutenant Morrison Miller, Army Air Forces. who also reported that he had disappeared while attempting to swim back to the Jean Nicolet after the Kean, Richard L. (Ordinary Seaman) submarine submerged. A Board of Review issued a McDonald, Douglas C. (Fireman/Wiper) "finding of death" based on available evidence. His Martinez, Ernest E (Wiper) Purple Heart (Figure 4) was sent to his mother in Fort Medlock, Troy (Cook) Wayne, Indiana. Musser, William M. (Messman) Nilsson, David M. (Master) Oswald S. Wright and Morrison Miller are linked by Peshen, Stanley (Boatswain) circumstance in one of the most notorious atrocity cases Reser, Paul (Messman) of World War II. The Mariner’s Medal and Purple Heart Roach, Floyd W. (Second Engineer) awarded to them represent the thousands who died at Rutan, George M. (Third Mate) sea. Selvaggi, Leo J. (Third Engineer) Strong, William W. (Second Mate) Merchant Mariners killed in the incident were (31): Sullivan, Edward M. (Messman) Thurman, John W. (Chief Engineer) Beeson, Harold E. (Cook) Vol. 57, No. 3 21 Tilden, Augustus (Radio Operator) Webb, Thomas T. (Civilian) Walker, Floyd M. (Ordinary~.Seaman) Wilson, Frank (Naval Armed Guard) Walker, Robert W. (Fireman/Wiper) Weir, Robert O. (Ordinary Seaman) Survivors (24): Wright, Oswald S. (Cook) Applegate, Robert (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Other casualties (45): Bevatori, Carl L. (S 1 c, Naval Armed Guard) Butler, Robert C. (Navy Technician) Armont, Walter (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Deal, Gerald V. (LTjg, Naval Armed Guard) Atchtey, Ernest E. (S 1 c, Naval Armed Guard) Flury, William B. (Second Cook) Bak, Alec E. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Gussak, John J. (Captain, US Army) Bolton, Robert E. (Navy Technician) Hess, George K. (Able Seaman) Cain, William R. (Technician 4, Medical Department) Howard, Archie L. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Cherndon, Thomas (Navy Technician) Lamb, Ora E. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Church, Charles B., Jr. (Staff Sergeant, Quartermaster Lee, Harold R. (Messman) Corps) Matyas, Harvey (Private, US Army) Coleman, Edward J. (Technical Sergeant, Quartermaster McDougall, John (Able Seaman) Corps) Mitchem, Paul L. (Deck Engineer) Cotten, James R (Warrant Officer, US Army Air Forces) Nuvill, Robert L. (S 1 c, Naval Armed Guard) Ferguson, Donald B. (Captain, Military Police) O’Gara, Francis J. (War Shipping Administration) Floyd, David L. (S 1 c, Naval Armed Guard) Pyle, Charles E. (First Engineer) Frank, John W. (Navy Technician) Rosenbaum, Carl (Fireman) Gagnier, Patrick E. (Coxswain, Naval Armed Guard) Ruth, Lloyd B. (Wiper) Guthrie, Walter R. (Captain, Quartermaster Corps) Simons, William E. (RM3c, Naval Armed Guard) Hardwick, Ralph (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Stone, Collie C. (RM3c, Naval Armed Guard) Herman, A. (Naval Armed Guard) Van Ness, Jack C. (Carpenter) Holmstrom, Terry W. (Slc, Naval Armed Guard) Vanderhurst, Stuart R. (Able Seaman) Inedemar, George M. (Navy Technician) Wheeler, Raymond M. (S 1 c, Naval Armed Guard) Kolczynkski, Raymond R. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Wyrozumski, Teofils (GM3c, Naval Armed Guard) Konja, Farry D. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Krajewski, Richard J. (S lc, Naval Armed Guard) Bibliography: Kuhn, Charles, E. (Slc, Naval Armed Guard) Abraham, Irwin R. U.S. Merchant Marine Decorations and Awards. Lallathin, Frank J. (Slc, Naval Armed Guard) 1966. Moore, Captain Arthur R. A Careless Word...A Needless Sinking. Lasky, John E. (Slc, Naval Armed Guard) Kings Point, New York: United States Merchant Marine Academy, Lisner, J. (Naval Armed Guard) 1990. Littrell, George D., Jr. (Sergeant, US Army Air Forces) Morrison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operations McCauley, George G. (Navy Technician) in World War II, Volume X, The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943- May 1945. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956. McCutcheon, Willard L. (Private, US Army Air Forces) Riesenberg, Felix. Sea War: The Story of the US Merchant Marine Miller, Morrison R. (2Lt, US Army Air Forces) in World War II. New York: Rinehart & Company, 1956.
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