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UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA ROMAN MORTARS USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SPAIN AND TURKEY A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND THE DESIGN OF REPAIR MORTARS TESIS DOCTORAL DUYGU ERGENÇ Ingeniera Geológica y Máster en Restauración Junio 2017 CONSERVACIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO ESCUELA T ÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ARQUITECTURA DE MADRID ROMAN MORTARS USED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SPAIN AND TURKEY A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND THE DESIGN OF REPAIR MORTARS Autor: DUYGU ERGENÇ Ingeniera Geológica y Máster en Restauración Directores: Dr. Fco. David Sanz Arauz Doctor en Arquitectura por ETSAM, UPM Dr. Rafael Fort González Doctor en Geología Económica por UCM, Senior científico en Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM) 2017 TRIBUNAL Tribunal nombrado por el Mgfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 2017 Presidente: Vocales: Secretario: Suplentes: Realizado el acto de lectura y defensa de la Tesis Doctoral el día de de 2017 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. To my family Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the support and expertise of many people. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Dr. Fco. David Sanz Arauz and Dr. Rafael Fort González for their guidance and generous support, and for their encouragement and cordiality. I would like to give a special mention to Rafael Fort González whose efforts I can honestly never repay. I am grateful to him for believing in me from the beginning, for his endless enthusiasm and farsightedness, for never retaining his scientific and academic support, for being involved in every little step of the research and for his detailed revisions. Without his motivational talks, “trans-language” communication skills and ever-smiling face I would not have been able to make it to this point. This research was funded by the project CLIMORTEC (BIA2014-53911-R) of the program Geomateriales 2 (S2013/MIT2914) of the Community of Madrid. In addition, Francisco González Yunta and Cátedra PROEISCON Ltd. are acknowledged for the lime putty supply and financial aid. Guidance from E.T.S. Arquitectura and advice from Dr. Felix Lasheras Merino, Dr. Juan Monjo Carrio and Dr. Maria del Mar Barbero Barrera were a great help to and are greatly appreciated. Thank to Dr. Pablo Guerra and Dr. Cristina Mayo Corrochano for their support at conferences. Thanks for the valuable comments and revisions of Dr. Javier Mosteiro, Dr. Soledad García Morales, Dr. Monica Alvarez de Buergo Ballester in the pre-defense, which helped me to improve the thesis. The evaluations of Dr. Mauro F. La Russa, Dr. Fabio Fratini and Dr. Federica Fernandez as external reviewers are highly appreciated. I am particularly grateful for the assistance given by Dr. Monica Alvarez de Buergo, not only for detailed revisions of the thesis and publications, but also for continuous support and encouragement, both academically and personally. I have learned a lot from you. This Ph.D. research gave me an opportunity to collaborate with many colleagues with different professions. I am grateful to the archaeologists of the where that I worked: Ana Lucia Sanchez Montes and Sebastián Rascón Marqués at the archaeological site of Complutum, Pedro Dámaso and Miguel Alba of the Consortium of the Monumental City of Mérida, Dr. Serdar Hakan Öztaner at the archaeological site of Nysa, and Dr. Olivier Henry at the archaeological site Labraunda, not only for giving permission for sampling, but also for their assistance and guidance. Thanks to CEI-Moncloa the collaboration between different universities and research organisms was made possible. In this regard, the Petrophysics Laboratory, whose director is Monica Alvarez de Buergo of the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), played a large role in the majority of the experiments that were conducted. I appreciate Dr. Ma Carmen Vázquez Calvo for conducting MIP measurements and for calmly explaining every procedure in the laboratory to me, Dr. David Martín Freire Lista for conducting Portable XRF analysis and Blanca Gallardo López for helping me with the saturation and capillarity experiments. I extend my thanks to Silvia Santos for helping me with the measurement of limes even when I was in Lisbon and to Cristian Zapatero Martín for conducting MIP measurements and helping with technical drawings. I consider myself fortunate for being a member of an active and dynamic group, the Applied Petrology for Heritage Conservation Research Group in the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), whose head is Rafael Fort. First and foremost, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Miguel Gómez Heras for introducing me to this group, and also thank you very much for every time being there for scientific or life consultancy and friendship. Indeed, I am more than happy to work with every single group member. Your patience, helpfulness, dedication, joy and friendship, Friday scientific diffusion breakfasts and clockwork-like teamwork motivated me every day. This was undoubtedly the best work environment ever! Specifically, Dr. Luz Stella Gómez-Villalba is highly appreciated for her advice and assistance in the dedicated interpretation of the crystals in SEM and XRD analyses and feedback, and likewise Dr. Ma José Varas Muriel is highly cherished for her support with the microscopic observations. I am very much obliged to Dr. Ma Inmaculada Martínez Garrido for sharing her expertise to collect-process the climatic data and creating the enjoyable working environment every time. Thank you to Dr. Natalia Perez Ema for guidance in Mérida and the program, and also for sharing all kinds of resources and information with me, to Dr. Elena Mercedes Pérez Monserrat for her scientific and life support and advice and for solving every little problem I had with great efficiency, and to Dr. David Martín Freire Lista for his constant support, sharing his passion and knowledge. I would also like to thank Dr. Beatriz Camara Gallego, my conference organization team partner, for support and motivation, my officemate, Dr. Áranzazu Sierra Fernandez, for full time positivity and academic support and ideas, and José Andrés Lira Aguado for IT and laughter support. Many thanks to my besugo, Dr. Arianna Murru, to Dr. Nevin Mohamed Aly, to Dr. Giulia Frostieri, to Manuela Martino and to Vincenzo Renda for their support and friendship. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Mauro F. La Russa for giving me suggestions that were useful every single time and academic support. I owe a lot to each of you. Thanks to a Santander Iberoamerica mobility grant, I had the opportunity to be a part of two important laboratories in Portugal as a visiting researcher. I deeply thank Dr. Maria do Rosário Veiga and Dr. António Santos Silva of the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LNEC) and Dr. António Candeias of the Laboratory of Hercules-University of Évora. I would like to express my gratitude for their valuable constructive guidance, useful criticisms and helping me with the interpretation of the results, especially in the repair mortar study. During the months of working with them, I learned so much about the mortars from their expertise and the dynamic work environment. The assistance of Dora Santos with mechanical physical tests, Dora Soares with XRD, TGA and Paula Menezes with thin section preparation, Dr. Sara Valadas with SEM analysis and Ana Margarida Cardoso for FTIR analysis is greatly appreciated. Thanks to Sofia Malanho, Giovanni Borsoi and Cláudio Cruz, Dr. Ana Fragata and Dr. José Mirão for warm company and academic support. My grateful thanks are also extended to Carmen Valdehita Mayoral, María Ascensión Barajas López, Pedro Vicente Lozano Velasco in the Department of Petrology and Geochemistry of Complutense University of Madrid for helping me in the preparation of the vast number of samples, to Iván Serrano Muñoz for realizing XRD patterns in the Institute of Geosciences (CSIC-UCM), to Xabier Arroyo Rey, Isabel Gómez Pinilla, Francisco Coruña Llopis, Sol López Andrés for conducting TGA-DSC analysis at the CAI de Técnicas Geológicas of UCM, to Ana Vicente Montaña and Pedro Robredo Urbina for conducting SEM-EDS analyses at the National Centre of Electron Microscopy (CNME) and Antonio Prieto for assistance in the manufacturing of the mortar specimens and doing the mechanical tests in ETSAM. I also would like to acknowledge Tom Kelso for very fast and efficient language revision, and my dear enişte, Phil Glauberman, for helping with verbalizing the research idea, language, academic and moral support. I would also like to thank to my friends Uğur and Filiz Diri Akyıldız for giving me a ride to the archaeological sites in Turkey and their assistance in the fieldworks. Nor can I go without mentioning my friends, Ebru Susur, Hakan Karaosman, Evin Deniz, Şenay Dincer Koç, Filiz Diri, Elif Ensari, Funda Tan, Saadet and Sinan Yenigül and Mehmet Ali Üzelgün, and acknowledging their endless support and “Ph.D therapy sessions”. Last but not least, I am grateful to my dear Omar Cabañas for supporting me every single moment of this journey, listening what happened to my piedras day and night, looking after me like a child in the full-time writing period, introducing the “tomorrow more and better” policy into my life and believing in me even when I do not. Finally, I would like to thank to my nearest and dearest academic consultants: my father, my mother and my sister, who are my role models.
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