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EcoNBC feasibility study I 220

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Transforming New Borg El Arab into an EcoCity S

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New Borg El Arab was inaugurated in 1988 and is seen as the I

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natural extension of Alexandria, as well as one of the most T

important industrial areas in Egypt. Transforming New Borg El Arab study feasibility EcoNBC City into an EcoCity was one of the main drivers for EcoNBC project (EcoCity Capacity Building in New Borg El Arab City). Carrying out a Feasibility Study to explore more in detail the viability of the idea was one of the ﬁrst steps to be taken towards that transformation. In this case, it is the result of the joint effort of a team of Finnish and Egyptian experts through a series of structured workshops that took place both in Finland and Egypt, and a number of focused discussions that involved also key stakeholders.

An insight into the different economic sectors has been taken and a vision of how the main issues of concern selected, namely Energy, Water and Water, should be approached from each of those sectors has been deﬁned, of course with a special emphasis on the sustainability of the Ecosystem. This has allowed the expert team responsible for this Feasibility Study to propose practical solutions in the form of scenarios. In the case of some sectors where reliable data was available for the calculations, these scenarios have been developed down to their associated impacts.

In consequence, by providing a more grounded understanding of the present situation and the opportunities for the future, this Feasibility Study can be useful for decision makers and planners, but also for investors, funding organizations and donors.

EcoNBC feasibility study ISBN 978-951-38-8301-0 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Transforming New Borg El Arab into an EcoCity VTT TECHNOLOGY 220

EcoNBC feasibility study

Transforming New Borg El Arab into an EcoCity

Carmen Antuña Rozado, Åsa Hedman, Pekka Tuominen, Francesco Reda VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.

Yehia ElMaghary, Ahmed ElShazly, Mona GamalEldin, Ali Kamel, Abdelazim Negm, Ahmed Tawﬁk, Heba Saeed Ahmed AbdelMonteleb, Mohamed Ayeldeen, Waled Dawoud, Bahaa Elboshy, Ghada Elshafei E-JUST Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology

Mohamed Shahin Alexandria University

JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy PL 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) 02044 VTT Puh. 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 Teknologiska forskningscentralen VTT Ab PB 1000 (Teknikvägen 4 A, Esbo) FI-02044 VTT Tfn +358 20 722 111, telefax +358 20 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd P.O. Box 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) FI-02044 VTT, Finland Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax +358 20 722 7001

Contents 1 Executive summary ...... 5 2 Introduction ...... 6 3 Background ...... 7 3.1 Who is EcoNBC FS meant for? ...... 7 3.2 Summary of the current situation ...... 9 3.2.1 City planning ...... 9 3.2.2 Energy ...... 11 3.2.3 Water ...... 13 3.2.4 Waste ...... 13 Domestic and industrial waste water ...... 13 Solid waste management ...... 14 3.2.5 Transport ...... 14 Existing road network ...... 14 Existing public transport system...... 14 Existing pedestrian and bicycle transport...... 14 Railway line and stations in NBC ...... 15 Borg el Arab International Airport ...... 15 3.3 Stakeholders involved ...... 15 4 Scope ...... 16 4.1 Sectors considered ...... 16 4.1.1 Residential ...... 16 4.1.2 Commercial/Public facilities ...... 17 4.1.3 Industrial ...... 18 4.1.4 Services/Utilities ...... 19 4.1.5 Transport ...... 22 5 Vision ...... 25 5.1 General overview ...... 26 5.1.1 Energy ...... 26 5.1.2 Water ...... 26 5.1.3 Waste ...... 26 5.1.4 Other independent issues ...... 27 5.2 Vision and targets per sector ...... 27 5.2.1 Residential ...... 27 5.2.2 Commercial/Public facilities ...... 28 5.2.3 Industrial ...... 29 5.2.4 Services/Utilities ...... 30 5.2.5 Transport ...... 30 6 Scenarios ...... 31 6.1 General scenarios ...... 31 3 6.1.1 BAU scenario ...... 32 6.1.2 LIS scenario ...... 32 6.1.3 HIS scenario ...... 33 6.2 Scenarios per sector ...... 34 6.2.1 Residential sector ...... 34 6.2.2 Transport sector ...... 39 7 Impacts ...... 43 7.1 Residential sector ...... 43

7.1.1 Energy and CO2 emissions ...... 43 7.1.2 Cost effectiveness analysis ...... 45 7.1.3 Social impact analysis ...... 47 7.2 Transport sector ...... 48 7.2.1 Evaluation process for projecting the transportation energy consumption and emissions under different policies ...... 48 7.2.2 Transport Forecast Models ...... 49 7.2.3 Energy/Emission Rates in NBC...... 50 7.2.4 The Computer System “TraEco” ...... 53 7.2.5 Evaluation of Scenarios ...... 54 7.2.6 Cost analysis ...... 57 8 Engagement of stakeholders ...... 63 8.1 Challenges and opportunities of eco-cities from investors point of view ...... 63 8.1.1 Challenges ...... 64 8.1.2 Opportunities ...... 66 9 Pioneering examples ...... 68 9.1 Textile industry case study ...... 68 9.1.1 Introduction ...... 68 9.1.2 Material and Methods ...... 68 9.1.3 Results and discussion...... 68 9.2 Paper industry case study ...... 71 9.2.1 Introduction ...... 71 9.2.2 Material and methods ...... 71 9.2.3 Results and discussion...... 72 9.3 International examples ...... 73 9.3.1 Freiburg, Germany ...... 74 9.3.2 Vancouver, Canada ...... 75 9.3.3 Viikki, Finland ...... 77 10 Benefits and barriers ...... 78 11 References ...... 80

Annex 1 and 2 Abstract

4 1 Executivesummary

New Borg El Arab was inaugurated in 1988 and is seen as the natural extension of Alexandria,aswellasoneofthemostimportantindustrialareasinEgypt.Transforming NewBorgElArabCityintoanEcoCitywasoneofthemaindriversforEcoNBCproject (EcoCityCapacityBuildinginNewBorgElArabCity).CarryingoutFeasibilityStudyto explore more in detail the viability of the idea was one of the first steps to be taken towardsthattransformation.Inthiscase,itistheresultofthejointeffortofteamof FinnishandEgyptianexpertsthroughseriesofstructuredworkshopsthattookplace bothinFinlandandEgypt,andnumberoffocuseddiscussionsthatinvolvedalsokey stakeholders. Aninsightintothedifferenteconomicsectorshasbeentakenandvisionofhowthe main issues of concern selected, namely Energy, Water and Water, should be approached from each of those sectors has been defined, of course with special emphasis on the sustainability of the Ecosystem. This has allowed the expert team responsible for this Feasibility Study to propose practical solutions in the form of scenarios. In the case of some sectors where reliable data was available for the calculations,thesescenarioshavebeendevelopeddowntotheirassociatedimpacts. Inconsequence,byprovidingmoregroundedunderstandingofthepresentsituation and the opportunities for the future, this Feasibility Study can be useful for decision makersandplanners,butalsoforinvestors,fundingorganizationsanddonors.

5 2 Introduction

ThisFeasibilityStudy(FS)isoneoftheoutcomesofEcoNBC,EcoCityCapacityBuilding in New Borg El Arab City (NBC), project funded by the Institutional Cooperation Instrument(ICI)undertheMinistryforForeignAffairsofFinland.Itwascarriedoutby team of experts from VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and Egypt-Japan UniversityofScienceandTechnology(E-JUST),anditsmainobjectiveistoevaluateinas muchdetailaspossibletheideaofturningNewBorgElArab(NBC)intoanEcoCity.

ItisgenerallyacceptedthatFSshouldhelptoidentify:a)iftheideaisviableornot;b) useful facts and figures to aid decision-making; and c) alternative approaches and solutions for putting the idea into practice. The first discussions among the experts involvedwereaimedatdefiningtheframeworkforthedevelopmentofFSintendedas showninFiguresͳand2,aswellastoestablishtheTableofContent(seepages͵and4) andthemostsuitablemethodologyfordevelopingtheagreedcontent.Inadditiontothe previous,timehorizonof20yearswasestablishedforEcoNBCFS.

Figure1.MaincomponentsagreedforEcoNBCFS.(CarmenAntuña,VTT) ItwasdecidedthattheTableofContentoftheEcoNBCFSshouldincludetheScopeof thestudy,theVisionofNBCasanEcoCity,thepossiblesustainabilityScenariosandthe Impacts of the proposed Scenarios. The measurements and calculations associated to the Impacts become particularly important to assess and validate the viability of the Scenariosdefined.

To complete the FS and to illustrate what can be achieved in practice, it seemed necessary to show some pioneering examples from NBC and also from abroad. The examples selected from NBC correspond to some of the main industries: textile and paper.TheirinclusioninthisFSaimsathighlightingthealreadyexistinglocalinitiatives towardsmoresustainableindustry,whichmighthopefullyinspireotherindustriesto followtheexample.

6 Figure2.FSdevelopmentprocess.(CarmenAntuña,VTT)

ThebackgroundtothisFSisalsoprovidedtogetherwithreflectiononthebenefitsand barriersofundertakingFStotransferNBCintoanEcoCity.

Oneofthebiggestchallengesencounteredhasbeentheunavailabilityofnecessarydata orthelackofreliabilityofthedataavailable.Thereforenumberofdecisionshavebeen madeinordertoovercomethissituation,whichwillbeexplainedmoreindetailinthe correspondingchapters.

Fromthebeginningandforthesakeofconsistency,itwasalsoseenasnecessarytoalign the content and methodology of the FS with the EcoCity Roadmap for Egypt (http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2015/T215.pdf)ǡ another of EcoNBC project’s mainoutcomes,aimingatdevelopinganEcoCityVisionforEgypt.Therefore,bothtasks havebeencarriedoutinparallel.

3 Background

3.1 WhoisEcoNBCFSmeantfor?

NBCwasinauguratedinNovember1988andiscurrentlyoneofthemajorresidential andindustrialzonesinAlexandria.NBCisseenasthenaturalextensionofAlexandria City.Itwasconstructed,asmanyothernewcities,forabsorbingthecurrentandfuture population,providingmoreworkopportunitiesforyouthanddecreasingdesertification. ItisregardedasthemostimportantindustrialzoneinEgypt,coveringanareaofmore than2000hectaresandcomprisingabout1700industrialfacilitiesandinstitutionsthat providetheinvestorsandownersofallsmallandmediumprojectswithneededfacilities andservices.

7 WithNBCbeingthehomecityofE-JUST,E-JUSTgottheideaandtheambitiousgoalof transferringNBCintothefirstEcoCityinEgyptforseveralreasons:

x it is new city with expanding potentials and the expansion plans of NBC are currentlyunderconsideration,

x it is an industrial city with vast land capacity that exists around the industrial area,itsinfrastructureisfairlynewandcouldbereadilyupgradedifneeded,

x it has Centre of Action, viz., the newly established E-JUST, in addition to the existingCityofScientificandTechnicalResearch(CSTR),E-JUSThaslandwhich couldbeusedforproductionofGreenEnergyasWind,Solarandbiofuel(e.g., plantationandproductionofjojobaorpalmoil),

x theEcoCityofNBCwillofferendlessResearchTopicsinmostofthefieldsofE- JUST and numerous joint research topics with Research Institutes as VTT and finally

x othercitiesinEgyptcantakeexamplesfromNBC.

Thefirststepto betakeninordertotransfercityintoanEcoCityistoundertake FeasibilityStudy(FS).TheFSundertakenforNBCconsistsmainlyofaninsightintothe differenteconomicsectorsasresidential,commercial,industrial,servicesandtransport, andvisionofhowthemainissuesofconcernasEnergy,WaterandWasteManagement should be approached modified and/or improved putting great emphasis on the sustainability of our Ecosystem. In other words, it would describe few practical alternatives on how to decrease the pollution at NBC as far as practically possible, through minimizing the consumption of natural resources and depending mainly on renewableresources.Handinhandwiththisapproach,aneffectiveandcomprehensive program for raising the awareness of the inhabitants of NBC, particularly the new generationsshouldbegiven.TrainingcoursesforschoolteachersandNGO’smembers wouldbearranged,inadditiontoWorkshops,informativemeetingsandprizestoschool children. Accordingly, the suggested solutions presented in the FS will in the first place be importanttodecisionmakersandplanners,whoareconcernedwithimprovingtheeco- social and environmental conditions, particularly those of NBC, which is the target of thisstudyandgenerallyofotherEgyptiancities.TheFSandthealternativesitcontains will be also of particular interest to researchers, engineers and scientists who could investigatethemthoroughlyandpursuetheideastheycontain. Inaddition,theFSwill beofconsiderableimportanceforthesocietyofNBCaswhole,andevenforthe Egyptiansociety,sinceitisintendedtobeanexamplethatothercitiesinthecountry couldfollow. Ontheotherhand,theFSisessentiallymeantforInvestors,FundingOrganizationsand Donors,whowillbeinpositiontogothroughthesealternativesandselectfromthem 8 the solutions, which in their opinion are most relevant and applicable, taking into accounttheeco-socialandenvironmentalaspectsǤ

3.2 Summaryofthecurrentsituation

3.2.1 Cityplanning

NewBorgElArabCityhasmajordevelopmentplansunderwayandthecityisexpected togrowsubstantiallyinthefuture,multiplyingthecurrentpopulationmanytimesover. ThecurrentStrategicMasterPlanforNewBorgElArabCitywasapprovedin2013by the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) and the General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) and is presented in Figure 3. It shows the existing and proposed land uses for the city until the year 2032. The current population is approximately100000inhabitants,whichisexpectedtogrowto750000inhabitantsby 2032.

Figure3.ApprovedStrategicMasterPlanofNewBorgEl-ArabCityfor2032.(MahmoudYousry andAssociatesincooperationwithAECOM,2013)

Generally, the city is subdivided into distinct separated main areas, namely: the residential area (including city, district and neighbourhood service facilities and amenities),theindustrialareaseastandsouthofit,andfourregionalfacilitiesareas,two ofwhicharelocatednorthandeastoftheresidentialareas,aswellastworegionalareas separatingtheresidentialsectors.

9 Theresidentialareaofthecityiscomposedofthreesectorsseparatedfromeachother by regional facilities areas. Each sector has its own service facilities area including commercial, administrative, health, educational, religious, cultural and recreational amenities.Thecentreofeachofthesesectorsisaccessiblebyrailroadandmasstransit stations.ResidentialareasarehierarchicallysubdividedintoͶresidentialsectorsand13 residentialdistrictsasfollows:

x FirstResidentialSector:includingthefirstthreedistrictsofthecity,whichare the most completed, with functioning service facilities at city, district and neighbourhood levels. This sector is separated from the Second and Third Districtsbyregionalservicesareawhichincludesocialandsportsclubs,andthe universitiesandresearchinstitutionsarea. x Residential Sectors Two and Three: includingDistricts from ͵ to 10. The main roads and basic infrastructure has been implemented in these sectors. Residentialandservicesprojectsareprogressinginthesedistricts,inparticular, districts3,7,ͻand10.ThesesectorsareseparatedfromSectorFourbyanother regional services area which include allocations for future uses as the medical city,recreationalandamusementparks,andanagriculturalproductionareafor thecity. x ResidentialSector4:includesDistricts11,12and13.Thesearenewdistrictsthat have been added to the original master plan of the city to accommodate the future expected population which will be generated in response of the new proposedindustrialandregionalservicefacilities.

Residentialareasareabout830feddans(aunitofareausedinEgyptequivalentto0.42 hectares) and will accommodate 750,000 inhabitants by 2032. In general, northern districts of the city are designated forhigh-end and upper middle housing categories, whilemiddleandlow-incomehousingarelocatedinthesoutherndistrictsandadjacent toindustrialareas.Todate,onlyabout40%ofthelandallocatedforresidentialusehas beendevelopedordesignatedfordevelopment. Existing industrial areas of the city are located in ͷ zones east and south of the residentialdistricts,andareabout2,100feddansinarea.Currentlythereareabout700 industrial establishments, employing about 45,000 workers. The industrial zones comprise wide range of industries. To date, about 40% of the land in the existing industrialzoneshasnotbeendesignatedyet. Thestrategicmasterplanhasyetproposednumberoffutureindustrialareasinthe eastern expansion area of the city. These include textile industry complex, an agro- industrialarea,technologicalindustrieszone,small-scaleindustriesarea,inaddition to logistic and inventory services such as dry port, warehouses, customs area, vocational center, and wholesale market. In addition, smart village and free specialized industrial/commercial zone have also been proposed in the eastern

10 expansionarea,asitisatthecrossroadsoftheBorgAlArabinternationalairporteastof thecityandtheinternationalroadsouthofit.

Thenorthernareaofthenewmasterplan(betweentheresidentialsectorsandthecity’s northernboundary)istotallydesignatedforfutureregionalservicefacilities.Proposed usesarehotelsarea,hypermarket,regionalparks,exhibitionsgrounds,andhigh-end residentialgatedcommunities.

3.2.2 Energy

WhatfollowsisanenergyoverviewforthewholeEgypt,whichtolargeextentisalso applicabletoNBC.InSection6.1.1EnergyandCO2emissions,wheretheimpactsofthe scenariosproposedfortheResidentialsectorareanalysed,moredetaileddescription oftheenergydemandandthecitizens’behaviourisprovided.

Oilandgas

AccordingtotheOilandGasJournal's2012estimate(OilandGasJournal,2012),Egypt's provenoilreservesare4.4billionbarrels,anincreasefrom2010reserveestimatesof 3.7 billion barrels. After Egypt's production peak of over 900,000 bbl/d inthe 1990s, outputbegantoincreasinglydeclineasoilfieldsmatured.However,ongoingsuccessful exploration has led to new production from smaller fields and enhanced oil recovery techniquesinexistingfieldshaveeasedthedeclineatagingfields.Inaddition,outputof Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs) and lease condensate have increased as result of expandingnaturalgasproductionandhaveoffsetsomeoftheotherdeclinesinliquids production (EIA, 2013). One of Egypt's challenges is to satisfy increasing domestic demandforoilinthemidstoffallingdomesticproduction. Production of gas nearly tripled between 1998 and 2010. In 2010, Egypt produced roughly63billioncubicmeters(bcm),exported18bcmandconsumed45bcm(Razavi, 2012).Theelectricitysectoristhedominantgasconsumer,accountingfor57%ofthe totalgasdemand.Theindustrialsectorconsumesabout11%oftotalgasconsumption whilefertilizerandcementindustriesarealsolargeconsumers,accountingfor10%and 8%respectively.Thepetroleumsectorusessubstantialamountofgasforitsownuse andre-injection,accountingfor5%oftotalgasconsumption. Gas is delivered to the residential sector through low-pressure pipeline distribution systems and in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders supplied by retailers. Combined,theyaccountfor2%ofthetotalgasdemand,butexpectedtogrowatfast pace (about 15% p.a.). Finally, the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in vehicles accountsforabout2%oftotalgasconsumption;alltaxisinCairoareamustnowrunon CNG.

11 Hydroenergy

MostoftheavailablehydropowerenergyresourcesinEgyptaremainlylocatedonthe RiverNile.TheywerelargelyexploitedwiththeconstructionoftheAswanReservoir, theHighDamandtheEsnaBarrageHydropowerStation,withinstalledcapacityof592 MW,2100MWand91MWrespectivelyandrepresentingtotalinstalledcapacitiesof 2783 MW. There are 109 MW hydropower projects at Nagah Hamady and Assiut Barrages under construction on themain river. Small capacities of another60MW in totalarealsoavailableatmaincanalsandbranchesoftheriver.Thesecapacitieswhich sumuptograndtotalof2952MWrepresentmostoftheavailablepotential. Windenergy

Amongotherrenewableenergyresources,windenergyofferssignificantopportunities. EgyptisendowedwithanabundanceofwindenergyresourcesespeciallyintheSuez Gulfareawhichisconsideredoneofthebestsitesintheworldduetohighandstable windspeeds.TheWestofSuezGulfZoneoffersthemostpromisingsitestoconstruct largewindfarmsduetohighwindspeedswhichrangebetween8–10m/sonaverage and also due to the availability of largeuninhabited desert area. There are also other promisingsiteshavingwindspeedof7–8m/sintheeastandwestofNileRivernearthe cities of Beni Sweif and Menia Governorates and El-Kharga Oasis in New Valley Governorate. Egypt’s progress in implementing wind power projects is rather impressive in the sense that the installed capacity is the largest in Africa and in the MiddleEast. Solarenergy

Egypt is one of the sun-belt countries enjoying one of the largest potentials of solar energy. The Solar Atlas issued in 1991 shows that the average direct normal solar radiationis2000–3200kWh/m²/year.Thesunshinedurationrangesbetween9–11 perdayfromNorthtoSouthwithveryfewcloudydays(UNEP,2008). Biomassenergy

The potential for biomass energy can be classified as agricultural residue, animal by- products,municipalsolidwasteandsewagesludge.Organicmatteristypicallythemain constituent,accountingforupto60%ofsolidwasteinEgypt,whichisabovethetypical valuesinmostcountriesandindicatesitsgreatvalueasbio-fuelsource.Theamounts ofMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)producedinEgyptareestimatedtobemorethan20 million tons/year, with the poorer cities generating the least. Power generation from gasificationofsewagesludgeinwastewatertreatmentplantsisalreadybeingused(for example,theEl-GabalEl-Asfer23MWplant),withpotentialgenerationof1,000MW fromagriculturalwaste.

12 AsanexampleofenergyprofilefromNBC,anaverageresidentialbuildingcanbeͶ storeyshigh,andtypicalapartmentcanbearound114m2ǤThebuildinghas lightweight envelope consisting of double-brick wall with an air gap but without thermalinsulation,non-ventilatedroofandpoorindoorairquality.Theenergysystem consistsofstoragehotwatertankandheatpump.Consideringalsothetechnologies describedmoreindetailinSection6.1.2,theannualfinaldistrictenergydemandofthe heatingandcoolingsystemsfortheresidentialsectorinNBCwouldbearound620GWh. The final district energy balance, which includes the appliances’ energy consumption, wouldbearound846GWh,whereastheCO2emissionsproducedwouldamountto394 tons.

3.2.3 Water

Thecityhaswatertreatmentplantwithcapacityof166000m3/day.Thetreatment is composed of pre-chlorination step followed by coagulation process using alum endinginsandfiltrationunit.Theintakeofthewatertreatmentplantismainlyfrom the Mariout canal. If the intake is not enough, extra intake from Nubariya canal is frequentlyused.ThequalityofthepotablewaterofthecitydoesnotcomplywithWorld Health Organization (WHO) and Egyptian standards (ministerial decree, 2006) for human use. The population of the city normally uses onsite membrane filtration for further purification of the water. This is mainly because the intake of the water treatment plant is polluted from different sources such as industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater. Therefore, pollution control and prevention of the intake of waterisrequiredtoimprovetheefficiencyofwatertreatmentplant.

3.2.4 Waste

Domesticandindustrialwastewater

sewage system of 562 km length has been established together with sewage treatment plant (oxidization plant only) with of 36,000 m3 capacity. The industrial wastewaterisfacingsomeproblemsbecauseoflubricantsandfactorywastesdumped insewageandtheavailabilityofthefinaltreatmentunit.SomeindustriesinNewBorgEl Arab partially treat or recycle generated industrial wastewater in compliance with Egyptianstandards(MinisterialDecreeno44foryear1994).Others,however,continue toheavilypollutewaterresources.

Unfortunately, there is no data for either industrial solid waste or for wastewater. However,themixtureofdomesticsewageandindustrialwastewateriscurrentlytreated atwastestabilizationpondwithcapacityof40,000m3/dandtheplanteffluentsare used for irrigation of the forest. The treatment plant consists of ʹ ponds. Each pond comprisesͻfacultativeponds,arrangedin͵parallelseries.

13 Solidwastemanagement

The organic fractionof MSW is mainly used for composting. MSW can be liability if requiringdisposalbutalsorepresentsconsiderableresourcethatcanbebeneficially recovered, for instance by the recycling of materials such as aluminum cans, metals, glass, fibres, etc., or through recovery operations such as conversion to energy and composting.ThetotalannualmunicipalsolidwastegenerationinNewBorgElArabcity hasincreasedmorethan36%since2000,tothecurrentlevelof20–25tonsperday (NahdatMisrcompany).Organicmaterialistypicallythemainconstituent,upto60%of total municipal solid waste in the city. Clearly, new waste management practices are needed.

3.2.5 Transport

Existingroadnetwork

NBCistodaymostlyanindustrialcitywithmostworkerscommutingfromAlexandria. The city is connected with Alexandria through number of main roads namely the Alexandria-CairoDesertRoad(AlKaforyRoad)andtheNewBorgElArabCity-Matrouh Road. In addition, NBC is connected with the national railway system through the Alexandria-Borg El Arab railway which can be employed in the future as an urban/suburban public mass transport system. Finally, NBC is connected with the InternationalAirportthroughsingle2-laneroad.

Existingpublictransportsystem

NBCfacesconsiderablelackofpublictransportservices.Shortfallsinpublictransport havecreatedmarketopportunitiesfortheinformalsectorcollectivetaxisandthetuk- tuks, small moped taxis, which have the advantage of changing their schedules and deviate from licensed routes in response to passenger demand and congestion, even though this might be illegal. On the other hand, collective taxis and tuk-tuks create numberoftransportproblemsthataffectnotonlypublictransportbutalsoadversely affecttheentiretransportsystem.

Existingpedestrianandbicycletransport

In general, the more transportation options that are available, the better the access. Non-motorized modes are important transport choices, for trips made entirely by walkingorcyclingandtosupportpublictransport.Inurbanareas,walkingandcycling are often the fastest and most efficient ways to make short trips. NBC faces considerablelackofpedestrianandbicycleinfrastructure.Theinfrastructuredoesnot prioritizespaceforbicyclesandpedestrians.Specifically,thelackofindicatedcrossings increasestheriskofaccidentsandleavespedestriansfeelingunsafe,therebyreducing thesebasicsustainablemeansoftransportsignificantly.

14 RailwaylineandstationsinNBC

TheAlexandria–BorgElArablineoperatesonthesametrackastheAlexandria–Mersa Matrouh line. The actual travel time between the Alexandria core area and NBC is around1.5hours.Thevehiclesoperatedonthelineareinadequatetofulfilreasonable qualityservices,astheyareoutdated,poorlymaintained,andhavedieselengineswith pooracceleration,decelerationandspeedandpoorseatquality.Twostationsexistin NBC,namely25JanuarystationandBorgElArabstation.Thetwostationshaverecently beenrenewed,andareingoodcondition.However,thefeedersystems(publicbuses and private operated mini-buses) to the railway stations to serve the passengers commutingtotheiractualdestinationswithintheNBCarelacking.

BorgelArabInternationalAirport

TheBorgElArabInternationalAirportislocatedabout40kmsouthwestofAlexandria Centre and 14 km east of NBC. The airport consists of new terminal building, administrationandservicebuildingsaswellascargofacilities.Currentlytheairporthas onerunwaywithlengthof3,400andwidthof45m.Theairportisplannedto become the main airport of Alexandria, and aims to serve passengers and cargo for Alexandriaandthesurroundinggovernorates.Theairportwillalsohelptoimprovethe touristdevelopmentforthewesternregion,especiallyBorgElArabandthenorthcoast.

3.3 Stakeholdersinvolved

ThestakeholdersinvolvedinthisFSbelongtothefollowingcategories: 1. NewBorgAlArabCityAuthority President Vice-president HeadofDevelopmentDep. HeadofElectricityDep. HeadofHousingƬServices HeadofInfrastructureDep. HeadofRoadsDep. HeadofDesignDep. HeadofEnvironmentDep. 2. NewBorgAlArabInvestorsAssociation Faragalla/President/CEO Farco/CEO Unitel/CEO Mancro/CEO SummerMoon/CEO AlexforSeeds/CEO 3. GovernmentalBodies Dep.ofTransportation/Head 15 AlexWaterCo./CEO AlexandriaEnvironmentalAffairsAgency Org.ofInvestment/Head 4. NGOs/CDAs SahwaNGO LocalCDA ReligiousAssociation 5. Residents Namesomittedduetoconfidentialityreasons 4 Scope

EarlyonduringthedevelopmentofthisFeasibilityStudy,theexpertsinvolveddecided to consider the following sectors for which the Vision of NBC as an EcoCity and the possiblesustainabilityScenarioswouldbeproposedalongwiththeassociatedimpacts: x Residential x Commercial/Publicfacilities x Industrial x Services/Utilities x Transport

4.1 Sectorsconsidered

4.1.1 Residential

TheresidentialsectorofNewBorgElArab,whichforthepurposeofthisFeasibility Studyhasbeenanalysedfromanenergy-efficiencyperspective,ismainlycharacterized bythefollowingfeatures(morespecificallydescribedinTable1): x Nothermalinsulation x Lightweightenvelope x Non-ventilatedroofs x Poorindoorairquality(lowventilationrateconsideringthatsmokingisallowed everywhere) Table 1. Specification of a typical existing building in New Borg El Arab.

Buildingspecification Value Buildinglocation NewBorgElArab Buildingorientation Facingnorth Numberofstoreys 3 Totalfloorarea 750mʹ Wallmaterial Redbrick 16 Wallthickness 20cm, Finishedroof Uninsulated Roofmaterial Asphaltshingles Slab Reinforcedconcrete,uninsulated Windowarea 15%ofwallarea Windows Singlepane,clearglass,woodframe Overhangs None Airleakage 15ACH50 Naturalventilation Year-round Spaceconditioning CentralAC,SEER8 Spaceheating Gas,78%AFUE Coolingandheatingsetpoints 26°(cooling),20°(heating) Waterheater Gasstandard Lighting 34%CFLhardwired,34%CFLplugin Refrigerator Standard Cookingrange Gas,conventional Clotheswasher Standard Clothesdryer Standard

Inaddition,residentialsurveyhasbeencarriedoutwithinthisproject,thepurposeof whichwastounderstandthestateofartoftheresidentialsectorintermsofbuildings features andutilization(occupantbehaviour)ofNBC.Thefinalobjectiveistoprocess thequestionnairedatainordertodesignspecificanddedicatedbuildingsolutionsfor theconstructionofanenergyefficientnewECOresidentialdistrictinNBC.Inparticular, thesurveycovereddifferentaspects;fromthebuildingconstructioninformationtothe occupants’behaviour.Theresultswillbediscussedmoreindetailwhendescribingthe scenariosproposedfortheResidentialsector.

4.1.2 Commercial/Publicfacilities

TheauthoritiesofNewBorgElArabhavebuiltnumberofservicesforthecityasitcan beseeninAnnex1,attheendofwhichthereisalsorowshowingtheservices envisionedinthenewNBCMasterplanforcomparison.Withregardstosocialservices therearetwelvenurseryschoolsspreadoverthedifferentneighbourhoods.Inrelation toeducationalservicestherearenineschoolsincludingbasic,experimental,secondary, Azhar (religious) and industrial education. Also, there are four commercial markets distributedaroundthecityandthreemosquesbuiltbythelocalauthorities,aswellas church.Thereispublichospitalandsixhealthcareunits.Otherpublicservicesthatcan be also found in the city are: cultural centre,occasions hall, sports club, youth hostel, training centre, bakery, traffic administration building, police station, fire brigade, national security, administration building, post office, telegraph and telephone, bus

17 station,endowmentsbuilding,parkingbuilding,agricultureadministrationandcourtof justice. 4.1.3 Industrial

NewBorgElArabismajorindustrialcityover6.3thousandacres.IntheͶindustrial zones industrial activities include:engineering, electrical, food, timber, plastics, paper, spinning, weaving, building materials, metallic, mechanical, chemical, pharmaceutical and various other industries. NUCA provides plots of industrial, warehouses, and workshops. Main industry sectors are food, chemicals, engineering and textiles. Major factoriesarelistedinTable2. Table2.Majorfactoriesineachsector.

Industrysector Factories Chemicals x NewMarina x PyramidGlassCompany x RubexforPlasticƬAcrylic x EvyabEgypt Manufacturing x IICP x TheInternationalGroupforModern x AbcoGroup Coatings x Others x EgyptBentoniteƬDerivativesCo. Food x Faragalla x AlexandriaForSeeds x Sakrforfood x BorgAlarabforfoodInd. x OssianFood x Others x FineFoods Engineering x ManCrewformetalconstructions x Unitel x Anborg x Tuporco x SarhanSteel x Others x ValleyOfTheKingsForMetal Textiles x BorgElArabforspinning(EshraTex) x MediterraneanTextile x Filmar x Rubyred x Elvyweaving x Others x Elvan Intotalthereare522producingfactories(aninvestmentcapitalof4.113billionpounds, withanannualproductionof5.292billionpounds),whichprovided37761jobspaying 113.7millionpoundsannually.28%ofthesearelargefactories(investmentsmorethan 15 million Egyptian pounds), 46% is considered medium factories (investments between ͳ and 15 million Egyptian pound) and 26% is considered small factories (investmentslessthanͳmillionEgyptianpound). Moreover,thereare170factoriesunderconstruction(aninvestmentcapitalof482.255 millionpoundsandanannualproductionvalueof514.053millionpounds),whichwill provide7446jobspaying22.338millionpoundsannually. ManyofBorgElArabMajorIndustriesareInternationalforinstanceFargallahforfood products, Fine Foods for food products, Abco group for Detergents, The International 18 Group for Modern Coatings and Rubex for Plastic Ƭ Acrylic Manufacturing. Other industriesinBorgElArabareaimmainlytothelocalmarket,suchasFilmar,Elvy weaving,Unitel,Sakrforfood,OssianFood,PyramidGlassCompany,EvyabEgyptand BorgElArabforspinning. 4.1.4 Services/Utilities

4.1.4.1 Water

PotablewaterinnewBorgElArabcityismainlycontaminatedandisbelowEgyptian andWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)standards.Thewatertreatmentplantofthecity is not properly maintained and is thus inefficient in removing salts, algae and other pathogenicmicroorganisms.promisinganduniquesolutionforimprovementofwater qualityofthecitymustbefoundout.Inordertoidentifyhealthyorunhealthypotable water,researchisneededonthefollowing: x Whatarethequalitiesofpotablewaterinthecity? x Whatarethesignsofcontaminatedbodyofwater?

Forthispurpose,thefirststepistodevelopchecklistofsignsforhealthyor contaminatedwaterbasedonWHO’sandEgyptianstandards.Thesecondstepwouldbe to make field trip to NBC’s water treatment plant to collect the data (capacity, treatment units, skills of operators, maintenance). Moreover, additional information shouldbegatheredaboutthefollowing: x Istheintakeofwatercontaminated? x Whatpollutantsareinvolved? x Wasthepollutionprimarilycausedbyindustries,orbydomesticactivities? x What is the history of the pollution at the site? When did it become contaminated? x Hastheeffectofthecontaminationbeenstudiedbefore?Investigatethesources ofthepollution

The third step is to collect samples of the intake and effluents from different compartments of NBC’s water treatment plant to investigate its drawbacks. The followingparametersshouldbeanalyzed:turbidity,salinity,pH,conductivity,hardness, algaeandfaecalcoliform.Thelaststepwouldbetodesignsustainablesolutionforthe improvement of NBC’s water treatment plant. Unfortunately, this simple plan has not been possible to realize during the development of EcoNBC project due to the impossibilitytoaccessthenecessarydata.

4.1.4.2 Solidwastemanagement

Problem Identification in New Borg El Arab City: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) amounted to 20 ton/d. Problems associated with organic fraction of Municipal Solid Wasteare: x Sourceofodoremission x Verminattraction 19 x Toxicgasemission x Leachategeneration

The sources of solid waste are shown in Figure Ͷ whereas examples of the present conditionareprovidedinFigure5.

Figure4.SourcesofsolidwasteinNewBorgalArabcity.(Dr.AhmedTawfikandMohamedEl- Samadony,E-JUST)

Figure5.Examplesofthepresentcondition.(Dr.AhmedTawfikandMohamedEl-Samadony,E- JUST)

20 Figure6.Sustainablesolution:biowastetoenergyviaanaerobicdigestion.(Dr.AhmedTawfikand MohamedEl-Samadony,E-JUST)

Biogasproductionfrombiowasteusinganaerobicdigestion,presentedinFigures͸and 7,is technicallysound,financiallyviable,environmentalfriendlyandeasytooperateand maintainbylocalcommunityforlongtermsustainability.

Figure7.DegradationoforganicmaterialthroughAnaerobicDigestion(AD).(Yebo,Lietal.,2011)

21 Anonsitebiogasunitthatcanbetakenasanexampleofapplicabletechnology,andthe specificationsofwhicharedescribedinFigure8,iscapableofproducingbiogasfromthe organicfractionofmunicipalwasteof120inhabitants.

Inhabitants: Assume:10floors/building ʹfamilies/floor ͸capita/family Solidwasterate:0.5kg-solids/c. Therefore,Amountofsolidsα0.5(kg-solids/c.d) 10(floors/building)ʹ(families/floor)͸ (capita/family)α60kg-solids/ Volumeofdigester: Assume:፷-solidwasteα200lbs/yard3α120 kg/m3 ResidentialWaste(uncompacted) Therefore,Q-solidwasteα60(kg-solids/d)Ȁ120 (kg/m3Ȍα0.5m3/d Assume,α20 Therefore,V-digesterα0.5(m3/d)20(d)α10m3 Assume,α2.5 V-digesterαȋɎ/4)d2 Therefore,α2.2 Amountofbiogas: Assume:CODα40g/L Therefore,Organicloadα0.5(m3/d)(40,000)g/m3α20,000g/dα20kg-COD/d Biogasquantityα0.3(m3-biogas/kg-COD)20(kg-COD/d)α͸m3-biogas/d Amountofsavedenergy: typicalfamilyofsixuses1.5m3-biogas/d. Biogasconsumptionofbuildingα10(floors/building)ʹ(families/floor)1.5(m3-biogas/d)α30m3- biogas/d Therefore,Ψofsavedenergyα͸(m3-biogas/d)Ȁ30(m3-biogas/d)100α20% Cost: Varied10000Ȃ15000L.Edependsonmaterial(concrete,steel,plastic,etc.). Figure8.Onsitebiogasunitfromorganicfractionofmunicipalwastefor120capita.(Dr.Ahmed TawfikandMohamedEl-Samadony,E-JUST)

4.1.5 Transport

NBCisconnectedwithAlexandriathroughnumberofmainroadsnamelyAlexandria- CairoDesertRoad(AlKaforyRoad)andNewBurgAlArabCity-MatrouhRoad.In additionNBCisconnectedwiththenationalrailwaysystemthroughAlexandria-BorgEl Arab railway which can be employed in the future as urban/suburban public mass

22 transport system. Finally, NBC is connected with the International Airportthrough single2-lanesroadway.ThetransportationsystemsconnectNBCwithAlexandriaare showninFigure9.

Figure9.ExternalroadandrailnetworkandsitelocationofNBC.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE) ItisworthmentioningthatNBCroadnetworkdoesnothavenamesforsomeroadlinks. Basedontheroadinventorysurvey,thefollowingitemscanbehighlighted: x There is no road hierarchy based on road capacities, importance or functions. Thisinturnwouldleadtotrafficcongestion,increasingtrafficaccidentrates,and reducingtheefficiencyoftheroadnetworkaswhole. x Incompatibility of certain intersections with safety provision and traffic operations. x Lackofroadsignsandmarkingsparticularlyatapproachestointersections. x Lackoforganizedandproperpedestrianfacilities,especiallyatstreetcrossings. x Lackandinsufficientparkinganddrop-offprovisions,particularlynearthemain buildings. This would lead to illegal parking in the surrounding streets and usuallycausetrafficaccidents. x Insufficient,poorandunorganizedofNBCpublictransportfacilitiesand/ormass transit.

Figure10.PresenttransportarrangementsinNBCfromlefttoright:passengertrainstoppingat station,unofficialtuk-tukstoppingarea,terminusofmicrobusroutes.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE)

NBCfacesconsiderablelackofpublictransportservices.Shortfallsinpublictransport havecreatedmarketopportunitiesfortheinformalsectorcollectivetaxisandtuk-tuk, whichhaveanadvantageofchangingtheirschedulesanddeviatefromlicensedroutes in response to passenger demand and congestion, even though it might be illegal. An unofficialtuk-tukstopisshowninFigure10.Ontheotherhand,collectivetaxisandtuk- 23 tukcreatenumberoftransportproblemsthataffectnotonlypublictransportbutalso diverselyaffecttheentiretransportsystemas:

x They are operated at unorganized manner without comprehensive view or plan; x Theirnetworkcoversallroadnetworks,andinmanyprecinctsduplicates, and competeswithbusservices; x They often interrupt traffic by stopping suddenly or slowing at curbs to collect/droppassengerslowcapacitycomparingtobiggerbusses;and x They are in poor technical condition contributing significantly to air pollution andhigh-energyconsumption.

NBC faces considerable lack of pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure. The infrastructureisnotprioritizingspaceforbicyclesandpedestrians.Specificallymissing indicatedcrossingsincreasetheriskforaccidentsandfeelingunsafe,therebyreducing thesebasicsustainablemeansoftransportsignificantly.

TheAlexandriaȂ BorgElArablineoperatesonthesametrackofAlexandriaȂ Mersa Matrouh line. The actual travel time between Alexandria core area and NBC needs around1.5hour.Theoperatedvehiclesonlineisinadequatetofulfillreasonablequality services as they are outdated, poorly maintained, diesel engines with poor acceleration/deceleration/speed,andpoorseatsquality.

TwostationsareexistsonNRCnamely25JanuarystationandBurgAlArabstation.The two stations are newly renewed and they are in good condition. The feeder systems (public buses and private operated mini-buses) to the railway stations are missing to servethepassengerscommutingtotheiractualdestinationswithintheNBC.

Table͵presentssomeindicatorsabouttheexistingtransportationsysteminNBC.As canbeseenfromthetable,thetotallengthoftheexistingroadnetworkinNBCisabout 316KmwhichconstituteaboutͶkmper1000inhabitancies.Nofixedpublictransport routes are dedicated. Microbuses/tuk-tuk represents the highest share of the daily passengertripswithabout71%whileprivatemotorizedmodesrepresentabout28%. The share of daily passenger trips by foot represents only 1%. Overall average trip length is 12.7 km and average trip time is 14.6 min and the average speed is 52 km/hour.Averagejourneytimetoworkbyprivatemotorizedmodesisabout13 minutes and by microbuses/tuk-tuk is about 23 minutes (extra by about 76%). The annual veh-km is about 27 million while the annual veh-hour is about 5.4 million. Finally, the annual CO2 emission is roughly estimated at 31.9 kilo ton and the total energyconsumptionbytransportsectoris426Tj.

Table3.TransportationIndicatorsfortheBaseYear2013inNBC.

Indicator Base Year 2013

Population 80000

Total length 316.71 Km

Length of road per thousand inhabitant 4 km per 1000 inhabitant Length of reserved public transport routes per thousand inhabitants 0 Kilometers of dedicated cycle lane per thousand of inhabitants 0 Public transport kilometers per inhabitant 0 Percentage of daily passenger trips on foot and by bicycle 1% percentage of daily passenger trips by private motorized modes 28% Percentage of daily passenger trips by microbuses and Tok-Tok 71% Percentage of population that lives within a given distance (300 m) from transit stops/stations (public transport) 0 Average passenger car occupancy rate 1.3 No of passenger cars per thousand inhabitant N/A Share of journeys to work by car N/A

Average time of journey to work by private motorized modes 13.20 min

Average time of journey to work by public transport/other modes 23.10 min Average pedestrian distances to hospitals, services, schools, business areas N/A Annual passenger transport fatalities per million inhabitant N/A

Annual CO2 emissions 31.90 Kilo ton

Energy consumption 426.50 Tj Energy consumption per road based public transport passenger kilometer (at vehicle) 0 Energy consumption per rail based public transport passenger kilometer (at vehicle) 0

Average Trip Length 12.7 Km

Average Trip Time 14.6 min

Average Speed 52.0 Km/hr

Average annual Veh.Km 278908697 veh.km

Average annual Veh.hr 5363629 veh.hr

5 Vision

The vision for turning NBC into an EcoCity was developed by team of Finnish and EgyptianexpertsthroughnumberofworkshopsheldinFinlandandEgypt.Fromthe beginning, it was clear that the vision should remain ambitious but still possible to achievegiventhenecessarypoliticalwillandsocialcommitment.

Theteamofexpertsdecidedtodefinethevisionaroundthreemainissuesofconcernfor each of the sectors consideredin the scope of the FS (Residential, Commercial/Public Facilities, Industrial, Services/Utilities, Transport). The issues of concern chosen are Energy,WaterandWaste,plusanadditionalcategorynamedOtherindependentissues (materials,social,etc.).Inordertoprovidealsosummarizedviewofthevisionacross sectors,General“sector”wasdefined.

Quantitative and qualitative targets were set for each of the sectors in relation to the issuesofconcernchosen.

Severalworkshopswithstakeholderswerealsoorganizedtocollecttheirfeedbackon thevision(andscenarios)proposed.Thecontentwasthenrefinedaccordingly.more detailedviewofthecontentdevelopedcanbefoundfromAnnex2.

Table4.SectorsandissuesofconcernconsideredfortheVision. SectorsconsideredfortheFeasibilityStudy

Issuesof General Residential Commercial/ Industrial Services/Utilities Transport concern Publicfacilities

Energy

Water

Waste

Other independent issues

5.1 Generaloverview

5.1.1 Energy

The vision foresees number of measures to be applied by all sectors like energy efficiency, smart use of energy, use of renewable energy sources (particularly solar energy), possibility to sell extra energy to the grid, waste to energy, efficient lighting solutions,useofbiofuels,useoflocalmaterials. Othermeasures,eventhoughincludedinthegeneraloverview,aremoresector-specific, like monitor and trace hazardous chemicals, cleaner production (green industry), electric cars, electrification of railway connection between NBC and Alexandria, pedestrian and bicycle lanes, improved bus system, car-pooling, Intelligent Traffic Systems(ITS),reduceduseofprivatecarsincitycentres(parkingfees),etc. Finally,therearesomemeasuresrelatedtopublicawareness,aswellasthenecessary legalframeworkandinformationtobeprovided.

5.1.2 Water

In relation to water, the vision includes measures like water conservation, improved water quality, use of non-conventional water resources, fresh water management, recycling and reuse of treated waste water, provision of fresh drinking water and sanitation,rainharvestingandincreasedpublicawareness.

5.1.3 Waste

Here the vision proposes measures like in situ sorting of waste, waste minimization, recycling, low cost technologies for waste water treatment, biogas and biofuel 26 production from waste, solid waste treatment, pollution prevention, reduction of emissions(seealsoenergy)andincreasepublicawareness.Andfinally,inthiscase,the previousarecompletedwithanadditionalmeasuredirectlyrelatedwithconsumption patterns:marketforusedgoods(fleamarket,onlinesales…).

5.1.4 Otherindependentissues

This additional category includes measures in relation to those issues that don’t fall within any of the other but are still perceived as very important like protection of aquaticecosystems,conservationandsustainableuseofland,sustainablegreencover, biodiversity,greenareas,goodgovernance,useofeco-friendlychemicals,minimization ofuseofrawmaterials,healthandsafety,etc.

5.2 Visionandtargetspersector

5.2.1 Residential

Energy Thevisioncontemplatesthepossibilitytosellextraenergytothegrid,andtodevelop local building energy code (including lighting), solar water heating and solar air conditioning, waste to energy technologies, efficient lighting solutions, and in general, energy efficiency and smart energy use. In addition, use of local materials should be promotedandtheawarenessofthepublicshouldbeincreased.

Targets: x 100%netrenewableenergyinallnewbuildings. x Reduceby50%in10yearsthetotalenergyconsumptioncomparedtobusinessasusual. Water The vision includes water conservation and water quality, use of non-conventional watersources(e.g.solardesalination),freshwatermanagement,recyclingandreuseof treatedwastewater,provisionoffreshdrinkingwaterandsanitation,rainharvesting andincreasedpublicawareness.

Targets: x 30%lesswaterconsumption(includingwaterrecycling)comparedtobusinessasusual. x 100%puredrinkingwaterforeveryone. x 50%watertreatedusingrenewableenergysourcesin10years. x 100%sanitationforeveryone. x Respectcarryingcapacitiesintermsofwateravailability. Waste The vision includes in situ sorting of waste, waste minimization and increased public awareness.

27 Targets: x Near100%ofthewaste(includingbothsolidwasteandwastewater)istreated,recycledand/or reused. x 100%ofhazardouswasteisproperlytreated. Otherindependentissues Here the vision describes aspects that don’t relate precisely to the previous issues of concern like for example protecting aquatic ecosystems, conservation and sustainable useofland,sustainablegreencover,biodiversity,greenareasorgoodgovernance.

Targets: x Intensifyingwaterpollutionpreventiontoreducehealthhazardsanddamagetoecosystems. x Reducingsalinity,combatingdesertification,reducingcroplandexpansion,preventingsoilpollution anddegradation. x Reducingplantuprootingandremovalofnaturalvegetation. x Ingeneral,improvingthelegislation. x Introducingtheadequatelegislationtoallowandregulatetheuseofrenewableenergy.

5.2.2 Commercial/Publicfacilities

Energy Thevisionincludessolarwaterheatingandsolarairconditioning,wastetoenergy,use ofefficientlightingsolutions,energyefficiencyandsmartenergyuse,monitorandtrace hazardouschemicals,andgreenpolicyforall. Inaddition,useoflocalmaterialsshouldbepromotedandtheawarenessofthepublic shouldbeincreased.

Targets: x Enforcementoftheexistinglawtoclosebusinessesatgiventime. x Improvedenergyefficiency(efficientlighting,refrigeration). Water Thevisioncontemplateswaterconservation(includingagriculturalactivities)andwater quality, use of non-conventional water sources (e.g. solar desalination), fresh water management, recycling and reuse of treated waste water, provision of fresh drinking waterandsanitation,rainharvestingandincreasedpublicawareness.

Targets: x 100%useofnon-conventionalwaterforirrigationandnon-conventionalirrigationtechniques. Waste Thevisionincludesrecycling,lowcosttechnologiesforwastewatertreatment,biogas productionfromwasteandincreasedpublicawareness. 28 Targets: x Near100%ofthewaste(includingbothsolidwasteandwastewater)istreated,recycledand/or reused. x 100%ofhazardouswasteisproperlytreated.

5.2.3 Industrial

Energy Thevisionincludescleanerproduction(greenindustry),monitoring(in-plantcontrol), maintainingtheenergycycle,renewableenergyandenergyefficiency(ISO50000,etc.), efficient lighting solutions, monitor and trace hazardous chemicals, possibility to sell extraenergytothegrid,smartenergyuse.Inaddition,enforcementofenvironmental lawsandregulationsshouldbeachievedandpublicawarenessincreased.

Targets: x 100%ofindustriesenergyauditedonregularbasis. x 100%ofindustrieshavinggreenpolicy,self-monitoringandcontinuousimprovementprocesses. x Sharedresponsibilityintrade(hazardouschemicals). x Upgradingofoutdatedequipmentthroughenforcementandincentives. x Useofrenewableenergy. Water The vision promotes non-conventional water resources (e.g. solar desalination), recycling and reuse of treated waste water, rain harvesting and increased public awareness.

Targets: x 100%ofindustrieswaterauditedonregularbasis. x 100%recyclingofwastewaterwhereapplicable. x Enforcementofthelawregulatingdischargeintowaterstreams. Waste The vision promotes waste minimization, solid waste treatment, recycling, recovery (includingwastetoenergy),pollutionpreventionandincreasedpublicawareness.

Targets: x Near100%ofthewasteistreated,recycledand/orreused. x 100%ofhazardouswasteisproperlytreated. Otherindependentissues The vision promotes the use of eco-friendly chemicals, minimization of rawmaterials andOccupationalSafetyƬHealth(OSH).

29 Targets: x OHSrulesshouldbefollowedbyallemployeesatalltimes.Developprocessestosupportthis.

5.2.4 Services/Utilities

Energy The vision includes minimization of electricity consumption, in public spaces, daily serviceswithinwalkingdistance(around500m),efficientlightingsolutions,providing consultancyonenergyefficientsolutions,providingenergyauditservice(e.g.throughE- JUSTEnergyOffice),smartenergyuse,energyinformationandtipsavailable(e.g.from E-JUSTEnergyOffice),ESCOcompanies,andincreasepublicawareness.

Targets: x 60%reductionofenergyconsumptioninGovernmentofficescomparedtobusinessasusual. x E-JUSTEnergyOfficeupandrunninginthenearfuture. Water The vision includes rain harvesting, providing clean water and increased public awareness.

Targets: x 30%reductionofwaterconsumptionintheServicesector. x Allseptictanksshouldbemodifiedtopreventgroundwaterpollution,andservicetoemptythetanks shouldbeavailable. Waste Thevisionincludesmarketsforusedgoods(fleamarket,onlinesale…),well-functioning wastemanagementservicesavailableandincreasedpublicawareness.

Targets: x 100%garbagecollection. x Atleastonefunctioningmarketplaceforusedgoods(eitherphysicaloronline). x Near100%ofthewasteistreated,recycledand/orreused. x 100%ofhazardouswasteisproperlytreated.

5.2.5 Transport

Energy The vision includes use of biofuels, electric cars, fuel cells, electrification of railway connection between Borg El Arab City and Alexandria, pedestrian and bicycle lanes, improving the bus system, busycles, supporting car-pooling, energy efficiency, increasingtheuseofpublictransport,increasingcyclingandwalking,IntelligentTraffic Systems (ITS), introducing information systems for travellers, car-free zones, traffic

30 calming measures, bus and HOV priority, reduce use of private cars in city centre (parkingfees). Inaddition,trafficlawsandregulationsshouldbeenforcedandpublicawarenessshould beraised.

Targets: x ModalSplit:publictransportshare50%. x ModalSplit:pedestrian/cyclingshare10%. x Decreaseprivatecarshare40%. x 15%useofelectriccarsby2035forthebestscenario. x 100%carsshouldberegularlycheckedandmaintained. Water Thevisionincludesrainharvestingfortheroadsystemandincreasedpublicawareness. Waste Thevisionpromotesbiofuelfromwaste,hydrogenproduction,reductionofemissions (see energy), recycling (tyres, other parts), recovery and again increased public awareness.

Targets: x Enforcementoflawregulatingdisposalofoldcars. x 100%tyresrecycled. x Near100%ofthewasteistreated,recycledand/orreused. x 100%ofhazardouswasteisproperlytreated.

6 Scenarios

To evaluate the future situation for NBC in the year 2035 and its technical, environmentalimpacts,the"scenariotechnique"wasadopted.scenariocanbedefined aslogicalandplausible(butnotnecessarilyprobable)setofeventsthatmayleadto thefuturesituation.Theaimistoconsiderrangeofpossible“futures”andtoprovide variousdevelopmentstrategies.

6.1 Generalscenarios

The general scenarios agreed and developed jointly through number of focused workshopsare:

x BusinessAsUsualscenario(BAU) x LowInvestmentSustainabilityscenario(LIS) x HighInvestmentSustainabilityscenario(HIS) 31 Thesescenarioswerefirstdefinedingeneralway,applicabletoallsectors,andthen developedmoreindetailforeachofthesectorsincludedinthescopeofthisFS.Annex͵ containsthedetaileddescriptionofthescenarios.

6.1.1 BAUscenario

The scenario implies that things will continue in the future as they are now, the evolution pattern will be the same. Therefore this point of view, BAU is basically the descriptionofthecurrentsituation,includingpopulationandeconomicgrowthandalso thecontentoftheStrategicPlanandtheresultsfortheperformanceindicatorsproposed bytheEcoNBCteam.Theperformanceindicatorsproposedforbasicdiagnosisofthe currentsituationare: x Energyconsumption [kWh/year] energysource x Waterconsumption [m3/year] x Materialconsumption [kg/year] x Emissions [kgCO2equivalent/year] x Wastewater [m3/year] x Solidwaste [tonnes/year] hazardous/nonhazardous

Eventhoughtheperformanceindicatorsselectedshouldbefeasiblesincetheyarequite basic, gathering the necessary data has proved to be considerable challenge, particularlyinthecaseoftheIndustrialsector.Sincethesamedataareneededalsofor thecalculationsofthedifferentscenariosconsidered(seeChapter͹Impacts),EcoNBC team has made number of decisions to overcome the unavailability of data or the unreliability of the existing data. These decisions and assumptions will be explained ahead. However, EcoNBC team would like to draw the attention of all involved stakeholders towards the importance of making the data available in order to support sustainable developmentinEgypt.

6.1.2 LISscenario

The Low Investment Sustainability scenario should contain primary energy efficiency measuresalongwiththeintroductionofrenewableenergysourcesandimproveduser behaviorregardingenergyefficiency.Minimizationoflightingenergyconsumption,as

32 well as the consistent use of passive solutions in Residential and Commercial sectors (seeAnnex3),andthegeneralimplementationofenergyauditsfortheIndustrysector, shouldalsobeincludedintheLISscenario. InrelationtoWater,theLISscenarioincludeswaterconservationmeasuresaswellas monitoring energy and water quality inside the buildings. In relation to Waste, this scenarioconsidersseparatingwasteatneighbourhoodanddistrictlevels. TherearenumberofmeasuresspecificallyrelatedtotheTransportationsectorlikethe improvementofpublictransportandtrafficcontrolsystems,theenforcementoftraffic laws,orseparatelanesfordifferentmeansoftransportation.Othermeasuresarerelated totheIndustrysectorlikethedevelopmentoflowcosttechnologies,theoptimizationof material and energy flows in industrial processes or improving the skills of the employees. Inadditiontothis,theLISscenarioalsoincludesothergeneralmeasureslikesustainable planninganddesign,thecreationofdatabasesfordifferentsectorsorawarenessraising programmes(energy,water,waste,lifestyle…).

6.1.3 HISscenario

In relation to Energy, the High Investment Sustainability scenario includes the use of advancedrenewableenergytechnologiesandsolutions(seeAnnex2). ForWater,theHISscenarioconsidersupgradingthewaterdistributionnetwork,fresh watermanagementandrainharvesting,aswellasincreasingtheproductionanduseof non-conventionalwaterresources(e.g.desalination). InrelationtoWaste,thisscenarioincludeshazardouswastedumpingsites,classification ofthedifferentindustriesforbettercommonwastemanagement,solidandliquidwaste managementfortheIndustrysector,useofnon-conventionaltechniquesforimproving the added value from materials waste, 100% recycling efficiency especially for water (ZeroLiquidDischargetechnology). Additionally, the HIS scenario also includes other social and economic measures with impacts on the main issues of concern selected, like improving sanitation and health, buildingmoreschoolsandhospitals,developingindustrialecoparks,masstransportand IntelligentTrafficSystems,electricvehicles,creationoflocalSMEsaroundsustainable technologies,productsandsystems,etc.

33 6.2 Scenariospersector

Based on the data and the tools/software available, several scenarios have been defined more in detail for the Residential and Transport sectors as it will be described next. These scenarios were then used as basis for energy and CO2 emissions, and cost calculations respectively.

6.2.1 Residentialsector

The buildings considered here relate to two investment scenarios: Low Investment Sustainability scenario (LIS) and High Investment Sustainability scenario (HIS). In the first case, the design includes exclusively lowcost solutions, while in the second case technologiescommonlyassociatedwithNet-zerohousesareincluded.Bothcaseshave beencomparedtoreferencecase,calledBusinessAsUsual(BAU),whichreferstothe minimum requirements of the Egyptian energy code, as presented in the aforementionedstudies.Inparticular,activeandpassiveventilationsystems,different external envelope solutions, PV and solar thermal systems have been considered. Furthermore,differentsolarPVfieldsizeshavebeenconsidered,butonlyforthehigh investmentscenario.(Redaetal.,2015)

Theresearchhasbeencarriedoutinthreephases:investigationofthemainbehaviour patterns of occupants in relation to energy consumption, assessment of relevant technologiesand,finally,energyanalysis.The latteraspecthasbeencarriedoutusing TRNSYSsoftware.Theinvestigationphasewasconductedassurvey.Thegoalofthe survey was to understand the occupant behaviour concerning the use of windows, shadingsystemsanddomestichotwaterintypicalNewBorgElArabresidentialareas. Stakeholders, local authorities and energy market key players were involved in the technology assessment phase in order to list cost-effective systems and building envelopesolutionsforeachscenario:BAU,LISandHIS.

TheaimofthisphasewastocreatelistoftechnologiesthatsuitNewBorgElArabin the local context for bothhigh andlow investment scenarios. two-day meeting was organizedbyVTTandE-JUSTwiththelocalstakeholders,authoritiesandenergymarket keyplayersinordertoselect,amongotherissuesrelatedtoEcoNBCproject,themost effective residential energy saving solutions. Particular attention was given to the capabilityoftheconstructionworkers,totheavailabilityoftechnicalpassiveandactive solutionsintheEgyptianmarketandtotherecentlocalresearchfindings,describedin the introduction. Thus, the Low Investment scenario (LIS) includes only simple and affordable solutions, while the High Investment scenario (HIS) includes technologies commonly applied in Net zero energy buildings. In both scenarios, solar technologies werepreferred,amongothers,becauseofthehighlevelofsolarirradianceinEgypt,as stated in the introduction. The Business As usual Scenario (BAU), on the other hand, refers to the minimum requirements of the Egyptian energy code. The chosen technologiesforeachcasearelistedinTable5. Moreover,forthethreeconsideredcases:BAU,LISandHIS,anairtowaterheatpump wasincludedforsupplyingcoolingandheatingenergy. 34 Table5.Listoftechnologiesselectedbylocalstakeholders,authorities,energymarketkeyplayers, VTTandE-JUSTexpert.

Lowinvestmentscenario Highinvestmentscenario Businessasusual(BAU) (LIS) (HIS) Incandescent20%and Fluorescentlightbulbs LEDs fluorescentlamp80% s e i Freecoolingsystemrelyingon g Mixedfreecoolingventilation o

l openingwindowswhenrooms Freecoolingsystemusingvents

o system(throughventsΪ

n areoccupied(natural (naturalventilationonly)

h mechanicalventilation)

c ventilationonly) e t

m Unglazedsolarthermal e

t Ǧ Glazedsolarthermalcollectors s collectors y S Ǧ Ǧ PV Ǧ Externalreflectivepaint Externalreflectivepaint

Insulation(5cmontheground Insulation(6cmontheground s e Doublewallofhalfred-brick n

p floorandtheRoof,͵cmonthe floorandtheRoof,ͷcmonthe o

o withͷcmairgapinbetween i l

t externalwalls) externalwalls) e u v l

n Ǧ Shadingsystem Shadingsystem o E s Doubleglasslow-e(lowthermal Doubleglasswindow Doubleglasswindow emissivity)window Energysystem:BAU Thesystemusedinthisscenarioisthesimplestconsidered.Itconsistsofstoragehot water tank and heat pump. Since there are not solar technologies involved, the componentsC1,P2,solarcollectors,PV,batteriesandinverterarenotpartoftheBAU system.TheconsideredairtowaterheatpumpreferstothemodelERLQ004-008CV3of theseriesDaikinAlthermaairtowaterheatpump.TRNSYStype941hasbeenusedto model the HP; furthermore, the catalogue data for both heating and cooling has been created according to the abovementioned product technical data sheet. The main technicalfeaturesoftheheatpumpareshowninTable6.

Table6.MaintechnicalfeaturesoftheheatpumpmodelDaikinAlthermaairtowaterheatpumpȂ ERLQ004-008CV3.

Heatpumptechnicaldata,modelERLQ004-008CV3,Daikin®[43] Max.waterflowtemperatureforheating 55°C Airtemperatureoperatinglimits(coolingmode) -10°CȂ45°C Airtemperatureoperatinglimit(heatingmode) -20°C Watertemperatureoperatinglimits(coolingmode) ͷ°C–18°C Watertemperatureoperatinglimits(heatingmode) 25°C–60°C CoolingcapacityȀCOPatA35/W7 6.82–2.9kWǢǦ CoolingcapacityȀCOPatA45/W18 6.38–2.25kWǢ- HeatoutputȀCOPatA7/W35 5.12–4.57kWǢ- HeatoutputȀCOPatA2/W55 4.54–2.58kWǢ- Blowerpower 53

35 Figure11.TRNSYSschematicviewoftheHISsystem.(Dr.FrancescoReda,VTT) The heat pump supplies heating energy to the building via the storage tank, while coolingenergyissupplieddirectly.TherightpartoftheFigure11showsthesupply loop,componentsV4,V5andP3.V5isresponsibletodivertpartoftheloadflowrate toV4inordertoreachtheinlettemperaturerequiredbythefancoils.Thefancoilsinlet temperaturesare45°and16°respectivelyforheatingandcoolingsupply.Moreover, C2allowstheheatpumptodriveheatingorcoolingenergythroughV1tothehottank, until the temperature of the tank reaches 55°C,andtoV3,incasecoolingenergyis requiredinthebuilding.Onlyinsummerbothheating,forDHW,andcoolingenergies arerequired.Therefore,C2givesprioritytothecoolingenergy,forcingtheheatpumpto produce cooling energy first and then, when the building does not require cooling energy, C2 lets the heat pump charge the hot tank. Therefore, the hot storage tank supplies both DHW and heating loads. TRNSYS type 60 has been used to model the storagetank.Alltherequestedparametershavebeen setin accordancewiththedata sheetofthemanufacturer.Table͹showsalsothemaindesignparametersofthetank. Energysystem:LIS LIS system adds to the BaU system the unglazed solar thermal collectors. This means thatthecomponentsC1,P2andsolarthermalcollectorsareincludedinthemodel.Table ͹showsunglazedsolarthermalpanelfeaturesandnumber.Thetiltangleofthesolar thermalcollectorshasbeenfixedto40°,whichis10°morethanthelatitude,inorderto maximizetheirefficiencyinwinter.TypeͳhasbeenusedinTRNSYStomodelthesolar thermalcollectors.Moreover,thepowerofthesolarcirculationpumps(P2)isassumed tobe50W.C1checksthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthesolarthermalfieldandthe hotwatertankandifthetemperaturedifferenceexceeds4°CwhenP2isnotrunning,it forcesP2torun,drivingsolarenergyintothehotwatertank.Instead,whenP2is running,C1letsthesolarcirculationpumprunsonlyiftheaforementionedtemperature differenceexceeds2°C. 36 Energysystem:HIS TheauthorshaveassessedtheenergyperformanceofthethreePVsystemsizesusedin theHIStoestimatethebenefitsofPVdrivencoolingsystem.Couplingheatpumpto PVsystemallowsproducingheatingandcoolingwithoutconsumingenergyiftheoutput powerofthePVsystemisenoughtosupplytheheatpump.Moreover,onlyonemachine, the heat pump, is needed to supply both the heating and cooling systems. Recent research has shown the promising performance of this system configuration in the Mediterraneanregions,statingthatcurrentlyPVsolarcoolingsolutionsactuallyallow betterresultsthanthesolarthermallydrivenones.ThereforethreeHIScases:HISa, and havebeenconsidered;theydifferonlybythesizeofthePVsystem.Inparticular, HISchasmorePVandbatteriesthanHISbandHISacases.Therefore,allHIScasesaddto the LIS system PV system, an inverter and batteries. In addition, instead of the unglazedsolarthermalcollectors,solarflatplateglazedcollectorshavebeenused.The same TRNSYS type has been used to model them. Table ͹ shows flat plate collectors designfeaturesandtheirconfigurationforeachHIScase. Table7.Maindesignparametersofsolarunglazedandflatplatethermalcollectorsandstorage hotwatertank. Thermalpanelmodel:UnglazedandFlatplatecollector Netsurface(onepanel) 2.3m²(1.2X1.9m) Nominalflowrate(onepanel) 120l/h Ʉ α0.9 a α20W/m²K Solarthermalunglazedcollector Ͳ 1 a αͲW/m²K2Ǥ LIS (Intercept (Efficiency 2 EfficiencyɄ (Efficiencycurvature) stc efficiency) slope) Ʉ α0.78 a α3.2W/m²K Solarthermalflatplatecollector Ͳ 1 a α0.115W/m²K2Ǥ HIS (Intercept (Efficiency 2 EfficiencyɄ (Efficiencycurvature) stc efficiency) slope) Numberofpanels(connectedinseries) LISǡUnglazed-5;HISa,bandcGlazed:3; HotandcoldstoragetankmodelECOCOMBI͵VCCordivari Capacity 500l DHWCorrugatedstainlessheatexchanger 26.6 316LCapacity SolarfixedheatexchangerCapacity 11.5l Solarfixedheatexchangerpressuredrop 3000Pa Insulationthickness 10cm Insulationconductivity 0.135W/mK Tableͺ showsthemaindesignparametersforPV,batteriesandinvertersystemsand alsotheirconfigurationforeachHIScases.ThewholePVsystemconsistsofPVmodules, setofbatteriesandmaximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT)inverter.Types194,48 and47havebeenusedtomodel,respectively,PV,inverterandbatteriesinTRNSYS.All theparametersrequestedbytheaforementionedtypeshavebeensetaccordingtothe manufacturesspecifications.Therefore,thePVmoduleschargethebatterythroughthe MPPTandthebatteriessupplyelectricitytotheloadsthroughtheinverter. ThetiltangleofthePVmodulesoftheHISaandhasbeenset20°inordertooptimize themforsummeruse.InsteadwithregardtotheHISccase,sincetheavailableroof

37 surfaceforeachapartmentisnotenoughtoplaceallthePVmodules,ͺmoduleshave beenplacedonthesouthfaçadeoftheapartment. Table8.MaindesignparametersofPV,batteriesandinvertersystems. SharpPVmoduleND-R245A5[47] GWL-power,batterymodelSP-LFP200AHA[48] Moduleshort-circuit currentatreference 8.68 CellEnergyCapacity 200 Ah conditions Moduleopen-circuit voltageatreference 37.6 Cellsinparallel 3–2 Ǧ conditions Reference 298.15 Cellsinseries 8–18 Ǧ temperature Referenceinsolation 1000 W/m² Chargingefficiency 0.9 - Modulevoltageat Max.currentforcell maxpowerpointand 30.9 400 charging referenceconditions Modulecurrentat Max.currentforcell maxpowerpointand 8.1 -400 discharge referenceconditions Temperature Max.chargevoltagefor coefficientofIscat 0.138 Ǧ 2.8 cell (ref,cond) HISaǣ18connectedin Temperature series;HISbǣ36(2 coefficientofVoc(ref, -0.329 Ǧ NumberofBatteries linesof18batt.each); cond,) HIScǣ36(3linesof18 batt.each); Moduletemperature 320.65 InvertermodelET6415N[49] atNOCT Ambienttemperature 293.15 Regulatorefficiency 0.78 Ǧ atNOCT Inverterefficiency(DCto InsolationatNOCT 800 W/m² 0.96 Ǧ AC) Highlimitonfractional Modulearea 1.65 m² 0.95 Ǧ stateofcharge(FSOC) tau-alphaproductfor 0.95 Ǧ LowlimitonFSOC 0.2 Ǧ normalincidence HISaandbǣ chargetodischargelimit Tiltangle 20°;HIScǣ Degrees 0.3 Ǧ onFSOC 20°–90°; HISaǣͷ HISaǣ10(Roof stringsofʹ mounted); moduleseach; HISbǣ18(Roof HISbǣͻ mounted);HIScǣ HISa,andcǣ3200 Numerofmodules stringsofʹ Poweroutputlimit 26(18mounted (48V) moduleseach; ontheroofand HIScǣ13 ͺonthesouth stringsofʹ façade); moduleseach Inverterefficiency(ACto 0.8 Ǧ DC)

38 6.2.2 Transportsector

Thefollowingthreescenariosaredevelopedintheframeworkofthisstudyforthe futuredevelopmentofthetransportsysteminNBC(ShahinƬHedman,2014): BusinessAsUsualscenario TheReferencescenario(seeFigure12)isbasedoncontinuationoftheexistingtravel behaviouroftheyear2014inthefuture,accordingtothefollowingassumptions: x Forecastedpopulationbasedontheproposedmasterplanandincreaserateof population. x Littlechangeinthemodalsplittothebenefitofthebusmode. x Changeintheroadinfrastructuresbasedonthemasterplan.

Figure12.GeneraldescriptionoftheBusinessasusualscenario.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE) LowInvestmentSustainabilityscenario Thisscenarioincludessomeofthemeasuresforsaving,shifting,andsmoothingtraffic (seeFigure13).Themainfeaturesofthisscenariocanbesummarizedasfollows:

x MixedLandUseApproach x IntroduceBusRapidTransitNetworkonthemainroadsofNBC x UsetheexitingMiniBuses/Tuk-tukfleetasminororganizedpublictransport feeders x CreationofPedestrianandCyclingFacilities x Enforcementoftrafficlaws x DevelopEffectiveRideSharingandCarPoolingSystem x IntroduceParkingManagementsystemincitycenters x IntroduceCalmingMeasuresincitycenters x RaisingPublicAwareness x UseofBiofuel/naturalgaspoweredpublictransport

39 x Maintenance of vehicles to the manufacturer's specifications and applying for VehicleScrappingProgram

Figure13.GeneraldescriptionoftheLowInvestmentscenario.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE) Figures 14a and 14b present the proposed public bus transport routes and their catchment areas for Low Investment Sustainability Scenario. Figure 15 shows an example for the proposed road cross sections which contains PT and walking/bike reservedwidths.

Figure14a.ProposedPublicTransportRoutesfortheLowInvestmentSustainabilityScenario.(Dr. MohamedShahin,CGCE)

Figure14b.CatchmentAreasfortheproposedPublicTransportRoutesintheLowInvestment SustainabilityScenario.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE)

Figure15.ProposedTypicalCrossSectionsfortheMainRoadsinNBC.(Dr.MohamedShahin, CGCE) HighInvestmentSustainabilityscenario ThisscenarioincludesthemeasuresofLowInvestmentSustainabilityScenarioplusthe followingmeasures(seeFigure16):

x IntroduceofNewRegionalRailwayconnectingwithAlexandriaCity x IntroduceofTramandLightRailTransitNetworkonthemainroadsofNBC x Optimize use of available Infrastructure through Implement Intelligent Traffic System x UseofElectricvehiclesandFuelcellcars x UseofBiofuelsforcars x Introduceoffreighttransportcenters

41 Figure16.GeneraldescriptionoftheHighinvestmentsustainabilityscenario.(Dr.Mohamed Shahin,CGCE) Figures17and18presenttheproposedpublicbustransportroutesandtheircatchment areasforLowInvestmentSustainabilityScenario.Figure19showsanexampleforthe proposedroadcrosssectionswhichcontainsPTandwalking/bikereservedwidths.

Figure17.ProposedPublicTransportRoutesfortheLowInvestmentSustainabilityScenario.(Dr. MohamedShahin,CGCE)

42 Figure18.ProposedPublicTransportRoutesfortheLowInvestmentSustainabilityScenario.(Dr. MohamedShahin,CGCE)

Figure19.ProposedTypicalCrossSectionsfortheMainRoadsinNBC.(Dr.MohamedShahin, CGCE) 7 Impacts

7.1 Residentialsector

TheimpactsofthescenariosintheresidentialsectorwereanalyzedforCO2emissions andcosts.Inaddition,briefexpertevaluationofsocialfactorswasmade.

7.1.1 EnergyandCO2emissions

The impact was calculated by in detail simulating one case residential building, and morespecificoneapartmentinthebuilding.ThesimulationsweredonewithTRNSYS software.Thescenariosweredonebasedontheapproachdescribedearlier.Theresult

43 from one building was multiplied with the total amount of apartments, 178125 apartmentunitsaccordingtothemasterplan. Itwasassumedthatallbuildingshadthesameshapeasthecasebuilding,beingͶ storeyshigh.Itmustbenotedthatthiswouldprobablyinrealitynotbethecase.Itshall alsobenotedthatifbuildingwouldbehigherthanͶstoreys,therooftopareawillnot anymorebeenoughfortheamountofPVpanelsperapartmentassumedintheearlier calculations.

TableͻshowstheenergyperformanceofthedistrictandtheCO2emissionscalculated on the energy balance. It is to be noted that even if these results indicate an overall surplus energy production in the scenario HISc, this applies for the residential sector only.Actuallyitwouldmeanthattheresidentialbuildingswouldbeabletosellsurplus electricitytoforexamplepublicbuildingslikeschoolsorhealthcentresorcommercial buildingslikeoffices.TheoverallCO2emissionsintheseresultsshallbeinterpretedas theresidentialbuildingssurplusenergywouldreplaceaverageelectricityandtherefore impacttheothersectors’emissions.Sincethisanalysisonlytakestheresidentialsector intoaccount,theseemissionsareshownasnegativeforthissector. Table9.Annualfinalenergydemandoftheheatingandcoolingsystemsfortheresidentialsectorin NewBorgElArabCity,PVproduced,consumedandexportedenergiesandfinalenergybalance, whichincludestheappliancesenergyconsumptionofeachscenario.

Note: CO2 emissions are calculated based on the final district energy balance and assuming the averageEgyptianemissionfactorforelectricityforallenergyuse. BaU LIS HISa HISb HISc Final districtenergydemand[GWh] 619,6 315,5 219,8 219,8 219,8 Districts’producedPVenergy[GWh] Ǧ Ǧ 335,5 603,9 763,1 Districts’consumedPVenergy[GWh] Ǧ Ǧ 114,7 189,7 205,7 Districts’exportedPVenergy[GWh] Ǧ Ǧ 116,6 236,2 343,5 Finaldistrictsenergybalance[GWh] 846,2 542,1 215,1 20,4 -103,0

CO2emission[1000t] 394,3 252,6 100,2 9,5 -48,0 Thefundamentalaimofveryenergyefficientbuildingistoreducethebuildingenergy needs. LIS shows good results for very energy efficient building. Indeed the annual coolingandheatingbuildingneeds,around32kWh/m²and29kWh/m²(16kWh/m² spaceheatingand13kWh/m²DHW),arerespectively46%and26%lessthanthe annualenergydemandsoftheBaUcasebuilding.However,stepfurthertowardsnet zeroenergybuildingwastakenintheHIScase.There,theannualbuildingheatingand coolingdemandsarerespectively24.71kWh/m²(11.71kWh/m²spaceheatingand13 kWh/m²DHW)and23.26kWh/m²,respectively16%and28%lessthantheenergy demandsoftheLIScasebuilding.

44 Theenergysystemhascentralroleinveryenergyefficientbuilding.Indeed,energyis neededtoproduceDHWandtocoverbothspacecoolingandheatingdemands.TheHIS case was further divided into three: HISa, and c; they have different PV systems configurations.ThefinalenergyconsumptionofLIS,around15kWh/m²,signifiesthat veryenergyefficientbuildingcanbeachievedusingsimpleandaffordableenvelopeand energysystemsolutions.Indeed,itishalfofthefinalenergyconsumptionoftheBaU. ParticularlyinterestingaretheresultsofHISa:thefinalenergyconsumption,aroundͷ kWh/m²,isabout65%lessthanthatofLIS. Finally,remarkableresultswereachievedinbothHISbandc,usingPVsystemsizethat is within the range of the power capacities conventionally utilized in the residential sector of the Mediterranean countries. In fact, both HISb and buildings can be considerednetzeroenergybuildings,sincetheon-siterenewablesystem(PV)supplies almost the whole energy heating and cooling system demand. Their final energy consumptionsare,respectively,1.48kWh/m²and0.69kWh/m².Thesefiguresdonot includethehomeappliances’consumption.Instead,theyhavebeenconsideredwithin thefinalenergybalanceofeachscenario,whichconsidersalsothedumpedenergyfrom thePVsystemasbeingexportedtothenationalgrid.BothHISbandHIScresultssupport thepotentialsuccessofverylowenergybuildingconceptinEgypt.Indeed,theHISb hasfinalenergybalancethatexceedsslightlyzero,aroundͳkWh/m²,whiletheHISc has negative final energy balance, around -5 kWh/m², meaning that the building producessurplusofenergyovertheyear. Itisevidentthattheimpactisverybigifthesescenarioswouldbeappliedinthewhole city.Savingsupto605,7GWhcouldbeachievedand282,2tonsofCO2emissions couldbeavoided.ThisamountstothetotalCO2emissionsof117853Egyptians.This can be considered high impact since the city is planned to host 750 000 inhabitants. Thesesavingsfromonlytheresidentialsectorwouldenable15%ofthepopulationto live totally “carbon free”, theoretically calculated. The figure becomes bigger when sustainability actions for other sectors as transport, service and industry sectors are takenintoaccount. Inconclusion,verylowenergyandnetzeroenergybuildingshavebeendesignedinline with the local context, using envelope solutions to lower their energy needs and renewablesystemstoachievenearzeroornegativefinalenergybalance.Ideallythis studyalongwithothersshouldattracttheinterestoflocalandcentraladministrations forplanningandbuildingneweco-friendlyresidentialdistrictsthatincludeveryenergy efficientbuildings.

7.1.2 Costeffectivenessanalysis

cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) was conducted using the VTT-CEA tool on the modelledapartmentbuilding.TheselectedtypeofCEAmethodisDynamicGeneration Cost(DGC),whichgivesasresultthepriceofenergysavedintermsofUSD/kWh.Table

45 10 gives price information for BAU and LIS. Only technical systems that are different between the two cases are listed, otherwise the buildings are the same. More details aboutthemethodusedareavailableinTuominenetal.(2015).

Table10.Listoftechnologiesinthetwoscenariosincludingpriceandreplacementinterval estimatesusedinthecalculation.Numbersaregivenperapartment.

Investmentcost Intervalforreplacing Scenario Systemname Reference (USD) thesystem(years) Doubleredbrickwallwithanair EgyptianMinistry 4914 Ǧ gap ofHousing(2014) Incandescent(6)and ͳ(incandescent),10 Alliancetosave 87 fluorescentlights(24) (fluorescent) energy(2011) BAU Advancedfancoils(13)forair 2080 20 Alibaba(2014a) circulation Regularhotwaterstoragetank 1500 20 Alibaba(2014b) Total 8581 EgyptianMinistry Insulatedbuildingenvelope 6037 Ǧ ofHousing(2014) EgyptianMinistry Externalreflectivepaint 488 10 ofHousing(2014) EgyptianMinistry Shadingsystemforwindows 420 20 ofHousing(2014) Alliancetosave LIS Fluorescentlights(30) 105 10 energy(2011) Freeflowventsandadvanced 1780 20 Alibaba(2014a) fancoils(8) Efficienthotwaterstoragetank 1900 20 Alibaba(2014c) Unglazedsolarthermalcollector 1250 20 Egyptsolar(2014) system Total 11980 FromthepointofviewoftheCEAcalculation,theBAUscenarioservesasthereference case,DGCbeingcalculatedforLIS.Table10givesthecostestimatesusedintheCEA calculationaswellastheintervalsforsystemreplacementsperapartment.Additionally it is assumed that in LIS on average one work day annually is used by an unskilled workercleaningtherooftopsystemsandoneworkdaybyskilledprofessionals,suchas an electrician, on system check-ups, totalling 40USD/a using typical local costs. The calculationismadewith10Ψdiscountrateforͳyearofinvestmentsand50yearsof operating,maintenanceandreplacementcosts. Theresultwasthatthemeasuresunderconsiderationinlowinvestmentscenariohad costof0.21USD/kWhforenergysaved.ElectricitypriceinEgyptisheavilysubsidised andevenafterrecentpricehikesisexpectedtosettleat0.07USD/kWh(Kalin,2014).It wouldthereforeappearthatthecombinationofenergyefficiencymeasuresstudiedin LIS is not at present economically sensible from pure investment calculation perspective. However, further cuts in subsidies are expected. In EU countries the average electricity price was 0.25USD/kWh in 2013 (Eurostat, 2014), which would suffice to make the investment profitable. Moreover, the positive effects of reduced 46 pollution,climaticeffectsandconsumptionofnon-renewableresourcesmayjustifythe somewhathighercost. 7.1.3 Socialimpactanalysis

TheSocialimpactsoftheoptionsinthescenarioscouldbesummarizedinthefollowing: x Healthandwellbeingimpacts Thismainlyrelatestothepublichealthimprovementsobservedasresultofimproved heatingandcoolingofbuildingsandairqualityfrommoreefficienttransportandpower generationandlessdemandforboth. x Povertyalleviation:Energyaffordabilityandaccess Asenergydemandandbillsarereducedforthepoor,thesehouseholdshavetheability to acquire more and better energy services, as well as free up income to spend on satisfying other critical needs. In addition, as utilities improve their supply-side efficiency, they can provide more electricity to more households, thereby supporting increased-accessinitiatives,whichisoftenanimportantstatedobjectiveofsupply-side energyefficiencyactivitiesindevelopingcountries. x Increasedavailableincome Across all income levels, when energy efficiency in the household improves, reduced energy bills provide increased disposable income for households, individuals, and enterprises. The effect of increased spending and investment can in turn result in positivemacroeconomiceffects. x Increasedassetvalues There is evidence that investors are willing to pay rental and sales premium for property with better energy performance. Some values of this premium have been estimatedforcommercialproperty.

Figure20.Effectsofenergyefficiencyimprovements.(RyanƬCampell,2012) 47 Generallyspeaking,energyefficiencyimprovementshavemultiplesocial,economicand environmentaleffectssummarizedinFigure20.

7.2 Transportsector

7.2.1 Evaluationprocessforprojectingthetransportationenergyconsumption andemissionsunderdifferentpolicies

Figure 21 illustrates the multi-stepped process proposed to evaluate different policy techniques. Based on the transport activities, the expected vehicle stock and the new technology trends, the energy consumption and emissions (in the target year) can be calculated.

Transportation Vehicle Stock Base Year Situation Survival Rates Vehicle Stock

Transport New Target Year Forecast Technology Vehicle Stock Models Trends

Energy Transport Consumption & Activity Emission Rates

Total Energy Reference Consumption and Scenario Emission

BUSINESS AS Combination of USUAL Actions

LOW Total Energy Formulate INVESTMENT Consumption and Abatement Emission Scenarios SUSTAINABILITY SCENARIO

Evaluation & HIGH Reporting SUSTAINABILIT Y SCENARIO Figure21.Multi-steppedProcessfortheEvaluationofPoliciesTechniques.(Dr.MohamedShahin, CGCE)

48 7.2.2 TransportForecastModels

StatedPreference(SP)questionnairerefertotheindividual'spreferenceisdesigned andusedtoestimatethedemandfortheproposednewtransportservicesproposedin the above two options for NBG as indicated in Figure 22. The survey contained SP exercises(choicegames)submittedtothesampleofrespondents.Thechoicescenarios areconstructedbycombiningattributelevelswitheachother.

MCV1 2 Car Microbus&Tuk Tuk LRT

Travel time 40 Min 20 Min 10 Min

Travel Cost LE 6 LE 4 LE 3

Waiting Time 30 Min 5 Min

Walking Time 20 Min 20 Min 10 Min

Interchanges No Interchange 1 Interchange 1 Interchange

Which is your BEST option? A B C

Which is your WORSE option? A B C

Figure22.AnExampleofHighSustainabilityScenariofromSPQuestionnaireforNBG. Thesurveywasforallsetsofurbancommunitiesandzones(about30respondents).The questionnaire contained SP experiment regarding the choice among three different transportalternatives:PrivateCar,Microbuses/tuk-tukandBusRapidTransit(BRT)for the Low Investment Sustainability Scenario and Private Car, Microbuses/tuk-tuk and LightRailSystem(LRT)fortheHISscenario.Aftercollectingsurveysheets,thechoiceof suchquestionwasrecorded.Thelogitmodelcalibrationwasestimatedtoanalysethe expectedchoicebehaviour,asexplainedinthenextparagraphs.SPoutputsaremodal split for each scenario as shown in Figure 23. The freight transport share is adopted usingtheapprovedplansandscenariosfortheEgyptianRailFreightSystemdeveloped bytheEgyptianMinistryofTransport. Finally, for the different scenarios, the future O-D matrices are determined, then “VISUM”programisappliedtopredictthetravelconditionsonthedifferentlinksofthe proposedscenariosroadnetworksaswellastheeffectivenessofthesuggestedpublic transportsystems. 49 70% Public Transport 62% Passenger Vehicular Modes

60% Freight Roads Freight Rails Pedestrian/Cycling 50%

40%

34% 35% 35% 32%

30% 25%

20% 20% 20% 15%

10% 8% 5% 5% 3% 0% 1% 0% BUSINESS AS USUAL LOW INVESTMENT HIGH SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SCENARIO SCENARIO

100% 94% Passenger Vehicular Modes

90% Public Transport Pedestrian and Cycling

80% 72% 70%

60% 52% 50%

40% 35%

30%

20% 20% 13%

10% 8% 5% 2% 0% BUSINESS AS USUAL LOW INVESTMENT HIGH SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SCENARIO SCENARIO

120% Freight Roads Freight Rails 100% 100%

88%

80%

63% 60%

40% 38%

20% 13%

0% 0% BUSINESS AS USUAL LOW INVESTMENT HIGH SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SCENARIO SCENARIO Figure23.ModalSplitfordifferentscenarios.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE) 7.2.3 Energy/EmissionRatesinNBC

Forthepurposeofestimatingenergyconsumptionandrelatedemissioninurbanareas, thestructureofmobilesourceshavetobeselectedtoreflecttherelativeimportanceof thevarioussectorsandthemechanizedtransportmodesavailablewithineachsector. Mobilesourcesincludedinthisworkarepassengercars,Minibuses,andBuses.

50 Since there are many different model years passenger car on the road, this mode are furtherclassifiedbyageofthevehicle.Theyaresplitintovehicleagesclasses(e.g.>10 years old, 5–10 years old, and δ ͷ years old). The determination of the energy consumption rates for different modes in NBC is based on data collected from real measurements.Table11presentsthefuelconsumptionrates(FCR)fortheprivatecar according to the distribution of age classes as well as the calculated composite fuel consumption rate (each class’s fuel consumption rate is multiplied times its relative prevalenceinthefleet).Thiscompositefuelconsumptionraterepresentsthefullfleetof theprivatecars.Table12showsthefuelconsumptionratesfordifferentroadtransport modesinNBC.Theseratesarefoundtobesuitableattheaveragespeedslistedinthe table. Table11.FuelConsumptionRates(FCR)ofPrivateCarsinNBCforyear2013(Gasoline). FCR Prevalence(%) CompositeFCR Mode Class (l/100km) (l/100km) UptoͷYears 8.7 19 PrivateCar ͷ–10Years 10.3 27 11.292 10YearsandMore 12.7 54 Table12.FuelConsumptionRatesfordifferentTransportModesinNBC. AverageSpeed FCRbyFuelType(l/100km) Mode (km/h) Gasoline GasOil PrivateCar 40-50 11.292 - Microbus 30-40 - 20.5 PublicBus 20-30 - 48.9 Inordertodevelopthepreviousfuelconsumptionratesatdifferentaveragespeeds,the Swiss/Germanemissionsmodel“HandbuchderEmissionsfaktorendesStraßenverkehrs 2010”hasbeenstudiedwithintheframeworkofthisstudy.Itprovidesfuelconsumption factors for all vehicle types at different urban driving patterns (i.e. different average speedsinurbanareas).Whenthesefactorsaredisplayedas functionoftheaverage speed, the energy consumption factors tend for the most part to fall on reasonably smooth curve. It is therefore possible to generalize the Swiss/German energy consumptionfactorsascontinuousfunctionsdependingontheaveragevehiclespeed. Thecharacteristicshapesofthesecurveshavebeenstudiedandthoughtthattheyare constant somewhat for each vehicle type (i.e. passenger cars, Mini buses, and Buses). Thus,thedifferencesinthefuelconsumptionduetothechangesintheaveragespeeds arefoundtobeconstantforeveryvehicletype.Figure24presents the calculated differencesinthefuelconsumptionduetothechangesintheaveragespeedsaccording totheSwiss/Germanemissionsmodel.

51 a) PassengerCar

b) MiniBuses

c) Buses

Figure24.ExtraFuelUsedduetoAverageSpeedDistribution.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE)

52 ThesedifferencesareusedwithAlexandriafuelconsumptionrates,listedinTables11 and12,inordertodevelopfuelconsumptionratesatdifferentaveragespeedsforNBG roadtransportsector.Thenandbasedondatacollectedaboutthequalityofdifferent typesoffuelusedinEgypt,conversionfactorsandtheemissionratesforCO2areused accordingtofueltype.

7.2.4 TheComputerSystem“TraEco”

One of the objects of this work is to provide link between transportation and energy fields. For this purpose, the computer system “TraEco” is developed to estimate road transportenergyconsumptionandemissioninurbanareas.“TraEco”iswritteninvisual basicforapplicationslanguage.Themainadvantageofthissystemisthatitissimpleto runandcanbeappliedtoanyurbanareawithdifferenttransportsystems,fueltypes andemissionsaslongastheinputdatacanbeprovided.Inaddition,thisprogramgives thepossibilitytoexaminedifferentfueltypedistribution(i.e.fuelswitching)aswellas differenttrafficconditions. Thissystemconsistsoffourmainmodules.Thefirstmodule(InitialDataEntry)isdata editortointroducethelinksnumber,transportmodes(numberandnames),fueltypes (number and names), and emission types (number and names). The data is stored automatically on the computer disk from which it can be displayed on the screen, printedormodified. The second module (Data Organization Management) is to introduce sheets data accordingtoinitialinputdata. Thethirdmodule(MainDataEntry)isalsodataeditorforenteringtheoutputofthe four-steptraveldemandmodels(linksactivityandspeed)aswellasthespecificenergy consumptionandemissionrates.Thedataisstoredautomaticallyonthecomputerdisk fromwhichitcanbedisplayedonthescreen,printedormodified. The fourth module (Energy and Emission Calculation) is divided into two stages. The firststageisenergyconsumptionandemissioncalculationforeachlinkaccordingtoits averagespeed.Thesecondstageistotalenergyconsumptionandemissioncalculation forthewholenetworkforeachtransportmode.Thefundamentalstructureof“TraEco” systemisillustratedinFigure25.

53 Figure25.TheFundamentalStructureofTraEcoSystem.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE)

7.2.5 EvaluationofScenarios

Table13presentssomeindicatorsrelatingtotheperformanceofNBC’stransportation systemunderdifferentscenariosaswellastheexistingcondition. 54 Table13.TransportationIndicatorsforDifferentScenariosinNBC.

BAU Low High Base Year Indicator Unit Scenario Scenario Scenario 2013 2035 2035 2035 Population Inhabitans 80000 600000 600000 600000 Total Road Length km 316.7 482.71 482.71 482.71 Length of road per thousand km/th. inh. 3.96 0.805 0.805 0.805 percentage of daily passenger trips by private motorized modes % 96% 94% 72% 52% Percentage of daily passenger trips by Public Transport % 3% 5% 20% 35% Percentage of daily passenger trips on foot and by bicycle % 1% 1% 8% 13% Length of reserved public transport routes km 0.00 0.00 98.72 208.53 Length of reserved public transport routes per thousand inhabitants km/th. inh. 0.00 0.000 0.165 0.348 Percentage of population that lives within a given distance (400 m) from transit stops/stations (public transport) % 0% 0% 53% 78% Average Speed km/h 52 38 48 46 Average Trip Length km 12.7 14.6 6.8 6.8 Average Trip Time min 14.6 23.1 8.5 8.9 V over C % 48% 81% 50% 32% Energy Consumption Tj/year 426.5 2876 1811.9 1207.9 CO2 Emissions Kilo Ton/year 31.9 209.1 125.0 79.7 Ascanbeseenfromthetable,thetotallengthoftheroadnetworkofNBCwillreach about 428 km which constitute about 0.8 km per 1000 inhabitants for different scenarioscomparedto316kmandͶkmper1000inhabitantsinthebaseyear2013. Compared to the base year and Business as Usual scenario which have no dedicated fixedPTroutes,thelowandhighinvestmentscenarioshavededicatedPTroutesequal to98kmand208kmrespectively.Thiscontributestoabout0.165kmand035km lengthofreservedPTroutesperthousandinhabitantsforthelowandhighinvestment scenariosrespectively. IntheBAUscenario,privatemotorizedvehicles(privatecarsandMicrobuses/tuk-tuk) representthehighestshareofthedailypassengertripswithabout94%whiletheshares ofdailypassengertripsbyPTandfoot/bikesrepresentareonlyabout5%and1% respectively. In the low and high investment scenarios, the shares of daily passenger tripsbyPTare20%and35%whilethesharesofdailypassengertripsbyfoot/bikesare 8%and13%foreachscenariorespectively. Overallaveragetriplengthis14.6kmandaveragetriptimeis23.1minandtheaverage speedis38km/hourforBAUscenariowhileforlowandhighinvestmentscenariosthe average speeds are 48 km/hr and 46 km/hrwith noticeable reduction in the average triplengthandtimebyabout53%and63%respectivelyifcomparedtotheBAU scenario. Underthedifferentscenarios,greatimprovementoftheaveragevolumeovercapacity (v/c)ratiohasbeenachieved.Underlowandhighinvestmentscenarios(whichinclude the introduction of new public systems), the average v/c ratios are 50% and 32% respectivelycomparedwith81%undertheBAUScenario.Usingtheoutputdatafrom the assignment (i.e. activities and average speeds) as an input data in the TraEco computer system, explained above, the total energy consumption is calculated in the year 2035 under different scenarios. The total energy consumption needed for the passengertransportinAlexandriaunderBAUscenariowillachieve2.876PJintheyear 2035;i.e.withanincreaserateofabout670Ψoftheconsumptionintheyear2013 (0.426Pj). 55 Under LIS and HIS scenarios, significant reductions of the energy consumption are expected with about 37% for low investment scenario and 58 Ψ for high investment scenariolessinenergyconsumptioncomparedtoBAUscenarioasshowninFigure26. FinallytheannualCO2emissioniscalculatedusingthe"TraEcoProgram"fordifferent scenariosinyear2035.InBAUscenario,theamountofCo2-emissionswillachieveabout 209kilo-ton;i.e.withincreaseratesofabout650Ψofthoseemittedintheyear2013 (seeFigure26). Similartotheenergyconsumptionunderthedifferentscenarios,significantreductions oftheCO2-emissionsareexpectedwithabout40Ψinlowinvestmentscenarioand62Ψ inhighinvestmentscenariolessthanthoseemittedintheBAUscenario.

Figure26.EnergyconsumptionandCO2emissiondifferences(in%)underdifferentscenariosfrom thesituationoftheBaseYear2013andtheBAUscenario2035.(Dr.MohamedShahin,CGCE)

ThereasonsforsuchreductionsintheenergyconsumptionandCO2emissionscanbe summarizedasfollows: x Theintensivemodalshiftfromroadtransporttopublictransport. x Theimprovementofthetrafficconditionsontheroadnetwork. x Thefuelswitchingfromfossilfuelstoelectricity.

56 7.2.6 Costanalysis

Theestimatedcapitalcostfordifferenttransitsystemsincludefundingagencyofacquiring right-ofway,constructingthesesystemscorridorsandstations,procuringvehicles,and installing supporting systems such as fare collection, security, and passenger information systems. They include costs of design, engineering, and project management and exclude the out-year costs of reconstruction or replacement of facilities. TheTransitCooperativeResearchProgramme(TCRP)presentsrangeofcapitalcosts for different systems, depending on facility type, station type, vehicle type, fare collectionsystem,andotherinformationandsafetysystems. TransitlengthandstationsforNBC Table14illustratesthelengthandthenumberofstopsforBRTandLRTsystemswithin differentscenariosdevelopedintheframeworkoftheECOprojectforNBC. Table14.PropertiesofTransitSystemsinLISandHISscenarios. LISscenario BRT Length(Km) NumberofStops BRTLineͳ 23.475 25 BRTLineʹ 20.402 18 BRTLine͵ 26.148 28 BRTLineͶ 28.696 27 Total 98.721 98 HISscenario BRT Length(Km) NumberofStops PTͳ(LRT) 27.368 23 PTʹ(LRT) 38.213 27 PT͵(BRT) 18.352 22 PTͶ(BRT) 13.174 14 PTͷ(LRT) 23.056 20 PT͸(LRT) 13.225 17 PT͹(LRT) 18.121 18 PTͺ(BRT) 14.335 14 PTͻ(BRT) 11.718 16 10.456 PT10(BRT) 12 20.493 PT11(LRT) ͷ 68.034 78 TotalBRT 140.477 110 TotalLRT 57 CapitalcostsfordifferentTransitSystemsworldwide Thissectionshowstheestimatedcapitalcostsfordifferenttransitsystemsworldwide. (Source:ComparativeexaminationofNewStartlightrailtransit,lightrailway,andbus rapidtransitservicesopenedfrom2000.LyndonHenry,Principal/Consultant,Mobility PlanningAssociatesȈAustin,Texas,12November2012)

x LRTSubstantialInstallation Lowest Highest Location St.Louis–MetrolinkSt.Clair Seattle–LinkLRTSouthsegment Extension(2001) (2009) Length 28.1km 25.2km Cost $339.2million $2.57billion Costper $17.6million/km $113.2million/km Km

x LRTMinimalInstallation Lowest Highest Location Portland–PortlandStreetcar Phoenix-Metro(2008) (2001) Length 3.9km 31.6km Cost $56.9million $1,400.0million Costper $21.5million/km $50.8million/km Km

58 x BRTSubstantialInstallation Lowest Highest Location Pittsburgh–WestBusway(2000) Boston–SilverLinePhaseII/Piers Transitway/Waterfronttunnel (2003) Length 9.0km 1.6km Cost $419.2million $790.3million Costper $70.1million/km $490.0million/km Km

x BRTMinimalInstallation Lowest Highest Location Eugene,Oregon–EmeraldExpress Cleveland–HealthLine/Euclid (2007) Avenue(2008) Length 4.0km 7.1km Cost $24.6million $197.2million Costper $7.2million/km $31.9million/km Km

FromthepreviousreviewitcanbeconcludedthatthesuitableBRTandLRTsystemis the minimal installation type which be applicable in NBC. The recommended cost for BRTsystemis$7.2million/km(54LEmillion/km)andLRTSystemis21.5million/km (161.25LEmillion/km).

59 CapitalcostsforNBCtransportscenarios Table 15 and Table 16 illustrate the capital cost for BRT and LRT systems within differentscenariosdevelopedintheframeworkoftheECOprojectforNBCbasedonthe consultants experience in Egypt and the recommended cost based on the worldwide prices.TherearenocostsattachedtobiofuelsandelectricvehiclessincetheFSteam doesn’t have experts that can translate worldwide prices of such technologies to the Egyptiancontext. Table15.LowInvestmentSustainabilityscenariocost. Measures Description Consultant’s WorldwidePrices Experience CostUnit Total CostUnit Total Cost Cost (Million (Million LE) LE) BRTRapid BRTsystems,withaverageroute 3.2 316.8 54 5346 TransitNetwork length99KmcoveringNBCover98 Million Million onthemain station. LEPer LEPer roadsofNBC Km Km Pedestrianand Pedestrianfacilitiesincludepaths, 25,000 5.0 25,000 5.0 CyclingFacilities sidewalks,crosswalks,walkways, LEPer LEPer stairs,ramps,andbuilding Km Km* entranceways.Cyclingfacilities,all roadsshouldbeconsideredcycling facilities(exceptwherecyclingis specificallyprohibited).Thecycling networkshouldbenetworkof streets(agridof0.5kilometersorless inurbanareas)thatensuresafe bicycleaccesstoallpopular destinations.PedestrianandCycling FacilitieswillcoverNBCoverlength equal200Km. Calming Trafficcalmingmeasuresare 0.5 0.5* Measuresincity engineeringtoolsusedwiththegoalof centers reducingvehiclespeedandimproving thesafetyofmotorists,pedestrians, andbicyclists. Fourtypesofmeasuresare recommended: Verticaldeflections,horizontalshifts, androadwaynarrowingsareintended toreducespeedandenhancethe streetenvironmentfornon-motorists. Closures(diagonaldiverters,half closures,fullclosures,andmedian barriers)areintendedtoreducecut- throughtrafficbyobstructingtraffic movementsinoneormoredirections. Parking IntroduceParkingManagement 1.5 1.5* Management systemforaccesscontrolsand systemincity customermanagement(suchasfor centers retail,residentsandemployees)as wellasParkƬRideconceptsfor 60 Measures Description Consultant’s WorldwidePrices Experience CostUnit Total CostUnit Total Cost Cost (Million (Million LE) LE) commutersturnthecityintoan invitingspace. Biofuel/natural gaspowered publictransport Maintenanceof vehiclestothe manufacturer's specifications andapplyingfor Vehicle Scrapping Programme ScenarioCost(MillionLE) 323.8 5353.0 Basedontheconsultant’sexperience.

Table16.HighInvestmentSustainabilityscenariocost. Measures Description Consultants WorldwidePrices Experience CostUnit Total Cost Total Cost Unit Cost (Million (Million LE) LE) BusRapid BRTsystems,withaverageroute 3.2 176 54 2970 TransitNetwork length55KmcoveringNBCover55 Million Million onthemain station. LEPer LEPer roadsofNBC Km Km LightRail LightRailTransit,withaverageroute 7.5 765 161.25 16447.5 TransitNetwork length102KmcoveringNBCover83 Million Million onthemain station. LEPer LEPer roadsofNBC Km Km NewRegional NewRegionalRailwaywithaverage 11.0 660 11.0 660* Railway routelength60Km. Million Million connectingwith LEPer LEPer AlexandriaCity Km Km* Implement Theintelligenttrafficsystemis Intelligent implementedusingroadsideunits TrafficSystem (RSU)withfrictionmonitoring, vehicleswithenvironmentalsensors anddatabasefordatatransfer throughdifferentplatforms. Implement ImplementthreeFreighttransport 50.0 150 50.0 150* freight centersincludeclassificationyards Million Million transport andtruckterminalswherepassengers LEPer LEPer centers andcargoareexchangedbetween Center Center* vehiclesorbetweentransportmodes.

61 Measures Description Consultants WorldwidePrices Experience CostUnit Total Cost Total Cost Unit Cost (Million (Million LE) LE) Pedestrianand Pedestrianfacilitiesincludepaths, 25,000 5 25,000 5* Cycling sidewalks,crosswalks,walkways, LEPer LEPer Facilities stairs,ramps,andbuilding Km Km* entranceways.Cyclingfacilities,all roadsshouldbeconsideredcycling facilities(exceptwherecyclingis specificallyprohibited).Thecycling networkshouldbenetworkof streets(agridof0.5kilometersorless inurbanareas)thatensuresafe bicycleaccesstoallpopular destinations.PedestrianandCycling FacilitieswillcoverNBCoverlength equal200Km. Calming Trafficcalmingmeasuresare 0.5 0.5* Measuresincity engineeringtoolsusedwiththegoalof centers reducingvehiclespeedandimproving thesafetyofmotorists,pedestrians, andbicyclists.Fourtypesofmeasures arerecommended: Verticaldeflections,horizontalshifts, androadwaynarrowingsareintended toreducespeedandenhancethe streetenvironmentfornon-motorists. Closures(diagonaldiverters,half closures,fullclosures,andmedian barriers)areintendedtoreducecut- throughtrafficbyobstructingtraffic movementsinoneormoredirections. Parking IntroduceParkingManagement 1.5 1.5* Management systemforaccesscontrolsand systemincity customermanagement(suchasfor centers retail,residentsandemployees)as wellasParkƬRideconceptsfor commutersturnthecityintoan invitingspace. Biofuel/natural gaspowered publictransport Maintenanceof vehiclestothe manufacturer's specifications andapplyingfor Vehicle Scrapping Programme ScenarioCost(MillionLE) 1758.0 20234.5 Basedontheconsultant’sexperience.

62 8 Engagementofstakeholders

To engage stakeholders outside of the project consortium, workshops were arranged. Theaimwastopresentthescenariosdevelopedwithintheconsortiumandgetfresh viewonthoseandfeedbackonthem. Stakeholdersrepresentingthefollowinginstitutionsweretakingpartintheworkshops: x Environmentaldepartment x AlexBusinessmenAssociation x HoldingCompanyofPetrochemical x TechnologyofPlasticIndustryCenter x SmallBusinessModernizationCenter x AlexandriaCementCompany x ConsultancyCenter x CRTA x ChemicalDepartment x MinistryofHousing x A.N.R.P.C x SocialFundofDevelopment x ASC x IGSR x CRTACity x CairoUniversity x EgyptianBuildingCouncil x NBCInvestorsAssociation

8.1 Challengesandopportunitiesofeco-citiesfrominvestorspointofview

Egyptistypicalexampleofdevelopingcountrywhichishighlyvulnerabletoclimate change and which faces numerous threats to its economic, social and environmental sustainability.ThiscausesenormousfundamentalpressuresonEgypt’scompetitiveness. Thesepressurescanalsobedescribedasgrowingthreatstonationalsecurity.Theyare fueledbygrowingpopulationandgrowingdemandcoupledwiththeconstraintsof finiteresourcebaseandcoulddevelopintogenuinecrisissituationsifnotquicklyand decisivelyaddressed.Thesepressuresinclude:

x EnergySecurity Unsustainable use of energy resources is one of the major reasons for environmental degradationandclimatechange.Theconsequenceisenergyscarcityandrisingenergy prices which increase poverty, strain national budgets and jeopardize Egypt’s competitivenessforthefuture.

63 x WaterSecurity Global-warming results in sea-level rise due to the melting of glaciers and arctic ice. Consequently,theworld’sfreshwaterresourcesdeclinewhilesaltwaterintrudesinto underground reservoirs. Egypt is particularly susceptible due to its low-altitude Nile Delta.

x FoodSecurity Limitedwaterandagriculturallandcoupledwithpopulationgrowthandotherfactors arecreatingmountingpressureonEgypt'sabilitytoprovidefoodforitspeopleinthe future.

x ClimateChange Declining precipitation levels, changing weather patterns, and rising seas in the Nile Deltaareslowlybutsteadilymakingdifficultsituationworse,especiallyintheareaof foodandwater.

x TheNeedforJobs Egypt'syoungpopulationishungryforwork,andEgyptneedstogenerateoverone millionnewjobseveryyearforitsgrowingworkforce. Companiesareverymuchaffectedbythescarcityofavailableresourcesandtheycannot survive in the future if they cannot predict and adapt to major trends like climate change.

8.1.1 Challenges

x Lackoffunding Amidthepoliticalturmoil,economicgrowthremainsweakinEgyptwithhighfiscal deficitandgrosspublicdebt(domesticandexternal)risingtonearly100%ofGDPatthe endofJune2013.Lowgrowthratesposedthedangeroffuellingsocialfrustrationas they could notdeliver the numbers of jobs and opportunities needed. Unemployment reachedover13%inJune2013.Critically,morethanthree-quartersoftheunemployed arebetween15and29yearsofage(WorldBank,2014).Underthesedifficulteconomic circumstances, lack of funding of national projects is becoming major problem for Egypt.

x Lostcapitalinvestment(intonon-greenassets) OneofmaincapitalinvestmentsectorinEgyptduringthelastfewyearswasthereal estates.Thousandsofbuildingswereconstructedinthecourseofthelastthreeyears without official licence. Unfortunately, the main purpose behind establishing these buildingswasfastfinancialprofit,andtheyhardlycomplywithanyenvironmentalrules. These are best examples of loss of capital investment into non-green assets. The National (June 2014) has written about Alexandria: “They can tell stories of once- multicultural city that was considered jewel of the Mediterranean until it gradually degradedintotheoverpopulated,anarchiccementsprawlofbudgetholidayflats,slums, cementhigh-rises,exposedsewers,regularpowercutsandȂsincethe2011Revolution Ȃ27,000newbuildings,themajorityofthemillegal”. 64

Environmental Sustainability through Greener Business Practices Environmental objectives integrated into all aspects of the lifecycle including

Targeted Reductions to An Environmentally Creation of a Green the PS Environmental Responsible Organizational Culture Footprint Engaging employees in Reducing consumption and greening the PS in order to managing demand in order Public embed environmental to reduce the PS impact on Service (PS) responsibility in the culture and the environment day-to-day work of the PS

Figure27.GreenTransformationStrategy(OPS2011)withmodification.

x Thenon-existingstrategyforGreenTransformation Theexistenceofstrategyforgreentransformationisofprimeimportance.Themain pillar of which should be Environmental Sustainability through Greener Business Practices.ThisagainwillbebasedonthecreationofGreenOrganizationalCultureand targeted reduction of the Environmental Footprints, which includes Reducing consumptionandmanagingdemandinordertoreducethePublicSector(PS)impacton theenvironmentasseeninFigure27.Inotherwords,thegreentransformationhasto beincorporatedinallthecountry’sdevelopmentplans

x Lackofcollaborationbetweenprivateandpublicsector Since the nationalization of the industries corporations in Nasser’s time, the public industrialsectorhasbeendeteriorating.AttheenditturnstobeburdenontheState economyinviewofitsheavylosses.Unfortunately,theprivatisationpolicyfollowedin Mubarak’stimewasfullofcorruptioncausingmorelossestothepublicsectorsandto theState.CurrentlytheprivatesectorhasbecomefairlyweakinEgypt,particularlyas the Armed Forces are taking now responsibility of several civilian projects. Collaboration between the private sector and the public sector which lead to strengthening the private sector and increasing the efficiency of the operation of the public sector will have positive impact on the economy of Egypt particularly as the privatesectorisnowwidelyacknowledgedaskeypartnerindevelopment,including through establishing new enterprises, creating jobs, providing goods and services, generatingincomeandprofits,andcontributingtopublicrevenues,whicharecriticalto increasingcountries’self-relianceandsustainablegrowth. 65 x Noneexistingofeffectiveincentives,penaltiesandformsofprivate-public- partnership(PPP)regardingtheimplementationofeco-cities TheimplantationofEcoCitiesisanexamplewherethepartnershipbetweentheprivate andpublicsectorsisverymuchneeded.Inadditiontotheenvironmentalsustainability concerns,thefinancialviabilityoftheproject,culturalconsiderations,communityneeds, capacityforfuturemaintenanceofthecity,andtheavailabilityofsuitableregulatory and administrative framework for the administration of the city, are important considerations. National and international incentives should be thought for successful PPPinEcoCities,asitmightbedifficulttoadoptonemodelforsuchpartnership.

x Lackofsupporttowardstheprivatesectorintheiradaptationmeasures One of the biggest challenges for the private sector in the near future in Egypt will be survivingwiththepolicyofeliminatingtheenergysubsidiesin thenextfiveyears.Some industrial establishments have already bankrupted, and brick industry has threatened to closeitsdoors.Severalsupportmeasuresshouldbecarefullyconsideredincludingtax alleviation, incentives to use renewable energy, etc. This together with identifying commonpolicybytheGovernmentinfacingthecurrentproblemsandprovidingsupportto privatesectorintheiradaptationmeasuresarecurrentmilestonesfortheprivatesector.

x Localadministrationperformance This is characterized in Egypt by complicated and lengthy procedures, conflicting functions, widespread manifestations of corruption and low efficiency of local administration employees. It important in any future country policy to address these problemsanddecreasethebureaucracy,ofwhichEgyptisfamous,andeliminatetime andenergywastebyGovernmentalemployeesaswellasthenativesofEgypt.

x Lackofintegrateddevelopmentapproach An integrated approach to development and policymaking will assist policymakers to avoid solving one problem while creating another. It will also contribute to society’s multipleobjectivesȂincludingsocial,economicandenvironmentalones.Thisapproach places sustainability considerations and policy assessment within the overall policymakingcycle,therebymakingsustainabilityanintegralpartȄratherthanan”add- on”—toanysuchprocess.Thisapproachsuggestsusingsustainabledevelopmentas majorfilterforprioritizingcompetingissuesandforformulatinganddecidingonpolicy choices while emphasizing culture of learning, monitoring and evaluation alongside involvingstakeholdersandmanagingtheirdynamicsateverystage(UNEP,2008).

8.1.2 Opportunities

EgyptisoneoftheSunBeltcountriesthatenjoyoneofthelargestpotentialsofsolarenergy, thesunshinedurationrangesbetween9–11perdayfromNorthtoSouthwithveryfew cloudydays.StartingtobuildSolarPowerStationswillbeoneofthesustainable,fastand economicsolutionstocopewithblackouts,whichhappenmainlyinsummer,contributeto solvetheproblemofunemployment.In addition,SolarPV Powerplantscouldbe builtin uniteseachone,e.g.,100MWandcouldbecommissionedinfewweeks/months.

66 The increase in the percentage of youth in the population is positive indicator of humanresource,raisingthechallengeofprovidingthesuitableenvironmentfortheir education,trainingandemployment.Thebigshareofyoungpeoplegivesanopportunity to wide awareness-raising about environmental matters through schools and higher education programs. This enables big part of the population to be highly aware of environmentalissueswithinrathershorttimeframe. Solid waste management has the potential to contribute to reduced landfill demand, reductions in green-house gases, produce renewable energy, lower terrestrial and aquaticpollutionlevels,improvepublichealth,andreducedenergyuseinthetransport anddisposalofwastes.Recyclingandreuseofwasteshasthepotentialtocreatejobs and reduce dependence on material import for production. Waste management challengesincitiesareamplifiedbyhighratesofurbanization.

9 Pioneeringexamples

9.1 Textileindustrycasestudy

This case example presents the treatment of reactive dyes wastewater in down flow hangingsponge(DHS)systematpilotscale.

9.1.1 Introduction

Reactive dyes, in particular, are used by the majority of the industries in NBC for coloringdifferentmaterials.Apartfrominducingcolortothereceivingstreamofwater, many synthetic dyes are potentially toxic as well as carcinogenic (You et al., 2010). Synthetic dyes present in wastewater would destroy the natural quality of water environment and also cause detrimental long-term health and environmental effects (Forgacs et al., 2004). Therefore, the removal of color from dyestuff manufacturing industrywastewatersrepresentsmajorenvironmentalconcern.Moreover,reuseofthe effluentsrepresentsaneconomicandecologicalchallengefortheentiresector.Theaimof thisstudyistoassesstheefficiencyofdown-flowhangingspongesystematpilotscale for decolorization of reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with ͳmg/l cationic polymeratdifferenthydraulicretentiontimes(HRTs)andorganicloadingrates(OLRs).

Moreover,theeffectofsalinityontheremovalofCOD,BOD5andcolorwasinvestigated. ThemechanismremovalofcoloralongDHSsystemheightwasalsoperformed.

9.1.2 MaterialandMethods

ReactivedyeswastewaterwascollectedfromtextilefactorysituatedinBorgElArab city, Egypt. The composition of reactive dyes wastewater varied widely due to the variety of recipes, techniques, machinery, raw materials, and fabrics used in the production processes of the factory. The wastewater was fed to Down-flow hanging sponge(DHS)system(Figure28)andoperatedatdifferentflowrates,HRTsandOLRs. TheDHSsystemwasequippedwitheffectivevolumeofthesponge(3.6l).

9.1.3 Resultsanddiscussion

This study was carried out to investigate, the color removal from reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with ͳ mg/l cationic polymer (Organo Pol.) in down flow hangingsponge(DHS)system.Thereactorwasoperatedatdifferenthydraulicretention times(HRTs)of1.7,2.3,3.5,ͷand6.0h.,correspondingtoorganicloadingrates(OLRs) of12.44,7.7,5.6,2.8and2.35COD/l.d.AtHRTofͷandOLRnotexceeding2.8 COD/l.d.,thereactorachievedremovalefficienciesof66.5±7.07%forCODt,31.5±10 forCODs;96±1.5%forCODand90.12±3.13%forcolor(Figure31,Figure32,etc.). TSSandturbidityremovalefficienciesamountedto87±5.8and94.5±3%respectively. Theresultsrevealedthat,theremovalefficienciesoftheDHS systemintermsofCOD fractionswassignificantlydroppedathigherandlowerOLRsof12.44and2.35COD/l. respectively. Nevertheless, the reactor achieved color, TSS and turbidity removal 68 efficienciesof76.2±7.6,83±6.5and92.2±3.2%respectivelyatHRTof6.0andOLRof 2.35 COD/l. d. At the latter conditions adsorption process was the main removal mechanismandbiodegradationprocesswas minorduetohighsalinityof17.9±0.36 g/lintheinfluentwastewater.Besideshighefficiencyofdyeremoval,theDHSsystem offers many advantages for potential application such as minimal amount of sludge production(0.36TS/d)andalsoeconomicallyfeasiblesinceitdoesnotrequirehigh costsforaeration,andequipment.Moreover,theresultsindicatedthatdecolorizationof reactive dyes wastewater in DHS system was feasible with the supplementation of ͳ mg/lcationicpolymeratOLRnotexceeding2.8COD/l.d.,andHRTofͷh.

69 Figure28.DHSsystemtreatingreactivedyes Figure29.TimecourseofCODtotalremoval wastewater.(Dr.AhmedTawfik,E-JUST) efficienciesatdifferentHRT.(Dr.Ahmed Tawfik,E-JUST)

Figure30.TimecourseofBOD5total Figure31.Timecourseofcolorremoval efficienciesatdifferentHRT.(Dr.Ahmed efficienciesatdifferentHRT.(Dr.Ahmed Tawfik,E-JUST) Tawfik,E-JUST)

Figure32.Effectofsalinityconcentrationon Figure33.ATT;DOandcolorremovalalongthe thecolorremoval.(Dr.AhmedTawfik,E-JUST) heightofDHSsystem.(Dr.AhmedTawfik,E- JUST)

Figure34.Thecleanspongepriorstartingthe Figure35.Thedenselyattachedbiomassinthe experiments.(Dr.AhmedTawfik,E-JUST) polyurethanefoampores.(Dr.AhmedTawfik, E-JUST)

70 9.2 Paperindustrycasestudy

Thiscaseexamplepresentshydrogenproductionfrompaperboardmillwastewater.

9.2.1 Introduction

Productionofbiofuelsfromwastewaterhasemergedasrealisticpossibilitytoreduce fossilfueluse(Dqgetal.,2011).Paperboardmillisoneofthemostpollutingindustries in Egypt since it requires large amount of water for its operation, and discharges considerable quantities of wastewater (Leaño Ƭ Babel, 2012). This can cause considerable environmental problems if discharged without effective treatment by polluting land, water, and destroying aquatic life (Ahmad et al., 2011). It has been identifiedthatthepaperboardmilleffluentisconsideredpotentialsourcetogenerate renewable bio-energies through anaerobic digestion. That's because the PBE contains plentiful cellulosic concentrations whichmakes anaerobic digestion favorable waste treatmenttechnique(Chenetal.,2008),atthesametime,itiscouldbefeasiblyutilized forH2 production for further using as an energy source (Chairattanamanokorn et al., 2012). Earlier studies indicate that paperboard mill wastewater will notonly provide theenergysourcebutalsosolvethewastewatertreatmentproblems(Layetal.,2013). Therefore,novelmethodforconvertingpaperboardwastewaterintoenvironmentally friendlyfuelsasidewithindustrialwastewatertreatmentstrategyisgreatlydesired.

9.2.2 Materialandmethods

Paperboardwastewater(PBW)wascollectedfromAldarAlbydaafactory(NBC,Egypt). Printingpaperandplasticswastesisusedformanufacturingofpaperboard.Thefactory consumes60ton/d.,rawmaterialandgenerates700m3/d.,wastewater.Theendofpipe effluent was sampled and transferred to the environmental lab for experiments. COD particulate and COD soluble represented 67.31% and 32.69% of the total COD, respectively. The VSS/TSS ratio of the wastewater is 0.44. Likely, the C/N ratio was found to be 38.97 which is considered optimal condition for H2 production. The concentrationoftotalcarbohydrateswas51.90mg/L.Thebatchtestswereperformed to optimize the Tween 80 and Polyethylene glycol 6000 concentrations for higher hydrogengenerationutilizingthepaperboardmilleffluent.Differentmixturesbetween the substrate and these surfactants inoculated with heat-treated sludge have been conductedinserumbottleswithworkingvolumeof400mL.Anaerobicconditionswere created in the bottles by nitrogen gas sparging. The bottles were maintained at constant temperature of 65 °C to simulate the real situation where the end of pipe effluenttemperatureexceeds60°CandpHof7.0.Controlsampleswerepreparedin parallelwithoutnoadditionofsurfactants.Thedurationoftheexperimentswas͵days for allmixtures. The bottles were capped tightly with rubber stoppers and aluminum crimpseals.Twotypesofsurfactantswereusedinthisinvestigation1.Tween80inmL (PolyoxyethyleneSorbitan L332090 Mono-Oleate, water ζ 3.0%, Density 1.08, RTECS #7WG2932500, EINECS 215-665-4 TSCA, ROTH Bestellen Siezum, Germany) and 2.

Polyethylene glycol 6000 in mg/L (MW 5600-7000, H(OCH2CH2)nOH, RTECS #ZD2465300,EINECS200-849-9TSCA,Kentucky40361,Paris). 71 9.2.3 Resultsanddiscussion

Threesetsofbatchexperimentswereconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectofadditionof surfactantsonthehydrogenproductionfrompaperboardmillwastewater(Table17). ThebestresponsewasrecordedforhydrogenproductionwithPolyethyleneGlycol6000 addition where the hydrogen yield amounted (61.85 mL/gCOD) and the maximum hydrogenproductionwas130.9mLwhichwas1.85foldofthatproducedfromthe control samples. Moreover, about 68.29% of total COD has been removed using PEG comparedto46.30%usingTween80achieving140.58%and63.11%higherthanthat removed without any surfactants, respectively (Figure 36 and Figure 37). The main soluble products were acetic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid for all mixtures. The paperboard mill wastewater could be tapped as one of the potential sourcesofrenewableorganicmattersourcetoproducehydrogen.

Table17.Thekineticparametersofhydrogenproductionfromvariousmixtures.(Dr.Ahmed TawfikandAhmedFarghaly,E-JUST)

Sample Rm(ml 2 No. Case (mLH2Ȍ ɉ(h) R label H2/h) ͳ 57.86 6.59 12.00 0.97 Control ʹ S+AS 70.80 7.00 10.00 0.99

͵ ͳ 80.16 7.50 12.00 0.98 Ͷ ͵ 98.75 8.73 11.00 0.99 ͷ Tween80 ͷ 104.30 9.07 8.00 0.99 ͸ ͹ 121.25 12.07 10.00 0.99 ͹ 10 94.75 9.50 11.00 0.96

ͺ ͳPEG 117.60 8.57 8.00 0.97

ͻ Polyethylene ͵PEG 130.93 11.87 6.00 0.98 10 Glycol ͷPEG 88.40 7.33 6.00 0.99 11 6000 ͹PEG 87.40 8.87 6.00 0.98 12 10PEG 87.10 9.27 10.00 0.99

72 1 T 3 T 5 T 7 T 10 T 140,0

120,0 ) L

m 100,0 ( 2

H 80,0 e v i t a

l 60,0 u m

u 40,0 C 20,0

0,0 0,0 3,0 6,0 9,0 12,0 15,0 20,0 27,0 32,0 46,0 Contact time (h)

Figure36.EffectofTween80additiononthecumulativehydrogen(mL)frompaperboard wastewater.(Dr.AhmedTawfikandAhmedFarghaly,E-JUST)

1 PEG 3 PEG 5 PEG 7 PEG 10 PEG 140,0 )

L 120,0 m ( 100,0 2

H 80,0 e v i

t 60,0 a l

u 40,0 m u 20,0 C 0,0 0,0 3,0 6,0 9,0 12,0 15,0 20,0 27,0 32,0 46,0 Contact time (h) Figure37.Effectofpolyethyleneglycol(PEG)additiononthecumulativehydrogen(mL)from paperboardwastewater.(Dr.AhmedTawfikandAhmedFarghaly,E-JUST) 9.3 Internationalexamples

TherearemanygoodexamplesofEcoCitydevelopmentsindifferentpartsoftheworld. Europehasbeenforerunnerinthisaspect,therearesomecitiesinEuropethathave already for decades had eco-efficiency as main objective in their urban planning processes. One of these is Freiburg in Germany which will be presented below. Vancouver,CanadaisoneofNorthAmerica’sbestexamplesofecologicalurbanplanning and is also presented below. The Finnish case Viikki in Helsinki is described also presentingdistrictwhereecologyhasbeenthecoreinplanningfordecades.

73 9.3.1 Freiburg,Germany

Freiburgwasfoundedin1120.Ithasapproximately230000inhabitants.Thecityis university city with no major industry facilities. In Freiburg sustainable development hasbeenleadingthemeinthecityplanningsincethe80’s.Theplanningteamconsists of people from different areas: energy, traffic, waste Ƭ water, park-division. These different experts work together throughout the whole planning process. The overall objective of district is always decided first: energy-efficiency/car-free/densely built, etc. Involving inhabitants in the planning process is valued very highly. One concrete waytodothishasbeentoletinhabitantsplancommonspacesthemselves(Daseking, 2009). Overdecadeagoprincipledecisionwasmadenottoallowbigmarketsoutsidethe centre.Thisdecisionwasdonetoensureservicesinthecitycentreandtoreducethe dependency of cars (Daseking, 2009). Many studies show that big service centres outside city canters damages the city centre in terms of services. Freiburg was forerunnerinmakingsuchstrategicdecision.Ithaslaterbeenfollowedalsoinother partsofEurope. OntheoutskirtsofFreiburginthemountains,thereiswindfarm,whichisvisibleall over the city. There is district heating plant which has metering system which visualizestheenergyproducedandtheemissionscreated.Alsocomparinginformation to“basicplants”isshown. Vauban is one residential area which has many ecological aspects. When starting the planning,thegeneralobjectivewastocreatecarfreedistrict.Thereisparkinggarage intheoutskirtofthedistrictwithsolarpanelsontheroof.Withinthedistrictyoucan moveeasilywiththetram.Importanttonoteisthatthetramlinewasbuiltbeforethe houses,thistoensurethatwhentheresidentsmovein,theyalreadyhavefunctioning publictransportationavailable.Thetramlineshave“noiseprevention”solutioncarried outinveryeasyway,byhavinggrassunderthelineswhichabsorbsthenoise.Overall noiselevelisverylowinVaubanduetotheabsenceofcars(Daseking,2009).85/1000 inhabitantsinVaubanownscar.

The houses in the Vauban area are all very energy efficient. This achieved by good insulation, good windows and doors, heat recovery units in ventilation systems and architectonicsolutionskeepingsolarheatoutinthesummer.Itiscommontoseesolar panelsandsolarheatersontheroofsofthebuildings.

74 Figure38.Tramlinewithgrassloweringthenoiselevel.(ÅsaHedman,VTT)

Figure39.ResidentialhousesinVaubanwithsolarshadingsolutionintegratedinthe architectonicsofthehouses.(ÅsaHedman,VTT) The building lots were sold one-by-one, not bloc-by-block to construction companies likeisoftendone(Daseking,2009).Thistogetherwiththeprincipleofgivingratherfree handswiththevisualarchitectonicdesignsofhouseshasledtoniceendresultwith houseslookingdifferentfromeachotherandcreating“lively”impression.Throughthe districtthereis smallriverandgreenareawherepeoplecanfeeltheclosenessof naturewhileatthesametimebeingveryclosetothecitycentreandhavingmostdaily servicesavailablewithintheirowndistrict. 9.3.2 Vancouver,Canada

Vancouver is 600 000 inhabitants city in Western Canada. The city’s target is to becomethegreenestcityintheworldby2020.Toachievethisambitioustargetthecity staffareworkingwithCouncil,residents,businesses,otherorganizations,andalllevels of government to implement the Greenest City 2020 Action Plan. The Action Plan is 75 divided into ten goal areas, each with specific 2020 target. Together, these address threeoverarchingareasoffocus:Carbon,WasteandEcosystems. Inthe1990’sVancouver’sCityCouncilembarkedoncomprehensiveplanninginitiative calledCityPlan.ThroughCityPlan,VancouverresidentsandCityCouncilagreedonthese directionsforthecity’sfuture:

x Strengthenneighbourhoodcentres x Improvesafetyandensureappropriatecommunityservices x Reducerelianceonthecar x Improvingenvironmentalsustainability x Increasethevarietyandaffordabilityofhousing x Defineneighbourhoodcharacter x Diversifyparksandpublicplaces x Involvepeopleindecisionsaffectingtheirneighbourhood

Aspartofthisprocess,itwasrecognizedthatCityPlancouldonlybetrulyeffectiveifit was‘scaled’totheneighbourhoodlevel.Vancouverisfocusingongreenbuildingdesign andconstruction.Council'senvironmentalregulationsfornewbuildingsaresomeofthe greenest of any city in North America. Guidelines, standards, and polices have been developedinVancouverthatcontributetofurtherimprovementsinenergyefficiency, including: passive design guidelines, electric vehicle recharging requirements and guidelinesforwaterwiselandscapes. Regarding electric vehicle recharging requirements, the city council have updated building bylaws to includemandatory charging infrastructure for multi-family homes. To accommodate electrical vehicles in new apartment buildings, condos, townhouses, and other buildings with minimum of three homes, Council has made the following revisionstotheCity'sbuildingbylaw:

x Parking stalls Ȃ 20% of the parking stalls in every building must include receptacleforchargingcars. x ElectricalroomȂTheelectricalroommustincludeenoughspacetoinstallany equipmentnecessarytoprovidechargingforallresidentsinthefuture.

While supporting EVs in new buildings is important, the City is also supporting early adopterswholiveandworkinexistingbuildingsthathavenoaccesstoelectricoutlets. GuidelinesforinstallingEVcharginginfrastructurearebeingdeveloped.Guidelinesshall offerinformationoncostsandchargingtechnologyoptions,sothatbuildingmanagers, strata councils, and fleet managers can understand the implications of providing EV charging.TheCitywillalsofacilitatethedevelopmentpermittingprocessforretrofitting buildingstoincludecharginginfrastructure. Regardingwaterwiselandscapes,thecityhasdevelopedguidelinestohelpdevelopers anddesignerscreatehighefficiencyhomes,offices,andpublicfacilities. 76 EcoCity green re-zoning policies, passed by the Council in 2008 as the EcoDensity Charter and Initial Actions, established re-zoning policy to achieve higher sustainability standardsasan essentialpartoflargesitedevelopments.Allre-zonings thatinvolveʹacresormoreoflandmustincludeplansorstudiesinsixareas: 1. Districtenergyscreeningandfeasibility 2. Sustainablesitedesign 3. Greenmobilityandcleanvehicles 4. Rainwatermanagement 5. Solidwastediversion 6. Sustainablehousingaffordabilityandhousingmix Source:Vancouver.ca 9.3.3 Viikki,Finland

ViikkiissituatedintheeasternpartofHelsinki,Finland.InViikkiecologicalaspectshave beenthecoreofplanningeversincetheearly90’s.Thedevelopmenthasbeenconsistent in terms of setting ecological values in focus, beginning from strategic planning to detailedprojectplanning,implementationandfollowup. TheEco-Viikkidistrictwasbuiltbetween2000and2004.Around2000peoplelivein Eco-Viikki. criteria settingto support ecological constructionwas developed for the constructionofthedistrict.widerangeofaspectsweretakenintoaccountincluding: emissions, use of naturalresources, healthy constructions and the diversity of nature, efficient use of energy, water and material were essential parts of the criteria. The ecologicalcriteriahadtobemetinordertoreceivetherighttobuild. One target that was set by the City of Helsinki, was to reduce the net heating consumptionwith60–65%comparedtothe“businessasusual”levelatthetime.Three differentsolarenergydemonstrationprojectswererealizedinthearea.Oneisdistrict solar heating system that provides solar heating for 370 dwellings. Solar electricity is demonstrated in one high rise building were the target was to produce 20% of the householdelectricitywithPVpanelsinstalledonthebalconies.Thedistrictalsohas focus on locally produced food. Many garden lots can be found were food is grown, whichisspecialchallengeinthecoldFinnishclimate. One part of the requirements was to allow measurements of the performance of the residential buildings, schools and day-care centres in terms of heating, electricity and water usage. Measurements have shown that these targets were not fully reached, mainlyduetolotsofnewtechnologiesbeingusedinnon-optimizedway.Thetargets forelectricityandwaterusageweremainlyreached. 77 Source: http://www.hel.fi/hel2/taske/julkaisut/2009/EkoViikki_raportti_Motiva%202008.pdf 10 Benefitsandbarriers

Thecornerstoneofthedesignofthecityistheexploitationoflateststate-of-artenergy efficiencyandrenewabletechnologiesinallsectors,forelectricityandheatgeneration, alwaysadaptedtothelocalcontext.Theprojectwillalsourgebestpracticesinwaste managementandtransportationplanningfocusingonmodalshiftandtechnologiesand demand management. Additional emissions savings are expected from the following sectors: agriculture, wastewater management, carbon sequestration through trees plantinginthegreenbeltsurroundingthecity. TherearenumerousbenefitsforundertakingtheFS,andhencetransferringNBCinto an EcoCity. First, for E-JUST staff and students, the transferring process itself will provideendlessresearchtopicstothestaffandstudents.TheworkonFStogetherwith theotheractivitiesoftheprojectasWS,Seminars,ST,etc.,willenhancetheknowledge andexperienceofthestaffofE-JUSTaboutEcoCities.Thiswouldincreasecooperation possibilitiesbetweenE-JUSTandothernational,regionalandinternationalUniversities and Research Institutes. Thanks to the growing experience of staff in the different sectors, E-JUST will develop bank of expertise on EcoCity aspects serving similar projectsandcitiesinEgyptandpossiblyinneighbourArabCountries. Second,industryandcommercialsectorsaregoingtoenjoytheoutcomesoftransferring NBCintoanEcoCity.Moreefficientuseofenergyandpossibleutilizationofrenewable energy as in solar heating, air-conditioning and biogas would considerably decrease their energy bill, hence increase profitability. On the other hand, improving theliving conditions and transportation means in and to NBC will encourage their employee to liveintheCityandsavetimeandmoneyintransportation. Third, the inhabitants of NBC will enjoy living an ecologically friendly and safe environment, with clean potable water, adequate liquid and solid waste recycling/management, energy efficient building and equipments and clean and convenienttransportationsystem. Fourth,onthecountryscale,theprojecthasalsohugepotentialforreplication. Besides,thetechnicaltoolsandtheregulatoryframeworkaswellasfinancialincentives tobedevelopedundertheproposedprojectwillallcontributetoboostenergyefficiency and renewable energy technologies market in Egypt and the region. In addition, the globalenvironmentalbenefitswillresultfromthesuccessfulimplementationofthetools

78 developed and investments in clean energy technologies at both demand side and supplyside(EE&RE). On the other hand there are several barriers that would be encountered before arrivingatthesebenefits.Firstofall,Egyptfacesseriouschallengesinattractingprivate investmentsincleanenergytechnologies.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisaswellas possible solutions. First, fossil fuel subsidies are twisting the energy economy of the country making it difficult to invest in EE&RE projects. national energy strategy is requiredtoliftfossilfuelsubsidiesandprovideincentivesforEE&REprojects.Inthis connection,awarenessraisingcampaignstargetedatdecisionmakersarebadlyneeded. Ontheotherhand,dedicatedsourcesoffinancingforenergyefficiencyarelacking.This requiresthecreationofopportunitiesforindustrialfacilitiesandbusinessenterprisesto investinenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprojectsthroughthedevelopmentof demonstration projects for these clean technologies in order to gain more experience andtoincreaseconfidenceinthisemergingtechnology. Second, local experts lack adequate knowledge and experience in identifying and formulatingenergyefficiencyinvestmentprojectproposals.Thereisneedtodevelop skills in the private and public sectors at the local level to identify, formulate and implement energy efficiency and renewable energy investment in selected proven technologies.Hence,trainingcoursesandworkshopsarethusneededforprofessionals toraiseawarenessandtoovercomethecurrentlackofexpertiseamongstprofessionals (planners, installer, etc.). Also developing planning guidelines to promote EE&RE by assistingplannersisalsorecommended. Third, in the absence of policy and institutional support, private investors are not motivated to finance energy efficiency projects. This requires specific assistance to municipal authorities and national Governments to introduce reforms needed to supporttheseinvestments.

79 11 References

Ahmad,A.,Ghufran,R.,Wahid,Z.A.2011.Bioenergyfromanaerobicdegradationoflipids inpalmoilmilleffluentǤReviewsinEnvironmentalScienceandBio/Technology,vol. 10,no.4,pages353–376,Oct.2011. Chairattanamanokorn, P., Tapananont, S., Detjaroen, S., Sangkhatim, J., Anurakpongsatorn,P.,Sirirote,P.2012.Additionalpaperwasteinpulpingsludgefor biohydrogen production by heat-shocked sludgeǤ Applied biochemistry and biotechnology,vol.166,no.2,pages389–401,Jan.2012. Chen,Y.,Cheng,J.J.,Creamer,K.S.2008.Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: review.Bioresourcetechnology,vol.99,no.10,pages4044–64,Jul.2008. Daseking,W.2009.InterviewbyÅsaHedmanǤFreiburg,Germany,May2009 Dqg, D. I., Lrpdvv, R., Sveinsdottir, M., Sigurbjornsdottir, M. A., Orlygsson, J. 2011. WKDQRODQGΪ\GURJHQ3URGXFWLRQZLWK7KHUPRSKLOLF,2011. EIA(EnergyInformationAdministration).2013.Countryanalysisbrief:Egypt. Eurostat.2014.EnergypricestatisticsǤEuropeanCommission,Luxembourg.Availableat http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/energy_price_statist ics Farghaly, A., Tawfik, A., Gamal Eldin Ibrahim,M. 2015. Surfactant-supplemented mixed bacterialculturestoproducehydrogenfrompaperboardmillwastewaterǤEng.LifeSci., 00,1–8,2015. Forgacs, E., Cserhati, T., Oros, G. 2004. Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: review.Environ.Int.30(7),953–971. Kalin, S. 2014. Egypt raises electricity prices. Reuters, London. Available at http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews//idAFKBN0F81KF20140703

Lay,C.,Sen,B.,Huang,S.,Chen,C.,Lin,C.2013.Sustainablebioenergyproductionfrom tofu-processing wastewater by anaerobic hydrogen fermentation for onsite energy recoveryǤRenewableEnergy,vol.58,pages60–67,2013. Leaño, E. P., Babel, S. 2012. The influence of enzyme and surfactant on biohydrogen production and electricity generation using Palm Oil Mill EffluentǤ Journal of Cleaner Production,vol.31,pages91–99,Aug.2012. OilandGasJournal.2012.Vol.110,issue12C,Dec.2012.

80 Razavi,H.2012.CleanenergydevelopmentinEgyptǤAfricanDevelopmentBank,2012. Reda,F.,Tuominen,P.,Hedman,Å.,GamalEldinIbrahim,M.2015.Low-energyresidential buildingsinNewBorgElArab:SimulationandsurveybasedenergyassessmentǤEnergy and Buildings, Volume 93, 15 April 2015, pages 65–82, ISSN 0378-7788, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.021 Ryan,L.,Campbell,N.2012.SpreadingtheNet:TheMultipleBenefitsofEnergyEfficiency ImprovementsǤIEA:InsightsSeries2012. Shahin, M., Hedman, Å. 2014. Transportation planning key element in EcoCity development.AnalysisofscenariosforNewBorgElArab,EgyptǤEuropeanConferenceon Transportation.Frankfurt,Germany,30.9.–2.10.2014. Tawfik, A., Zaki, D. F., Zahran, M. K. 2014. Degradation of reactive dyes wastewater supplemented with cationic polymer (Organo Pol.) in down flow hanging sponge (DHS)systemǤJournalofIndustrialandEngineeringChemistry,vol.20,issue4,pages 2059–2065,25July2014. Tuominen, P., Reda, F., Dawoud, W., Elboshy,B., Elshafei, G., Negm, A. 2015. Economic appraisalofenergyefficiencyinbuildinsusingCost-EffectivenessAssessmentǤProcedia EconomicsandFinance21,422-430,2015. UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme).2008.ClimateChangeandEnergyin theMediterraneanǤSophiaAntipolis,France,2008. You, S., Damodar, R. A., Hou, S. 2010. DegradationofReactiveBlackͻdyeusing anaerobic/aerobicmembranebioreactor(MBR)andphotochemicalmembranereactorǤ JournalofHazardousMaterials177,1112–1118,2010.

81 ANNEX1:SUMMARYOFCOMMERCIAL/PUBLICFACILITIESSECTOR

SocialServices Administration SecurityServices HealthServices PublicServices services IndustrialServices (Police,Fire EducationServices (Hospitals,Health (Bakery,Mail, (Administration Commercial CultureServices ReligiousServices (ServicesBuilding DISTRICT Status Brigade,National (SchoolsandAl- CentersandHealth Telegraph,Bus Centrals TOTAL Buildingandthe Services(Markets) (CultureCenters) (Mosques) forIndustrial Securityand Azharinstitutes) Insurance Station,Training Kindergarten OccasionsHall SportClub YouthHostel Annexationsand Region) Traffic) Cliniques) Center) otherBuildings)

BasicEducation FirstNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten Mosques 3 School

SecondNeighbourhood Done ExperimentalSchool CultureCenter 2

ThirdNeighbourhood Done ʹKindergartens HealthCenter Bakery 4

Traffic SecondryAl-Azhar FourthNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten Administration Market 4 institutes Building

Police,Fire FifthNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten YouthCenter Youthhostel Brigade,National Al-Azharinstitutes PuplicHospital 8 Security

SecondaryEducation SixthNeighbourhood Done ʹKindergartens 3 School Adminstration BasicEducation Mail,Telegraphand SeventhNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten 5 Building, School Telephones

EighthNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten Mosques HealthInsurance 3

BasicEducation Endowments ElBarakaMarketǦEl NinthNeighbourhood Done Kindergarten OccasionsHall SchoolǦIndustrial Mosques HealthCenter 9 Building SuikaMarket SecondarySchool

BasicEducation FirstSociety Done FireBrigade 2 School

SecondSociety Done ElThamanyMarket 1

ThirdSociety Done 0

FourthSociety Done Kindergarten 1

FifthSociety Done CourtBuilding 1

SixthSociety Done HealthUnit 1

SeventhDistrict Done Kindergarten Market HealthUnit 3

CentralAxis Done FireBrigade HealthUnit Central 3

ExtensionofCentralAxis Done Police BusStation 2

IndustrialRegions Done ʹFireBrigades ServicesBuilding 3

FirstIndustrialRegions Done Trainingcenter Stores 2

ParkingBuildingǦ CityGate Done Agriculture 2 Administration

TOTAL 12 1 1 1 5 10 5 9 1 3 7 5 1 1 62

NBCMasterplan 180 1 4 11 99 16 61 72 ANNEX2:VISIONANDSCENARIOSFORTURNINGNBCINTOANECOCITY

1. VISION

SectorsconsideredfortheFeasibilityStudy Issuesof General Residential Commercial/Publicfacilities Industrial Services/Utilities Transport concern Energy Possibilitytosellextraenergytothe Possibilitytosellextraenergytothegrid Solarwaterheating Cleanerproduction(greenindustry) Minimizationofelectricity Useofbiofuels grid Localbuildingenergycode(including Solarairconditioning Monitoring(in-plantcontrol) consumptioninpublicplaces Electriccars Solarwaterheating lighting) Wastetoenergy Maintainingtheenergycycle Dailyserviceswithinwalkingdistance Fuelcells Solarairconditioning Solarwaterheating Increasepublicawareness Renewableenergy (around500m) Electrificationofrailwayconnection Wastetoenergy Solarairconditioning Useofefficientlightingsolutions Energyefficiency(ISO50000,etc.) Useofefficientlightingsolutions betweenBorgElArabCityand Increasepublicawareness Wastetoenergy Monitorandtracehazardouschemicals Increasepublicawareness Increasepublicawareness Alexandria Useofefficientlightingsolutions Increasepublicawareness Smartuseofenergy(reducepeak Useofefficientlightingsolutions Smartuseofenergy(reducepeak Pedestrianandbicyclelanes Monitorandtracehazardouschemicals Useofefficientlightingsolutions consumption,energystorage,load Monitorandtracehazardous consumption,energystorage,load Improvebussystem Smartuseofenergy(reducepeak Smartuseofenergy(reducepeak matching,smartcontrol) chemicals matching,smartcontrol) Busycle consumption,energystorage,load consumption,energystorage,load Energyefficiency Possibilitytosellextraenergytothe Providingconsultancyonenergy Supportingcarpooling matching,smartcontrol) matching,smartcontrol) Greenpolicyforall grid efficientsolutions Increasepublicawareness Energyefficiency Energyefficiency Useoflocalmaterials Smartuseofenergy(reducepeak Providingenergyauditservice(E- Energyefficiency Greenpolicyforall Useoflocalmaterials ------ consumption,energystorage,load JUSTEnergyOffice) Increasetheuseofpublictransport Useoflocalmaterials ------ Targets: matching,smartcontrol) Energyinformationandtipsavailable Increasecycling,walking… Cleanerproduction(greenindustry) Targets: x Enforcementofexistinglawto Enforcementofenvironmentallaws (E-JUSTEnergyOffice) Introduceintelligenttrafficsystems,ITS Enforcementofenvironmentallaws x 100%netrenewableenergyinall closebusinessesatgiventime andregulations ESCOcompanies Introduceinformationsystemsfor andregulations newbuildings ------ ------ travellers Energyinformationandtipsavailable x Energyefficiency(efficient Targets: Targets: Car-freezones (E-JUSTEnergyOffice) x Reduceby50%in10yearsthe lighting,refrigeration) x 100%ofindustriesenergy x 60%reductionofenergy Introducetrafficcalmingmeasures ESCOcompanies totalenergyconsumption auditedonregularbasis consumptioninGovernment BusandHOVpriority Enforcementoftrafficlawsand comparedtobusinessasusual officescomparedtobusinessas Reduceuseofprivatecarsincity regulations x 100%ofindustrieshaving usual centres(parkingfees) Useofbiofuels greenpolicy,self-monitoring Enforcementoftrafficlawsand Electriccars andcontinuousimprovement x E-JUSTEnergyOfficeisupand regulations Electrificationofrailwayconnection processes runninginthenearfuture ------ betweenBorgElArabCityand Targets: Alexandria x Sharedresponsibilityintrade x ModalSplit:Publictransport Pedestrianandbicyclelanes (hazardouschemicals) share50% Improvebussystem Supportingcarpooling x Upgradingofoutdated x Pedestrian/cyclingshare10-15% Introduceintelligenttrafficsystems, equipmentthrough ITS enforcementandincentives x Decreaseprivatecareshare40% Reduceuseofprivatecarsincity centres(parkingfees) x Useofrenewableenergy x Ψuseofelectriccars(20%by (numericaltargettobedefined 2035forthebestscenario–this later) figureneedstobecheckedthrough electric/energyengineerȌ x 100%ofcarsshouldberegularly checkedandmaintained Water Waterconservation(including Waterconservation Waterconservation(including Non-conventionalwaterresources Raiharvesting Rainharvestingfortheroadsystem agriculturalactivities) Waterquality agriculturalactivities) (solardesalination…) Increasepublicawareness Increasepublicawareness Waterquality Non-conventionalwaterresources(solar Waterquality Recyclingandreuseoftreatedwaste Providingcleanwater Non-conventionalwaterresources desalination…) Non-conventionalwaterresources water ------ (solardesalination…) Freshwatermanagement (solardesalination…) Rainharvesting Targets: Freshwatermanagement Sufficientwatersupply Freshwatermanagement Increasepublicawareness x 30%ofreductioninwater Sufficientwatersupply Minimizationofwaterconsumption Sufficientwatersupply ------ consumptionintheService Minimizationofwaterconsumption Recyclingandreuseoftreatedwaste Minimizationofwaterconsumption Targets: sector Recyclingandreuseoftreatedwaste water Recyclingandreuseoftreatedwaste x 100%ofindustrieswater water Provisionoffreshdrinkingwaterand water auditedonregularbasis x Allseptictanksshouldbe Provisionoffreshdrinkingwaterand sanitation Provisionoffreshdrinkingwaterand modifiedtopreventground sanitation Rainharvesting sanitation x 100%recyclingofwastewater waterpollutionandservice Rainharvesting Increasepublicawareness Rainharvesting whereapplicable availabletoemptythetanks Increasepublicawareness ------ Increasepublicawareness Targets: ------ x Enforcementofthelaw x 30%lesswaterconsumption Targets: regulatingdischargeintowater (includingwaterrecycling) x 100%useofnon-conventional streams comparedtobusinessasusual waterforirrigationandnon- conventionalirrigation ANNEX2:VISIONANDSCENARIOSFORTURNINGNBCINTOANECOCITY

x 100%puredrinkingwaterfor techniques everyone x 50%watertreatedusing renewableenergysourcesin10 years x 100%sanitationforeveryone x Respectcarryingcapacitiesin termsofwateravailability Waste Insitusortingofwaste Insitusortingofwaste Recycling Wasteminimization Increasepublicawareness Biofuelfromwaste Increasepublicawareness Increasepublicawareness Lowcosttechnologiesforwastewater Solidwastetreatment Marketforusedgoods(fleamarket, Hydrogenproduction Wasteminimization Wasteminimization treatment Recycling onlinesale…) Reductionofemissions(seeenergy) Recycling ------ Biogasproductionfromwaste Recovery(includingwastetoenergy) Well-functioningwastemanagement Recycling(tyres,otherparts) Lowcosttechnologiesforwastewater Targets: Increasepublicawareness Pollutionprevention servicesavailable Recovery treatment x Near100%ofthewaste(including ------ Increasepublicawareness ------ Increasepublicawareness Biogasproductionfromwaste bothsolidwasteandwastewater) Targets: ------ Targets: Solidwastetreatment istreated,recycledand/orreused x Near100%ofthewaste Targets: x 100%garbagecollection Note1:Thispartcan’tbeestimatedby Pollutionprevention (includingbothsolidwasteand x Near100%ofthewasteis transportplanningfieldratherby Wasteminimization x 100%ofhazardouswasteis wastewater)istreated,recycled treated,recycledand/or x Atleastonefunctioning mechanicalengineer Marketforusedgoods(fleamarket, properlytreated and/orreused reused marketplaceforusedgoods ------ onlinesale…) (eitherphysicaloronline) Targets: Well-functioningwastemanagement x 100%ofhazardouswasteis x 100%ofhazardouswasteis x Enforcementoflawregulating servicesavailable properlytreated properlytreated x Near100%ofthewasteis disposalofoldcars Biofuelfromwaste treated,recycledand/or Reductionofemissions(seeenergy) reused x 100%tyresrecycled x 100%ofhazardouswasteis x Near100%ofthewasteis properlytreated treated,recycledand/orreused x 100%ofhazardouswasteis properlytreated Other Protectaquaticecosystems Protectaquaticecosystems Useofeco-friendlychemicals independent Conservationandsustainableuseof x Target:Intensifyingwater issues land pollutionpreventiontoreduce Minimizationofrawmaterialuse (material,etc.) Sustainablegreencover healthhazardsanddamageto Biodiversity ecosystems Healthandsafety Greenareas x Target:OHSrulesshouldbe Goodgovernance Conservationandsustainableuseofland followedbyallemployeesatall Useofeco-friendlychemicals x Target:Reducingsalinization, times.Developprocessesto Minimizationofrawmaterialuse combatingdesertification, supportthis Healthandsafety reducingcroplandexpansion, preventingsoilpollutionand degradation Sustainablegreencover x Target:Reducingplantuprooting andremovalofnaturalvegetation Biodiversity Greenareas Goodgovernance x Target:Ingeneralimprovingthe legislation,butinparticular, introducingtheadequate legislationtoallowandregulate theuseofrenewableenergy ANNEX2:VISIONANDSCENARIOSFORTURNINGNBCINTOANECOCITY

2. SCENARIOS:GENERAL x Electricvehicles x TramandLRTsystem BUSINESSASUSUAL(BAU) x Streetlightstoincreasesafetyforpedestriansandbikes x LocalSMEscreatedaroundsustainability(technologies,products,systems…) x BAUisbasicallythedescriptionofthecurrentsituation,includingthecontentoftheStrategicPlanandtheresultsregardingthe x Smartmonitoringandcontrolofenergyandwaterqualityandefficiencyinsidethebuildingsandatneighbourhoodlevel performanceindicatorsproposed.Populationgrowthandeconomicgrowthshouldalsobedescribed.Normally,only10%ofthe plansareimplemented.Politicalinstabilitymightbeoneofthereasons.Availabilityofownfundsisanother.

LOWINVESTMENTSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO(LIS) 3. SCENARIOS:PERSECTOR x Shouldcontainprimaryenergyefficiencymeasures(bothaddressingenergydemandandenergyproduction)forallsectors. x Userbehaviourregardingenergyefficiency. x Introductionofrenewableenergysources. RESIDENTIALSECTOR x Minimizelightingenergyconsumption WithregardstoLISandHISscenarios,particularapproachhasbeenusedwherepossible.Inparticular,solutionsinHISscenarioderive x Passivesolutionsfortheresidentialandcommercialsectors fromthesameroottechnologysolutionsofLISscenario.Basically,basictechnologieswithinfromtheLISscenarioareupgraded,adding x Maximizetheuseofnaturallight newfeatures.ThereforethesolutionsoftheHISscenarioaddnewfeaturestothetechnologiesmixofthebasicone. x Usinghighmassenvironmentally-friendlybuildingmaterials x Usingexternalinsulationpaint BUSINESSASUSUAL x Usingcool-colorradiantpaintforroofs x Noinsulation x VentilatedRoof x Lightweightenvelope x ShadingSystem x Singleglazing x Naturalventilation(solarchimney) x Non-ventilatedroofs x Energyauditsfortheindustrysector x Poorindoorairquality(lowventilationrateconsideringthatsmokingisallowedeverywhere) x Waterconservationmeasures x Monitoringenergyandwaterqualityinsidethebuildings x Separatewasteatneighborhoodanddistrictlevels LOWINVESTMENTSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x Awarenessraisingprogramme(energy,water,waste,lifestyle…) • Maximizetheuseofnaturallight x Sustainableurbanplanninganddesign • Minimizelightingenergyconsumption x Databasefordifferentsectors(datashouldbemadeavailable,basedatE-JUSTEnergyOffice) • Usinghighmassenvironment-friendlybuildingmaterials x Improvepublictransport • Usingexternalinsulationpaint x Encouragecarpooling • Usingcool-colorradiantpaintforroofs x Improvetrafficcontrolsystem • VentilatedRoof x Enforcementoftrafficlaws • ShadingSystem x Encourageandenablingwalkingandcycling • Separatewasteatneighborhoodanddistrictlevels x Separatelanesfor:buses/trams,cars,tuk-tuk,bicycles,pedestrians x Developlowcosttechnologiesfortheindustry • Naturalventilation(solarchimney) x Improvingemployeesskills(training) x Optimizematerialandenergyflowsinindustrialprocesses x Targetof30%savinginenergyachievedby2035ifthishappens: x Changelightingsystemfromincandescenttoenergysavingbulbs x Useautomaticinfra-redfaucets HIGHSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO(HIS) x Usingsolarcollectorstoprovidedomestichotwater x Useofadvancedrenewableenergytechnologiesandsolutions x Improve/introduceinsulationinbuildings(oldandnew) x Concentratedsolarpower. x Increaseawarenesstoencouragepeopletosaveenergy,water,food…(putspecialemphasisonschoolchildren) x Energystorageandsmartcontrolsystems. x Sortingofsolidwaste(easilydonebygivingeachhouseholdʹplasticbagsindifferentcolours:organic,non-organic) x Districtheatingandcoolingsolutions. x Introduceadequatelegislationandregulations,andenforcement,bythegovernmentforenergyefficiencyanduseofrenewable x Combinedheatandpowerforindustry. energy x Solarcombinedheatandpowerfordesalinationandcooling. x Touseenergyefficienthouseholdequipment x Biofuelsproducedfromnaturalresourcesandwaste. x Studiestomonitorenergyconsumptioninhouseholds x Upgradingthewaterdistributionnetwork. x Buildingdemoeco-house x Freshwatermanagementandrainharvesting x Increasingproductionanduseofnon-conventionalwaterresources(e.g.desalination) x Targetof30%reductioninwaterconsumptionby2035ifthishappens: x Hazardouswastedumpingsites. x Useunconventionalwatertap x Classificationofthedifferentindustriesforbettercommonwastemanagement. x Separategreywaterfromblackwater x Solidandliquidwastemanagementfortheindustrysector. x Reuseofgreywaterforirrigationofgardens x Usingnon-conventionaltechniquesforimprovingtheaddedvaluefrommaterialswaste. x Useofgreywaterforflushingsavingpotablewater x Upto100%recyclingefficiencyespeciallyforwater(ZeroLiquidDischargetechnologyȌ x Educatethepupilsatschoolsandawarenessonwatersaving x Othergeneralsocialandeconomicsustainabilityrelatedinitiatives(withimpactsalsoonthemainissuesofconcern) x Sanitationandhealthrelatedissues. x Targetof40%ofwasteminimizationby2035ifthishappens: x NBCneedsmoreschoolsandhospital. x Segregationofsolidwaste x Developindustrialecoparks. x Minimizationoftheuseofnon-biodegradableplastics x Smartsolutionsforadministrativecoordination. x Recyclingofpaper,cartoons,glassandbottles x Masstransportsystems. x Biogasproductionfromorganicfractionofmunicipalsolidwaste x ITS(IntelligentTrafficSystem) x Efficiencycollectionunitsforseparatewaste ANNEX2:VISIONANDSCENARIOSFORTURNINGNBCINTOANECOCITY

x Sweepstreetsregularly x Recyclingandreuseofwastewaterforirrigationandotherpurposes x Separatethehazardouswaste x Developlowcosttechnologiesforwastewatertreatment x Improvementoftheexistingwastewatertreatmentofthecity x Separationofindustrialwastewaterstreams HIGHSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x Replicationofcost-effectivetreatmentunitsforsimilarindustrialfacilities x Useefficientlightingsolutions(LEDlamps) x Reuseandrecyclingthetreatedwatereitherinirrigationorinindustry x Wastetoenergygeneration x Solarairconditioningandheating HIGHSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x 30%energyproducedfromrenewablesources x PVintegratedintoshadingsystem x Increasingproductionanduseofnon-conventionalwaterresources(e.g.desalination) x Addinginsulationwithinthebuildingenvelope x Provisionofsufficientfreshdrinkingwaterandsanitation x PerformantWindow(Low-e,doubleglass) x Freshwatermanagementandrainharvesting x ThermalsolarsystemforDHWandSpaceHeating x Biogasproductionandsupply x UsePV-heatpumpforsupplyingcooling x Mixedventilation(includingfreecooling) x Adoptingventilatedgreenroof INDUSTRYSECTOR x Microwindmills x Newperformantenvelopematerial(PCM) BUSINESSASUSUAL x Separatewasteathouseholdandbuildinglevel Inordertodescribethecurrentsituationinanappropriateway,thefollowinginformationshouldbeavailable,butasexplainedinthe Introduction,ithasn’tbeenpossiblefortheexpertteamtoaccessthisinformation: x Targetof60%savinginenergyachievedby2035ifthishappens: x Howmanyplantsarethereinthecity?Whatistheexpectedgrowthofthatnumber? x TodevelopthebuildingcodeforenergyefficiencyforBorgElArabandforEgypt x Howmanyemployeesarethere?Whatistheexpectedgrowthofthatnumber? x Buildsolarandwindenergyplantstoprovideenergyforbuildings x Howdevelopedisthetechnologyused? x Userenewableenergyco-generationunitstoprovideheatandpowerforbuilding,groupsofbuildingsorcompounds x Howskilledaretheemployees?Whataretherequiredskills? x Usecentralsolarcoolingplantstoprovidecoolingformajorbuildings,compounds,evendistrictcooling x Whatkindsofenergysourcesareused?Whatisthedistributionofthese? x Solarcombinedgenerationfordesalinationandcooling x Watersupplyandwatertreatment x Targetof100%puredrinkingwaterforeveryoneby2035ifthishappens: x Useoflowcostandefficientwatertreatmenttechnologies LOWINVESTMENTSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x Solarenergyfordisinfection x Target100%factoriesmonitoredandaudited x Improvementandintegrationoftheexistingwatertreatmentunits x Renewableenergyapplications x Pollutionprevention x Developlowcosttechnologies. x Coursesandcapacitybuildingforpupilsandworkers x Enhancerecyclingprocess(water-solid) x Improvingemployeesskills(training) x Targetof100%ofwasterecovery/treatmentby2035ifthishappens: x Non-conventionalandlowcostwastewatertreatmentplants HIGHSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x Energyproductionfromwaste x Upto100%recyclingefficiencyespeciallyforwater(ZeroLiquidDischargetechnologyȌ x Usewasteaswealthforrecovery x Upto50-80%energyproducedfromrenewablesources x Useofgreentechnologies x Usemoredevelopedtechnology x Zeroliquiddischargeunits x Usingnon-conventionaltechniquesforimprovingtheaddedvaluefrommaterialswaste. x Strictlyfollowtherulesandregulations x Penaltiesfordischargeofindustrialwastewater x Createguidelinesandnewobligatoryfordischargeofsolidwaste TRANSPORTSECTOR x Sellingtheenergyproducedfromwastes x Reuseoftreatedwaterasnon-conventionalresource BUSINESSASUSUAL TheBusinessAsUsualscenario(ReferenceScenario)isbasedoncontinuationoftheexistingtravelbehavioroftheyear2013/2014inthe future,accordingtothefollowingassumptions: COMMERCIAL/PUBLICFACILITIESSECTOR x Forecastedpopulationbasedontheproposedmasterplanandincreaserateofpopulation x Littlechangeinthemodalsplittothebenefitofthebusmode x Changeintheroadinfrastructuresbasedonthemasterplan BUSINESSASUSUAL x BAUisbasicallythedescriptionofthecurrentsituation,includingthecontentoftheStrategicPlanandtheresultsregardingthe performanceindicatorsproposed. LOWINVESTMENTSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x Modalsplitpublictransportshare20% LOWINVESTMENTSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x 100%carsshouldbecheckedandmaintained x Publicawareness x Modalsplitprivatecarshare25% x Target100%buildingsmonitoredandaudited x Modalpedestrianandcyclingshare7% x Smartuseofenergy Toachievethesetargetsthefollowingmeasureshavetobetaken: x Buildingdemoeco-officebuildings x Improvepublictransport x Usingsolarwaterheating x Encouragecarpooling x Waterqualitymonitoringinsidethebuildingsdoneonregularbasis x Improvetrafficcontrolsystem x Waterconservationmeasures x Awarenessraising ANNEX2:VISIONANDSCENARIOSFORTURNINGNBCINTOANECOCITY

x Guidelinesforurbanplanningtoincludecentralizedparking,pedestrianpaths,bicyclelanes,etc. x Parkingfeesonlyincitycentres x Speedlimitinresidentialcalmingareas x Collectivetaxis x Introducingtricyclesandbuscycles x Efficientcarwashingservicepointswithwastewaterhandlingsystem(wecannotmeasurethiswithinthetransportation planningfield/expert) x Reuseoftyres x Enforcementoftrafficlaws x Stationformicrobusesinthecity x Parkingplacesforcars x Parkingplacesforbicycles x Separatelanesfor:buses/trams,cars,tuk-tuk,bicycles,pedestrians x Reducethenumberoftuk-tuks,improveandenforcetheregulations x IntroducingRRT(RapidRailTransit)system x Biofuelornaturalgaspoweredpublictransport x Modifyingroadnetwork(trafficsignals,roundabouts) HIGHSUSTAINABILITYSCENARIO x 15%useofelectriccars x OnlyelectriccarswillbeallowedtocirculatewithinBorgElArabcitycentre x 100%carsshouldbecheckedandmaintained x Modalsplit:decreaseprivatecarshare40% x Modalsplit:pedestrian/cyclingshare10-15% x Modalsplit:publictransportshare50% Toachievethesetargetsthefollowingmeasureshavetobetaken: x ITS(IntelligentTrafficSystem) x Biofuelsforcarsandbuses x Electricvehicles x PVchargingpointsforelectricvehicles x TramandLRTsystem x Streetlightstoincreasesafetyforpedestriansandbikes x Fuelcellcars x Buildinggradeseparateinterchanges Series title and number VTT Technology 220

Title EcoNBC feasibility study Transforming New Borg El Arab into an EcoCity Author(s) Carmen Antuña Rozado, Åsa Hedman, Pekka Tuominen, Francesco Reda (VTT); Yehia ElMahgary, Ahmed ElShazly, Mona GamalEldin, Ali Kamel, Abdelazim Negm, Ahmed Tawﬁk, Heba Saeed, Ahmed AbdelMonteleb, Mohamed Ayeldeen, Waled Dawoud, Bahaa Elboshy, Ghada Elshafei (E-JUST); Mohamed Shahin (Alexandria University); Ahmed Yousry (Cairo University) Abstract New Borg El Arab was inaugurated in 1988 and is seen as the natural extension of Alexandria, as well as one of the most important industrial areas in Egypt. Transforming New Borg El Arab City into an EcoCity was one of the main drivers for EcoNBC project (EcoCity Capacity Building in New Borg El Arab City). Carrying out a Feasibility Study to explore more in detail the viability of the idea was one of the ﬁrst steps to be taken towards that transformation. In this case, it is the result of the joint effort of a team of Finnish and Egyptian experts through a series of structured workshops that took place both in Finland and Egypt, and a number of focused discussions that involved also key stakeholders.

ISBN, ISSN ISBN 978-951-38-8301-0 (URL: http://www.vttresearch.com/impact/publications) ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Date April 2015 Language English Pages 82 p. + app. 6 p. Name of the project Commissioned by Keywords Publisher VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland, Tel. 020 722 111 VTT TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY VTT