Lídia Isaura Sousa Mendes Estudo Do Efeito Protector Da Folha E Fruto Da

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Lídia Isaura Sousa Mendes Estudo Do Efeito Protector Da Folha E Fruto Da Lídia Isaura Sousa Mendes Estudo do efeito protector da folha e fruto da espécie Arbutus unedo L. na danificação oxidativa em eritrócitos humanos Universidade Fernando Pessoa Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde Porto, 2010 Lídia Isaura Sousa Mendes Estudo do efeito protector da folha e fruto da espécie Arbutus unedo L. na danificação oxidativa em eritrócitos humanos Universidade Fernando Pessoa Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde Porto, 2010 Lídia Isaura Sousa Mendes Estudo do efeito protector da folha e fruto da espécie Arbutus unedo L. na danificação oxidativa em eritrócitos humanos Trabalho original realizado por: _____________________________________________ Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. Orientador: Professora Doutora Márcia Carvalho Resumo O Arbutus unedo L., vulgarmente designado por medronheiro, é uma planta endémica da região Mediterrânica amplamente utilizada na alimentação e na medicina tradicional devido às suas actividades biológicas. Estudos fitoquímicos realizados nesta espécie evidenciaram que os extractos da folha e fruto contêm diversos antioxidantes naturais. As folhas apresentam na sua constituição compostos fenólicos, tais como taninos, flavonóides e glicosídeos fenólicos e α-tocoferol, enquanto os frutos possuem também variados compostos fenólicos (antocianinas, derivados do ácido gálhico, taninos e flavonóides), vitamina C e E e carotenos. Assim, é de prever que a espécie Arbutus unedo L. tenha um considerável potencial antioxidante. No entanto, as propriedades antioxidantes desta espécie em membranas biológicas não foram até então avaliadas. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho deteve-se na avaliação do efeito protector dos extractos aquosos da folha e fruto de Arbutus unedo L. na danificação oxidativa induzida por radicais livres, utilizando como modelo celular in vitro o eritrócito humano. O 2,2´-azo-bis(2-amidinopropano) (AAPH) é um sistema gerador de radicais livres peroxilo no meio extracelular que atacam a membrana eritrocitária causando várias alterações oxidativas, as quais foram avaliadas neste estudo pela libertação de hemoglobina (hemólise) e pela peroxidação dos lípidos da membrana dos eritrócitos. Os ensaios realizados mostram uma actividade antioxidante para o extracto da folha superior à do fruto. Ambos os extractos protegeram a membrana do eritrócito da hemólise induzida pelo AAPH, de forma dependente do tempo e da concentração, obtendo-se valores de IC 50 de 0,062 ± 0,002 mg/mL para as folhas e 0,377 ± 0,047 mg/mL para os frutos. Além disso, os eritrócitos humanos tratados com os extractos de Arbutus unedo L. apresentaram uma diminuição, dependente da concentração, dos níveis de malonildialdeído que é um produto de decomposição da peroxidação lipídica. Os resultados indicam que a espécie Arbutus unedo L., especialmente a folha, constitui uma fonte promissora de antioxidantes naturais com potencial aplicação na prevenção e/ou terapêutica de doenças nas quais os radicais livres estão implicados. Abstract The Arbutus unedo L., usually known as strawberry tree, is a Mediterranean endemic plant widely employed as food and in traditional medicine owed to its biological activities. Phytochemical studies evidenced that this species leaf and fruit contains various natural antioxidants. Several phenolic compounds are present in leaves such as tannins, flavonoids, phenolic glycosides and α-tocopherol, while the fruit also possess a variety of fenolic compounds (anthocyanins, galic acid derivatives, tannins and flavonoids), vitamins C and E, and carotenoids. Based on their chemical composition, it is reasonable to expect a high antioxidant activity for Arbutus unedo L. fruit and leaf extracts. However, the antioxidant properties of this species in biological membranes have not been evaluated thus far. Therefore, the current study focused on the evaluation of the protective effect of the aqueous extracts obtained from leaves and fruits of Arbutus unedo L. against the oxidative damage induced by free radicals using the human erythrocyte as in vitro cell- based model assay. The 2,2’-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) (AAPH) was applied due to its properties as a free radical initiator to generate peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase which can attack the erythrocyte membrane to induce lipid peroxidation. Oxidative injury was assessed by release of hemoglobin (hemolysis) and peroxidation of the erythrocyte membrane lipids. This study showed stronger inhibitory efficiency for the leaf extract in comparison to the fruit. Both extracts protected the erythrocyte membrane from hemolysis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 0.062 ± 0.002 and 0.377 ± 0.047 mg/mL for leaf and fruit extracts, respectively. Moreover, human erythrocytes treated with Arbutus unedo L. extracts showed concentration-dependent decrease in levels of malondialdehyde, a breakdown product of lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, these results suggest Arbutus unedo L. species, mainly its leaf, as a promising source of natural antioxidants with potential use in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases mediated by free radicals. Agradecimentos O meu mais sincero Obrigado a todos aqueles que directa ou indirectamente contribuíram para a conclusão desta etapa da minha vida. Mas não poderia deixar de salientar o meu agradecimento: Ao Reitor da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Professor Doutor Salvato Trigo, e ao Director da Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Professor Doutor Luís Martins, pela formação e disponibilização das condições materiais indispensáveis ao desenvolvimento do trabalho experimental. À Professora Doutora Márcia Carvalho pela dedicação e amizade demonstradas, um agradecimento muito especial. Pelo modo empenhado e estimulante com que acompanhou todas as fases do trabalho e pela constante disponibilidade demonstrada para realizar as mais diversas tarefas relacionadas com a orientação e execução do trabalho. Gostaria ainda de enaltecer todos os seus excelentes conhecimentos científicos, conselhos, ideias e as valiosas sugestões apresentadas, que constituíram uma condição essencial para os resultados apresentados. À Professora Doutora Branca Silva pelos conhecimentos concedidos e por toda a ajuda e disponibilidade demonstrada. À Mestre Mary Duro, por amavelmente ter acedido efectuar as recolhas de sangue. À Ana e ao Rui pela amizade e companheirismo sempre presentes durante a execução laboratorial deste estudo. À Dulce, à Ana e à Joana por todo o apoio, confiança, conhecimento e motivação partilhados, mas acima de tudo pela amizade evidenciada ao longo destes cinco anos de curso. Numa outra óptica quero salientar: Os meus pais, por terem tornado este sonho possível. Sem vocês, nada disto seria possível! Devo-vos tudo aquilo que consegui alcançar. Se cheguei até este ponto foi devido ao vosso esforço e determinação. O meu namorado Bruno, que esteve sempre ao meu lado apoiando-me e transmitindo-me a força que necessitava nos momentos em que fraquejei. Todas as palavras são poucas para te agradecer todo o amor, carinho, amizade e paciência que me dedicas e sem os quais teria sido muito mais difícil alcançar este meu objectivo. A minha irmã, o meu cunhado e restante família por estarem sempre presentes. A Marisa, pela fantástica companheira de casa que sempre foi! A nossa cumplicidade e amizade nunca se extinguirão. Estudo do efeito protector da espécie Arbutus unedo L. na danificação oxidativa em eritrócitos humanos Índice Geral Índice de Figuras ........................................................................................................... xi Índice de Gráficos ......................................................................................................... xii Índice de Tabelas ......................................................................................................... xiii Abreviaturas ................................................................................................................ xiv I. INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Enquadramento e objectivos ........................................................................... 2 1.2. Plano Geral ....................................................................................................... 4 II. A ESPÉCIE Arbutus unedo L. ............................................................................ 6 2.1. Características .................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1. Distribuição geográfica ............................................................................ 8 2.1.2. O habitat natural ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.3. Fitologia do Arbutus unedo L. ................................................................ 10 2.2. Interesse da espécie Arbutus unedo L. .......................................................... 14 2.2.1. Actividades biológicas ............................................................................ 16 2.3. Caracterização química ................................................................................. 16 III. O ERITRÓCITO COMO MODELO IN VITRO PARA A AVALIAÇÃO DA ACTIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE .............................................................................. 19 3.1. Características gerais do sangue .................................................................
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