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Les France Des Chinois : L’Impact Des Repr´Esentations Sociales Sur L’Image De La France Chang Liu

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Les France Des Chinois : L’Impact Des Repr´Esentations Sociales Sur L’Image De La France Chang Liu Les France des Chinois : l'impact des repr´esentations sociales sur l'image de la France Chang Liu To cite this version: Chang Liu. Les France des Chinois : l'impact des repr´esentations sociales sur l'image de la France. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. Universit´ede Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2014. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2014BRES0025>. <tel-01133243> HAL Id: tel-01133243 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01133243 Submitted on 18 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université européenne de Bretagne Chang LIU Préparée au Centre de Recherche Bretonne pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE et Celtique Sociolinguistique, mention études chinoises École Doctorale Sciences Humaines et Sociales Thèse soutenue le 16 décembre 2014 Les France des Chinois devant le jury composé de : Ronan CALVEZ L’impact des représentations sociales Professeur, Université de Bretagne Occidentale / directeur de thèse Catherine CAPDEVILLE sur l’image de la France Maître de conférences HDR, Inalco / rapporteur Dominique COLOMB Maître de conférences HDR, Université Grenoble 1 Zhitang DROCOURT Professeure, Inalco / co‐directrice de thèse Jean‐Claude GARDES Professeur, Université de Bretagne Occidentale Lihua ZHENG Professeur, Université des Etudes étrangères du Guangdong / rapporteur 2 3 4 Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à mes directeurs de thèses, Ronan Calvez et Zhitang Drocourt-Yang, sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas pu exister, progresser et aboutir. Je les remercie de m’avoir guidée, encouragée et conseillée tout en me laissant la liberté de trouver mon chemin. Cette thèse n’aurait pas vu le jour sans la confiance, la patience, et la générosité qu’ils m’ont accordées. Je souhaite également remercier les enquêtés chinois qui m’ont consacré un peu de leurs temps. Sans eux, cette thèse ne pourrait jamais exister. Une thèse est une expérimentation souvent en solitaire, mais ce travail n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans l’aide et l’encouragement des amis qui m’ont entourée ces années. Tout particulièrement, j’exprime mes remerciements à Françoise, Guy, Laurent, Marcel, Olivier, Raymond qui m’ont aidé à faire la relecture et la correction. Par ailleurs, il existe tout un troupeau de doctorants qui sont dans la même recherche de la lumière. Travailler à leurs cotés fut une expérience enrichissante et les nombreux échanges que nous avons eus m’ont permis d’approfondir mes connaissances dans de nombreux domaines. Merci à l’école doctorale SHS et au CRBC. À titre plus personnel, je remercie mes parents, pour m’avoir donné la chance de faire de longue étude, pour leur soutien et leur ouverture durant mon séjour en France. Et enfin, grand merci à Laurent, de m’avoir soutenu de très près durant les longs moments difficiles de la fin de thèse, de m’apporter toujours du optimisme quand je me mets en question. 5 Au petit animal 6 Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE 13 I. RECIT D’UNE CHINOISE EN FRANCE. 14 II. QUESTION DE RECHERCHE ET PROBLEMATIQUE 17 III. UNE APPROCHE QUALITATIVE ET REFLEXIVE 19 IV. STRUCTURE DE LA THESE 25 V. AVERTISSEMENT 26 PREMIERE PARTIE : LES REPRESENTATIONS CHINOISES DE LA FRANCE 27 CHAPITRE 1. UNE FRANCE « LANGMAN » EST‐ELLE UNE FRANCE « ROMANTIQUE » ? 28 1.1. LANGMAN, UN REGARD HISTORIQUE. 29 1.1.1. Les premiers ambassadeurs chinois en Europe 29 1.1.2. Langman et la littérature romantique 30 1.2. LANGMAN DANS LES DICTIONNAIRES DU CHINOIS MODERNE 34 1.3. LANGMAN DANS UNE INTERPRETATION MEDIATISEE 35 1.4. LANGMAN SELON LES ENQUETES CHINOIS 36 1.4.1. La France langman est une France de la culture, du luxe et de l’art de ViVre. 36 1.4.2. La notion de langman dans les relations amoureuses 38 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 1 47 CHAPITRE 2. UNE IMAGE REVEE DE LA FRANCE EN CHINE 47 2.1. LES IMPRESSIONS DE LA FRANCE SELON NOTRE QUESTIONNAIRE 48 2.1.1. La construction du questionnaire 48 2.1.2. Certains résultats du questionnaire 49 2.2. LES REPRESENTATIONS DE LA FRANCE EN CHINE SELON NOS INTERVIEWS 53 2.2.1. La France est un paYs occidental et déVeloppé 54 2.2.2. La France est moins bien classée que les Etats‐Unis et le RoYaume‐Uni 56 2.2.3. La France est plus attirante que l’Allemagne 59 2.2.4. « La France a une bonne relation avec la Chine » 61 2.2.5. Les attraits de la France 63 7 2.3. REPRESENTATIONS DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE SANS/AVANT CONTACT CONCRET 69 2.3.1. « la plus belle langue du monde » grâce à Daudet ? 69 2.3.2. Le choix de la langue française 70 2.3.3. Les attraits économiques et sYmboliques 72 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 2 75 CHAPITRE 3. LA FRANCE REELLE A PARTIR D’EXPERIENCES VECUES 76 3.1. LES REPRESENTATIONS DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE 76 3.1.1. La complexité : un charme de la langue française ? 76 3.1.2. L’apprentissage et l’utilisation du français 77 3.1.3. La langue française selon les Chinois qui exercent dans le domaine des sciences naturelles 3.2. L’IMAGE DE LA FRANCE 82 3.2.1. Une France déVeloppée, mais en stagnation 82 3.2.2. Une France confortable : les soins médicaux, la couVerture sociale 87 3.2.3. Une France différente 91 3.2.4. Quelques aspects de la Vie quotidienne en France 97 3.2.5. Zoom : Comment les Chinois résidant à Brest voient‐ils cette Ville et la Bretagne ? 101 3.3. L’IMAGE DES FRANÇAIS 107 3.3.1. Plus éduqués, polis, sYmpathiques que les Chinois 107 3.3.2. IndiVidualistes ou égoïstes ? 111 3.3.3. La « simplicité » des Français 121 3.3.4. L’influence d’un niVeau de Vie éleVé des Français sur leurs comportements 126 3.3.5. Plus d’égalité et de liberté chez les Français 132 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 3 145 CONCLUSION PARTIE I 146 DEUXIEMRE PARTIE : DECALAGE 148 CHAPITRE 4. CERTAINES SOURCES DES REPRESENTATIONS CHINOISES DE LA FRANCE 149 4.1. EMISSIONS TELEVISEES 150 4.1.1. BrèVe présentation des chaînes de la téléVision chinoise 150 4.1.2. La représentation de la France dans une émission de Voyage 153 8 4.1.3. La représentation de la France dans une émission de rencontre 154 4.2. SITES INTERNET D’AMATEUR DU FRANÇAIS FAITS PAR DES CHINOIS. 158 4.2.1. Les chansons proposées 158 4.2.2. Les films proposés 161 4.3. PUBLICITES DES AGENCES DE VOYAGE POUR LES CIRCUITS EN EUROPE 164 4.3.1. DéVeloppement des Voyages organisés en Europe 164 4.3.2. Des publicités de circuits touristiques européens 165 4.4. LES ROMANS FRANÇAIS TRADUITS EN CHINOIS 166 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 4 167 CHAPITRE 5. FACTEURS D’INTERFERENCE DANS LE CHOIX DE LA FRANCE OU DU FRANÇAIS 168 5.1. LE MARCHE DU FRANÇAIS EN CHINE ET LE CHOIX DE L’APPRENTISSAGE DU FRANÇAIS 168 5.2. L'EDUCATION SUPERIEURE EN CHINE 171 5.2.1. Concours d’entrée à l’éducation supérieure (Gaokao, 高考) en chiffre 172 5.2.2. Les études secondaires pour le Gaokao 174 5.2.3. Gaokao et le choix des uniVersités : un grand jeu pour des années de traVail 177 5.2.4. La Vie uniVersitaire : le diplôme dans la poche, le travail en l’air ? 178 5.3. L’AMBIANCE DE TRAVAIL ET DE LA VIE SOCIALE EN CHINE 183 5.3.1. Une découVerte 183 5.3.2. Une accumulation de fatigue physique et mentale 184 5.4. LES AGENCES INTERMEDIAIRES ET LES REPRESENTATIONS DES ENQUETES DE CES DERNIERES. 190 5.4.1. L’ouVerture de la Chine et le déVeloppement des agences intermédiaires 190 5.4.2. L'état actuel des agences intermédiaires en Chine 191 5.4.3. Les représentations des enquêtés concernant ces agences 193 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 5 194 CHAPITRE 6. L’APPRENTISSAGE DU FRANÇAIS ET LA MODIFICATION EVENTUELLE DE REPRESENTATIONS DE LA FRANCE 195 6.1. LA SITUATION DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT DU FRANÇAIS LANGUE ETRANGERE (FLE) EN CHINE. 196 6.1.1. Des études et des formations de français en Chine. 196 6.1.2. La méthodologie et les habitudes de l’apprentissage : l’imitation, la répétition et non la communication. 199 6.1.3. Le mode d'éValuation. 203 6.2. LES MANUELS DE FLE UTILISES EN CHINE. 205 6.2.1. La situation des manuels de FLE en Chine 205 9 6.2.2. L’analYse des dialogues fabriqués dans Le français : le début d’un malentendu ? 210 6.2.3. Les représentations de la France dans le manuel Le Français : absente ou stéréotYpée. 213 CONCLUSION CHAPITRE 6 216 CHAPITRE 7. FACTEURS DE LA CONSERVATION DE L’IDENTITE CHINOISE DURANT LE SEJOUR DE CHINOIS EN FRANCE ‐ LE CAS DE BREST 217 7.1. LES DIMENSIONS VISIBLES 218 7.1.1 Attachement matériel au pays natal 218 7.1.2 Attachement réel et Virtuel aVec le monde chinois 218 7.1.3. Attachement aux représentations chinoises 220 7.2. LES DIMENSIONS INVISIBLES 222 7.2.1. Être étudiant étranger 222 7.2.2. L’importance ultime du diplôme 226 7.2.3.
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