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Diapositivo 1 MSc 2.º CICLO FCUP ANO Micropropagação de valorização a para biotecnológicas ferramentas de Uso Uso de Corema album Corema ferramentas biotecnológicas : para a valorização de Corema album: Vanessa Filipa do Rego Temporão Alves Vanessa Micropropagação Vanessa Filipa do Rego Temporão Alves Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto em Biologia Celular e Molecular 2019 Uso de ferramentas biotecnológicas para a valorização de Corema album: Micropropagação Vanessa Filipa do Rego Temporão Alves Mestrado em Biologia Celular e Molecular Departamento de Biologia 2019 Orientador José Carlos Dias Duarte Gonçalves, Professor Coordenador, IPCB Coorientador Maria da Conceição Lopes Vieira dos Santos, Professora Catedrática, FCUP Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ FCUP I Uso de ferramentas biotecnológicas para a valorização de Corema album: Micropropagação Agradecimentos Após a finalização deste trabalho, chegou a altura de agradecer, a quem de alguma forma, contribui para a sua realização. Gostaria de agradecer a toda a equipa do Centro de Biotecnologia da Plantas da Beira Interior, em particular ao Doutor José Carlos Gonçalves, por ter aceitado ser meu orientador e me ter ajudado no desenvolvimento de todo o trabalho relacionado com a micropropagação. Agradecer também ao Doutor João Loureiro, à Doutora Celeste Dias e à Doutora Maria Castro por me terem auxiliado no desenvolvimento da técnica de citometria de fluxo. À professora Conceição Santos o meu muito obrigada por toda a ajuda disponibilizada durante a dissertação. Um agradecimento especial a toda a equipa do IB2Lab, em particular o Nuno, que apesar de estar sempre atarefado, se prontificou a ajudar em tudo o que foi preciso. À Daniela, que me acompanhou durante toda esta etapa, por vezes difícil, e que esteve presente em todos os momentos de dificuldade, mas também em todos os momentos de sucesso. Aos meus amigos da invicta que à sua maneira contribuíram para esta dissertação, acalmando-me nos momentos de maior aflição e animando-me nos jantares da casa do povo, do Lusiada, nas festas da faculdade e em todos os outros eventos em que marcamos presença. Aos meus amigos da terrinha, especialmente à Carolina, Sofia, Ariana, Carina, Cristina, Fábio e Miguéis que mesmo à distância estiverem presentes. Por último, mas não menos importante, a toda a minha família, sobretudo aos meus pais e ao meu avô que sempre me apoiaram em todas as etapas da minha vida. FCUP II Uso de ferramentas biotecnológicas para a valorização de Corema album: Micropropagação Resumo Corema album (Ericaceae), comumente conhecida como camarinha, é um arbusto dioico endémico da Costa Atlântica da Península Ibérica, cuja distribuição se encontra limitada a ambientes costeiros, como dunas de areia e áreas rochosas. Esta espécie tem despertado um interesse crescente relacionado com a utilização dos seus frutos como alimento e devido às suas potencialidades medicinais. No entanto, a regressão do seu habitat natural conjuntamente com a dificuldade de regeneração desta espécie, colocam a camarinha em perigo de extinção. Foi objetivo deste trabalho valorizar esta espécie usando a cultura in vitro como abordagem biotecnológica. Para a multiplicação da camarinha, o meio WPM suplementado com 2 mg/L 2iP + 1 mg/L Cin apresentou os melhores resultados. A utilização de 2 mg/L AIB, associado à mistura de perlite e vermiculite foi a combinação mais favorável para o enraizamento ex vitro. As plantas aclimatizadas apresentaram uma sobrevivência de 100%. Este protocolo de micropropagação mostrou-se robusto, possibilitando a regeneração não convencional da camarinha. Em paralelo, testou-se a eficiência dos biorreatores de imersão temporária na multiplicação de rebentos em larga escala. Apesar dos melhores resultados, os rebentos formados apresentaram mais anomalias comparativamente à metodologia tradicional. A ocorrência de possíveis variações somaclonais durante o processo de micropropagação foi analisada através da técnica de citometria de fluxo, que descartou a existência de alterações na ploidia e permitiu a validação deste protocolo de micropropagação como eficaz para a produção de plantas true-to-type de Corema album. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens associadas à micropropagação, este é um processo indutor de stresse, que conduz à produção excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigénio, que podem causar stresse oxidativo e gerar danos irreversíveis. Através do estudo do seu estado oxidativo, Corema album demonstrou um desenvolvimento dos mecanismos antioxidantes que asseguraram a sua sobrevivência durante a fase de aclimatização. Através da comparação com a planta de campo, as plantas aclimatizadas de Corema album mostraram um desenvolvimento dos mecanismos antioxidantes diferente, em geral com uma menor atividade enzimática e com uma menor acumulação de compostos fenólicos, embora seja esperado um desenvolvimento semelhante destes mecanismos quando transferidas para campo, como resposta às condições ambientais. FCUP III Uso de ferramentas biotecnológicas para a valorização de Corema album: Micropropagação Abstract Corema album (Ericaceae), commonly known as camarinha, is an endemic dioecious shrub of the Iberian Atlantic Coast, which distribution is limited to coastal environments such as sand dunes and rocky areas. This specie has aroused a growing interest among the population and the scientific community, related to the use of its fruits as food and due to the medicinal potentialities. However, the regression of its natural habitat together with the difficulty of natural regeneration put the shrub in danger of extinction. The objective of this work was to valorize camarinha using in vitro culture as a biotechnological approach. The most effective condition for multiplication phase was WPM with 2 mg/L 2iP + 1 mg/L. The use of 2 mg/L IBA combined with perlite and vermiculite mixture was the most favorable combination for ex vitro rooting. Acclimatized plants had a 100% survival. This micropropagation protocol proved to be robust and allows the unconventional regeneration of Corema album. In parallel, the efficiency of the temporary immersion bioreactors in the large-scale shoot multiplication was tested. Despite the best results, the shoots formed presented more anomalies compared to the traditional methodology. The occurrence of possible somaclonal variations during the micropropagation process was analyzed by flow cytometry, which ruled out ploidy alterations and allowed the validation of this micropropagation protocol as effective to produce true-to-type Corema album plants. Despite the numerous advantages associated with micropropagation, this is a stress-inducing process that leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species that can cause oxidative stress and irreversible damage. By studying its oxidative state, Corema album demonstrated a development of antioxidant mechanisms that ensured its survival during the acclimatization phase. By comparison with field plant, Corema album acclimatized plants showed a different development of antioxidant mechanisms, generally with lower enzymatic activity and less accumulation of phenolic compounds, although a similar development of these mechanisms is expected when transferred to field as a response to environmental conditions. FCUP IV Uso de ferramentas biotecnológicas para a valorização de Corema album: Micropropagação Palavras-chave Camarinha; micropropagação; biorreatores; citometria de fluxo; espécies reativas de oxigénio; mecanismos antioxidantes. Índice Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................. I Resumo ........................................................................................................................ II Abstract ....................................................................................................................... III Palavras-chave ............................................................................................................ IV Índice de figuras ......................................................................................................... VII Índice de tabelas .......................................................................................................... IX Lista de abreviaturas.................................................................................................... XI Introdução ..................................................................................................................... 1 1. Importância das plantas ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Contextualização medicinal ............................................................................ 1 2. Corema album: uma espécie com interesse medicinal pouco explorada ............... 2 2.1. Taxonomia ...................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Distribuição geográfica e ecologia .................................................................. 3 2.3. Descrição vegetativa – flores e frutos ............................................................. 4 3. Metabolismo vegetal ............................................................................................. 5 3.1. Metabolismo de Corema album: compostos de interesse medicinal ............... 7 4. Abordagens biotecnológicas para a
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