Roman Mortars Used in the Archaeological Sites In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Roman Mortars Used in the Archaeological Sites In UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA ROMAN MORTARS USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SPAIN AND TURKEY A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND THE DESIGN OF REPAIR MORTARS TESIS DOCTORAL DUYGU ERGENÇ Ingeniera Geológica y Máster en Restauración Junio 2017 CONSERVACIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO ESCUELA T ÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID ROMAN MORTARS USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SPAIN AND TURKEY A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND THE DESIGN OF REPAIR MORTARS Autor: DUYGU ERGENÇ Ingeniera Geológica y Máster en Restauración Directores: Dr. Fco. David Sanz Arauz Doctor en Arquitectura por ETSAM, UPM Dr. Rafael Fort González Doctor en Geología Económica por UCM, Senior científico en Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) 2017 TRIBUNAL Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 2017 Presidente: Vocales: Secretario: Suplentes: Realizado el acto de lectura y defensa de la Tesis Doctoral el día de de 2017 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. To my family Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support and expertise of many people. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Dr. Fco. David Sanz Arauz and Dr. Rafael Fort González for their guidance and generous support, and for their encouragement and cordiality. I would like to give a special mention to Rafael Fort González whose efforts I can honestly never repay. I am grateful to him for believing in me from the beginning, for his endless enthusiasm and farsightedness, for never retaining his scientific and academic support, for being involved in every little step of the research and for his detailed revisions. Without his motivational talks, “trans-language” communication skills and ever-smiling face I would not have been able to make it to this point. This research was funded by the project CLIMORTEC (BIA2014-53911-R) of the program Geomateriales 2 (S2013/MIT2914) of the Community of Madrid. In addition, Francisco González Yunta and Cátedra PROEISCON Ltd. are acknowledged for the lime putty supply and financial aid. Guidance from E.T.S. Arquitectura and advice from Dr. Felix Lasheras Merino, Dr. Juan Monjo Carrio and Dr. Maria del Mar Barbero Barrera were a great help to and are greatly appreciated. Thank to Dr. Pablo Guerra and Dr. Cristina Mayo Corrochano for their support at conferences. Thanks for the valuable comments and revisions of Dr. Javier Mosteiro, Dr. Soledad García Morales, Dr. Monica Alvarez de Buergo Ballester in the pre-defense, which helped me to improve the thesis. The evaluations of Dr. Mauro F. La Russa, Dr. Fabio Fratini and Dr. Federica Fernandez as external reviewers are highly appreciated. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by Dr. Monica Alvarez de Buergo, not only for detailed revisions of the thesis and publications, but also for continuous support and encouragement, both academically and personally. I have learned a lot from you. This Ph.D. research gave me an opportunity to collaborate with many colleagues with different professions. I am grateful to the archaeologists of the where that I worked: Ana Lucia Sanchez Montes and Sebastián Rascón Marqués at the archaeological site of Complutum, Pedro Dámaso and Miguel Alba of the Consortium of the Monumental City of Mérida, Dr. Serdar Hakan Öztaner at the archaeological site of Nysa, and Dr. Olivier Henry at the archaeological site Labraunda, not only for giving permission for sampling, but also for their assistance and guidance. Thanks to CEI-Moncloa the collaboration between different universities and research organisms was made possible. In this regard, the Petrophysics Laboratory, whose director is Monica Alvarez de Buergo of the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), played a large role in the majority of the experiments that were conducted. I appreciate Dr. Ma Carmen Vázquez Calvo for conducting MIP measurements and for calmly explaining every procedure in the laboratory to me, Dr. David Martín Freire Lista for conducting Portable XRF analysis and Blanca Gallardo López for helping me with the saturation and capillarity experiments. I extend my thanks to Silvia Santos for helping me with the measurement of limes even when I was in Lisbon and to Cristian Zapatero Martín for conducting MIP measurements and helping with technical drawings. I consider myself fortunate for being a member of an active and dynamic group, the Applied Petrology for Heritage Conservation Research Group in the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), whose head is Rafael Fort. First and foremost, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Miguel Gómez Heras for introducing me to this group, and also thank you very much for every time being there for scientific or life consultancy and friendship. Indeed, I am more than happy to work with every single group member. Your patience, helpfulness, dedication, joy and friendship, Friday scientific diffusion breakfasts and clockwork-like teamwork motivated me every day. This was undoubtedly the best work environment ever! Specifically, Dr. Luz Stella Gómez-Villalba is highly appreciated for her advice and assistance in the dedicated interpretation of the crystals in SEM and XRD analyses and feedback, and likewise Dr. Ma José Varas Muriel is highly cherished for her support with the microscopic observations. I am very much obliged to Dr. Ma Inmaculada Martínez Garrido for sharing her expertise to collect-process the climatic data and creating the enjoyable working environment every time. Thank you to Dr. Natalia Perez Ema for guidance in Mérida and the program, and also for sharing all kinds of resources and information with me, to Dr. Elena Mercedes Pérez Monserrat for her scientific and life support and advice and for solving every little problem I had with great efficiency, and to Dr. David Martín Freire Lista for his constant support, sharing his passion and knowledge. I would also like to thank Dr. Beatriz Camara Gallego, my conference organization team partner, for support and motivation, my officemate, Dr. Áranzazu Sierra Fernandez, for full time positivity and academic support and ideas, and José Andrés Lira Aguado for IT and laughter support. Many thanks to my besugo, Dr. Arianna Murru, to Dr. Nevin Mohamed Aly, to Dr. Giulia Frostieri, to Manuela Martino and to Vincenzo Renda for their support and friendship. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Mauro F. La Russa for giving me suggestions that were useful every single time and academic support. I owe a lot to each of you. Thanks to a Santander Iberoamerica mobility grant, I had the opportunity to be a part of two important laboratories in Portugal as a visiting researcher. I deeply thank Dr. Maria do Rosário Veiga and Dr. António Santos Silva of the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC) and Dr. António Candeias of the Laboratory of Hercules-University of Évora. I would like to express my gratitude for their valuable constructive guidance, useful criticisms and helping me with the interpretation of the results, especially in the repair mortar study. During the months of working with them, I learned so much about the mortars from their expertise and the dynamic work environment. The assistance of Dora Santos with mechanical physical tests, Dora Soares with XRD, TGA and Paula Menezes with thin section preparation, Dr. Sara Valadas with SEM analysis and Ana Margarida Cardoso for FTIR analysis is greatly appreciated. Thanks to Sofia Malanho, Giovanni Borsoi and Cláudio Cruz, Dr. Ana Fragata and Dr. José Mirão for warm company and academic support. My grateful thanks are also extended to Carmen Valdehita Mayoral, María Ascensión Barajas López, Pedro Vicente Lozano Velasco in the Department of Petrology and Geochemistry of Complutense University of Madrid for helping me in the preparation of the vast number of samples, to Iván Serrano Muñoz for realizing XRD patterns in the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), to Xabier Arroyo Rey, Isabel Gómez Pinilla, Francisco Coruña Llopis, Sol López Andrés for conducting TGA-DSC analysis at the CAI de Técnicas Geológicas of UCM, to Ana Vicente Montaña and Pedro Robredo Urbina for conducting SEM-EDS analyses at the National Centre of Electron Microscopy (CNME) and Antonio Prieto for assistance in the manufacturing of the mortar specimens and doing the mechanical tests in ETSAM. I also would like to acknowledge Tom Kelso for very fast and efficient language revision, and my dear enişte, Phil Glauberman, for helping with verbalizing the research idea, language, academic and moral support. I would also like to thank to my friends Uğur and Filiz Diri Akyıldız for giving me a ride to the archaeological sites in Turkey and their assistance in the fieldworks. Nor can I go without mentioning my friends, Ebru Susur, Hakan Karaosman, Evin Deniz, Şenay Dincer Koç, Filiz Diri, Elif Ensari, Funda Tan, Saadet and Sinan Yenigül and Mehmet Ali Üzelgün, and acknowledging their endless support and “Ph.D therapy sessions”. Last but not least, I am grateful to my dear Omar Cabañas for supporting me every single moment of this journey, listening what happened to my piedras day and night, looking after me like a child in the full-time writing period, introducing the “tomorrow more and better” policy into my life and believing in me even when I do not. Finally, I would like to thank to my nearest and dearest academic consultants: my father, my mother and my sister, who are my role models.
Recommended publications
  • Twilight 2000
    TWILIGHT 2000 Twilight 2000 is a Role playing game set in a fictional future, one where World war 3 began in the late 1990's and eventually slipped into a nuclear exchange changing society as we know it. The players assume the roles of survivors trying to live through the aftermath of the war. Twilight 2000 was published in the mid 1980's by Game Designers Workshop who unfortunately closed their doors in the early 1990's. The copyright was purchased by Tantalus, Inc but there are no stated plans to revive the game. Despite the lack of any new material from a publisher the game continues to expand through the players on websites such as this. This is my contribution to the game, this site will be in a constant state of change, I plan to add material as I get it finished. This will include new equipment, optional rules, alternate game backgrounds and other material as it accumulates, currently I am working on source material for a World war 2 background, but I also have been completing some optional rules of my own as well as modern equipment. For other perspectives on Twilight 2000 visit the links listed at the bottom of this page. Twilight 2000 World war 2 material World war 2 source book Twilight 2000 Modern equipment Modern equipment Optional rules for Twilight 2000 Fire Links to other Twilight 2000 pages Antennas T2K Page: Focusing on Sweden's forces, equipment and background, also includes archives of discontinued sites and web discussions. The Dark place: Includes material for several RPG's including Twilight 2000 and Behind Enemy Lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Military Weapons and Equipment
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET NO. 30-7-4 FOREIGN MILITARY WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT Vol. III INFANTRY WEAPONS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DT WASHINGTON 25, D. C. FOREWORD The object in publishing the essential recognition features of weapons of Austrian, German, and Japanese origin as advance sections of DA Pam 30-7-4 is to present technical information on these weapons as they are used or held in significant quantities by the Soviet satellite nations (see DA Pam 30-7-2). The publication is in looseleaf form to facilitate inclusion of additional material when the remaining sections of DA Pam 30-7-4 are published. Items are presented according to country of manufacture. It should be noted that, although they may be in use or held in reserve by a satellite country, they may be regarded as obsolete in the country of manufacture. DA Pam 30-7-4 PAMPHLET DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-7-4 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 24 November 1954 FOREIGN MILITARY WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT VOL. III INFANTRY WEAPONS SECTION IV. OTHER COUNTRIES AUSTRIA: Page Glossary of Austrian terms--------------------------------------------------------- 4 A. Pistols: 9-mm Pistol M12 (Steyr) ---------------------------------------------------- 5 B. Submachine Guns: 9-mm Submachine Gun MP 34 (Steyr-Solothurn) ------------------------------- .7 C. Rifles and Carbines: 8-mm M1895 Mannlicher Rifle- - ____________________________________- - - - - - -- 9 GERMANY: Glossary of German terms___________________________________---------------------------------------------------------11 A. Pistols: 9-mm Walther Pistol M1938-- _______________________-- - --- -- -- 13 9-mm Luger Pistol M1908--------------------------------------------------15 7.65-mm Sauer Pistol M1938---------------------------------_ 17 7.65-mm Walther Pistol Model PP and PPK ---------------------------------- 19 7.63-mm Mauser Pistol M1932----------------------------------------------21 7.65-mm Mauser Pistol Model HSc ------------------------------------------ 23 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry
    Document No. :: IITK-GSDMA-EQ12-V4.0 :: IITK-GSDMA-EQ19-V2.0 ::IITK-GSDMA-EQ25-V2.0 Final Report :: A - Earthquake Codes IITK-GSDMA Project on Building Codes Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry by Dr. Durgesh C. Rai Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur With assistance from Mr. Sandeep Pal Ms. Ami Patwa Mr. Samaresh Paikara Mr. Ashish Narayan Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Code &Commentary IS:1905 • This document has been made available as a “Draft for Comment” and is not ready for use. It is still in development stage as a part of ongoing project on Building Codes sponsored by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Gandhinagar at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. • The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily of the GSDMA, the World Bank, IIT Kanpur, or the Bureau of Indian Standards. • Comments and feedbacks may please be forwarded to: Prof. Sudhir K Jain, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, email: [email protected]; [email protected] Page ii Code &Commentary IS:1905 CONTENTS PART 1: CODE AND COMMENTARY 0. – FOREWORD .........................................1 5.6 – Permissible Stresses 59 5.6.1 – Basic Compressive stress 59 1. – SCOPE ..................................................5 5.6.2 – Permissible Compressive 1.1 – ..........................................................5 Stress……………………………….60 1.2 – ..........................................................5 5.7 – Combined Permissible
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cavalry Group
    World War II US Cavalry Groups European Theater GORDON L. ROTTMAN ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Elite • 129 World War II US Cavalry Groups European Theater GORDON L. ROTTMAN ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editor Martin Windrow © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 THE PRE-WAR CAVALRY REGIMENTS 5 Regiments, squadrons, and troops THE CAVALRY GROUP (MECHANIZED) 7 Organization: Headquarters and Headquarters Troop – Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons (Mechanized) – Troops Cavalry Group armament and vehicles CAVALRY GROUP MISSIONS 16 Doctrine and practice Group and squadron tactics Task-organization for combat CAVALRY GROUP DEPLOYMENTS 32 THE TEST OF BATTLE 42 Representative examples of cavalry groups in action: 113th Cavalry Group reconnaissance mission – 4th Cavalry Group screening mission – 113th Cavalry Group in the defense – 6th Cavalry Group in the offensive – 2nd Cavalry Group in defense of a river – 2nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron in a river assault – 316th Cavalry Brigade in the offensive – 101st Cavalry Group, miscellaneous missions – 3rd Cavalry Group in the pursuit CONCLUSIONS 58 Assessments The post-World War II mechanized cavalry SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 63 INDEX 64 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com WORLD WAR II US CAVALRY GROUPS EUROPEAN THEATER INTRODUCTION The World War II battlefield accomplishments of the mechanized cavalry groups go largely unreported. These predecessors of the armored cavalry regiments of the late 1940s to early 2000s carried the lineages of pre-war cavalry regiments. Supporting field armies, corps, and divisions, the lightly armed, fast-moving cavalry groups performed not only their primary roles of reconnaissance and security missions, but also both offensive and defensive operations, as well as a variety of unforeseen special missions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Masonry Bridges in Southern Italy: Vestige to Be Preserved
    The masonry bridges in Southern Italy: vestige to be preserved M. Lippiello Second University of Naples, Department of Civil Engineering, Aversa,(CE),Italy L. Bove, L. Dodaro and M.R. Gargiulo University of Naples, Department of Constructions and Mathematical Methods in Architecture, Naples, Italy ABSTRACT: A previous work, “The Stone bridges in Southern Italy: from the Roman tradition to the Middle XIX century”, presented during the Arch Bridges IV, underlined the connection between bridge construction and street network. With the fall of the Roman Empire and the consequent breaking up of the territory into small free states, road construction was no longer a priority and many suburban bridges were abandoned as well. This survey focuses on the Sannio area. It will take into account the following: − ancient bridges still on use; − bridges of Samnite’ Age, adapted in the later centuries, nowadays in a marginal rule with respect to the roads net; − bridges cut off from the road system. The aim of this paper is to describe some of these structures and thereby propose a cataloguing methodology of structural, technologic and material aspects of masonry bridges. The planned methodology’s ultimate purpose is to preserve adequate evidence of this heritage and lay the foundations for its safeguarding in case, future sensibility towards these constructions will not depend exclusively on their utilization. 1 INTRODUCTION Located at about 80 Km N-NW from Naples, the Roccamonfina volcanic pile, extinct in pro- tohistoric era, divides the area in two ambits which differ not only from a geographic but also from a cultural point of view.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 ROMANS CHANGED the MODERN WORLD How The
    1 ROMANS CHANGED THE MODERN WORLD How the Romans Changed the Modern World Nick Burnett, Carly Dobitz, Cecille Osborne, Nicole Stephenson Salt Lake Community College 2 Romans are famous for their advanced engineering accomplishments, although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas, concepts and inventions. Technology to bring running water into cities was developed in the east, but was transformed by the Romans into a technology inconceivable in Greece. Romans also made amazing engineering feats in other every day things such as roads and architecture. Their accomplishments surpassed most other civilizations of their time, and after their time, and many of their structures have withstood the test of time to inspire others. Their feats were described in some detail by authors such as Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder. Today our bridges look complex and so thin that one may think it cannot hold very much weight without breaking or falling apart, but they can. Even from the very beginning of building bridges, they have been made so many times that we can look at different ways to make the bridge less bulky and in the way, to one that is very sturdy and even looks like artwork. What allows an arch bridge to span greater distances than a beam bridge, or a suspension bridge to stretch over a distance seven times that of an arch bridge? The answer lies in how each bridge type deals with the important forces of compression and tension. Tension: What happens to a rope during a game of tug-of-war? It undergoes tension from the two opposing teams pulling on it.
    [Show full text]
  • 7Th ROMAN BRIDGES on the LOWER PART of the DANUBE
    th 7 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 23-24. April 2019. Subotica, SERBIA ROMAN BRIDGES ON THE LOWER PART OF THE DANUBE Isabella Floroni Andreia-Iulia Juravle UDK: 904:624.21"652" DOI: 10.14415/konferencijaGFS2019.015 Summary: The purpose of the paper is to present the Roman bridges built across the Romanian natural border, the Danube, during the Roman Empire expansion. Some of these are less known than the famous Traian’s bridge in Drobeta Turnu Severin. The construction of bridges on the lower part of the Danube showed the importance of conquering and administrating the ancient province of Dacia. The remaining evidences prove the technical solutions used by the Roman architects at a time when public works had developed. Keywords: Danube bridges, pontoon bridge, Bridge of Constantine the Great, Columna Traiana 1. INTRODUCTION The Danube1 was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km, passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Romania has the longest access to the river, around 1075 km, of which 225 km on Romanian territory exclusively. | CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (2019) | 189 7. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА Савремена достигнућа у грађевинарству 23-24. април 2019. Суботица, СРБИЈА Fig. 1 Map of the main course of the Danube During the Roman Empire many wooden or masonry bridges were built, some of which lasted longer, other designed for ephemeral military expeditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Defensive System of the Late Roman Limes Between Germania Secunda and Britannia
    Corso di Laurea magistrale in Scienze dell’Antichità: Letterature, Storia e Archeologia Tesi di Laurea The defensive system of the late Roman limes between Germania Secunda and Britannia Relatore Dr. Daniela Cottica Laureanda Sofia Turk Matricola 825383 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Table of content 1. Preface ................................................................................................................... 4 2. Introduction to the late Roman army ...................................................... 10 2.1. The Army of the 3 rd century and the Diocletianic reform ................ 11 2.2. The army after Constantine the Great ..................................................17 2.3. Transformations in late Roman fortification measures .....................22 3. The Lower Rhine frontier and northern Gaul .......................................31 3.1. General overview........................................................................................ 31 3.2 Fortified urban centres or military road posts?....................................39 3.3 Fortifications from Postumus to the end of the century.....................41 3.4 Defensive measures taken by Constantine and his sons .....................48 3.5. Reconstruction of the frontier in the second half of the 4 th century57 4. The coastal defences in south-eastern Britannia .................................63 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................63 4.2. New fortifications under the Gallic
    [Show full text]
  • Manual Stone Arch Bridges
    Kasese District Local Government Stone arch bridges A strong & cost effective technology for rural roads A practical manual for Local Governments Foreword This manual was developed based on the experience of the Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) supported Kasese District Poverty Reduction Programme (KDPRP) in Western Uganda, during the period 2009- 2013. The programme piloted stone arch culverts and bridges in rural areas, where low Table of contents labour costs and high cost of industrial building materials favour this technology. The 1. Chapter 1: Introduction to stone arch bridges .............................. 2 construction of stone arch bridges in Uganda, 1.1 Background and justification. ...................................................... 2 Tanzania & Rwanda has demonstrated its 1.2 The stone arch bridge technology ............................................... 3 overall feasibility in East Africa. 1.3 Advantages & limitations. ........................................................... 5 1.4 Stone arch bridges: implications of labour-based technology. ... 7 How to use this manual 2. Chapter Two: Design of stone arch bridges ................................... 8 The purpose of this manual is to provide 2.1 Quick scan – site assessment ...................................................... 8 supervisors of stone arch bridge works with 2.2 Planning and stakeholders involved. ........................................... 9 an easy step by step guide. The stepwise 2.3 Design .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Monuments, Perceiving Monumentality and the Economics of Building : Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Th
    CONSTRUCTING MONUMENTS, PERCEIVING MONUMENTALITY & THE ECONOMICS OF BUILDING THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT edited by Ann Brysbaert, Victor Klinkenberg, Anna Gutiérrez Garcia-M. & Irene Vikatou CONSTRUCTING MONUMENTS, PERCEIVING MONUMENTALITY & THE ECONOMICS OF BUILDING Sidestone Press CONSTRUCTING MONUMENTS, PERCEIVING MONUMENTALITY & THE ECONOMICS OF BUILDING THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT edited by Ann Brysbaert, Victor Klinkenberg, Anna Gutiérrez Garcia-M. & Irene Vikatou © 2018 The individual authors Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Photograph cover: Mural from the tomb of Rekhmire, Thebes necropolis, 18th Dynasty ISBN 978-90-8890-696-1 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-697-8 (hardcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-698-5 (PDF e-book) Contents Editors’ biographies 9 List of contributors 11 Editors’ acknowledgements 15 List of abbreviations 17 PART ONE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL 19 CONSIDERATIONS ON MONUMENTALITY 1. Constructing monuments, perceiving monumentality: 21 introduction Ann Brysbaert 2. Mounds and monumentality in Neolithic Europe 49 Chris Scarre 3. Architectural conspicuous consumption and design as 65 social strategy in the Argolid during the Mycenaean period Kalliopi Efkleidou 4. Outer worlds inside 87 Lesley McFadyen PART TWO: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO 103 STUDYING ARCHITECTURE 5. Interpreting architecture from a survey context: 105 recognising monumental structures Yannick Boswinkel 6. Three-dimensional documentation of architecture and 117 archaeology in the field. Combining intensive total station drawing and photogrammetry Jari Pakkanen 7. Set in stone at the Mycenaean Acropolis of Athens. 141 Documentation with 3D integrated methodologies Elisavet P. Sioumpara 8. Labour mobilization and architectural energetics in the 169 North Cemetery at Ayios Vasilios, Laconia, Greece Sofia Voutsaki, Youp van den Beld, Yannick de Raaff PART THREE: ARCHITECTURAL ENERGETICS METHODS 193 AND APPLICATIONS 9.
    [Show full text]