Lessons from Roman Cement and Concrete
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White Concrete & Colored Concrete Construction
WHITE CEMENT CONCRETE AND COLORED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION and developers Owners seeking dynamic architectural results demand the benefits that only white or colored concrete can deliver. Informed designers rely on careful selection of materials and attention to mixing and placement details to achieve eye-catching architectural and decorative finishes. Because of its versatility, concrete offers endless design possibilities. A wide variety of decorative looks are achieved by using colored aggregates and pigments, and by varying surface finishes, treatments, and textures. Combining white cement with pigments and colored aggregates expands the number of colors available to discerning customers. Colors are cleaner and more intense because pigments and specialty Figure 1. The Condell Medical Center is built with load-bearing precast concrete aggregates don’t have to overcome the panels with an architectural finish achieved by using white cement. grayish paste of common concrete. Courtesy of Condell Medical Center. Mix Designs • CSA A3000 cements that conform to the Canadian From a structural design perspective, white cement-based Standards Association standards for Cementitious Materials concrete mixes are identical to gray cement-based mixes. Mix • American Association of State Highway and Transportation designs for white or colored concrete differ from common Officials, AASHTO M85 Standard Specification for Portland concrete in that they are formulated based on each ingredient’s Cement effect on concrete color. Listed in order of decreasing -
Experimental Investigation on Nano Concrete with Nano Silica and M-Sand
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 03 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON NANO CONCRETE WITH NANO SILICA AND M-SAND Mohan Raj.B1, Sugila Devi.G2 1PG Student, Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India. 2Assistant Professor, Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The influence of Nano-Silica on various material is Nano Silica (NS). The advancement made by the properties of concrete is obtained by replacing the cement study of concrete at Nano scale has proved the Nano silica is with various percentages of Nano-Silica. Nano-Silica is used as much better than silica fume used in conventional concrete. a partial replacement for cement in the range of 3%, 3.5%, Now, the researchers are capitalizing on nanotechnology to and 10% for M20 mix. Specimens are casted using Nano-Silica innovate a new generation of concrete materials that concrete. Laboratory tests conducted to determine the overcome the above drawbacks and trying to achieve the compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength of sustainable concrete structures. Evolution of materials is Nano-Silica concrete at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. Results need of the day for improved or better performance for indicate that the concrete, by using Nano-Silica powder, was special engineering applications and modifying the bulk able to increase its compressive strength. However, the density state of materials in terms of composition or microstructure is reduce compared to standard mix of concrete. -
Chapter (1) Introduction
Chapter (1) Introduction 1.1 General: Considering the need for low-cost construction materials especially in the rural areas in Sudan, the production, and the use of the durable low cost building materials such as lime and Pozzolana which are available in big quantities in many parts of the Sudan, become of very great importance. Pozzolana and lime can be produced with much less sophisticated technology than Portland cement. This means that Pozzolana and lime can be produced at relatively low cost and requires much less Pozzolana exchange than cement. Like many other developing countries Sudan suffers from housing shortage against the ever increasing demand not only due to the continuous displacement from rural to urban areas because of war, drought and natural disasters, but also dwellings are needed for returnees after peace. Conventional materials, such as concrete, timber, bricks and steel, used in walls and roofs, which contribute up to over 90% of the cost of low cost dwelling, are beyond the reach of most of the poor population. On the other hand traditional materials, mainly earth products and thatch, are subject to weathering, insect attack and fire hazard. The solution to this problem is thought to be by using substitute materials produced or developed from traditional construction materials to reduce the cost to a minimum. Soil, being one of the traditional materials, offers many advantages when used as construction material. These include availability, ease of use, cheapness, suitability to most parts of the building, and that it is environment friendly. The disadvantages of soil are being less durable, poor in tension, lacking of acceptability among social groups and institutions. -
In This Study, Marcello Mogetta Examines the Origins and Early Dissemina- Tion of Concrete Technology in Roman Republican Architecture
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84568-7 — The Origins of Concrete Construction in Roman Architecture Marcello Mogetta Frontmatter More Information THE ORIGINS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE In this study, Marcello Mogetta examines the origins and early dissemina- tion of concrete technology in Roman Republican architecture. Framing the genesis of innovative building processes and techniques within the context of Rome’s early expansion, he traces technological change in monumental construction in long-established urban centers and new Roman colonial cites founded in the 2nd century BCE in central Italy. Mogetta weaves together excavation data from both public monu- ments and private domestic architecture that previously have been studied in isolation. Highlighting the organization of the building industry, he also explores the political motivations and cultural aspirations of patrons of monumental architecture, reconstructing how they negotiated economic and logistical constraints by drawing from both local traditions and long- distance networks. By incorporating the available scientific evidence into the development of concrete technology, Mogetta also demonstrates the contributions of anonymous builders and contractors, shining a light on their ability to exploit locally available resources. marcello mogetta is a Mediterranean archaeologist whose research focuses on early Roman urbanism in Italy. He conducts primary fieldwork at the sites of Gabii (Gabii Project) and Pompeii (Venus Pompeiana Project), for which he has received multiple grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the AIA, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. He coordinates the CaLC-Rome Project, an international collaboration that applies 3D mod- eling and surface analysis to the life cycle of ceramic vessels from the Esquiline necropolis in Rome. -
The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, in Ten Books
www.e-rara.ch The architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, in ten books Vitruvius London, 1826 Bibliothek Werner Oechslin Shelf Mark: A04a ; app. 851 Persistent Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.3931/e-rara-19442 Life of Vitruvius. www.e-rara.ch Die Plattform e-rara.ch macht die in Schweizer Bibliotheken vorhandenen Drucke online verfügbar. Das Spektrum reicht von Büchern über Karten bis zu illustrierten Materialien – von den Anfängen des Buchdrucks bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. e-rara.ch provides online access to rare books available in Swiss libraries. The holdings extend from books and maps to illustrated material – from the beginnings of printing to the 20th century. e-rara.ch met en ligne des reproductions numériques d’imprimés conservés dans les bibliothèques de Suisse. L’éventail va des livres aux documents iconographiques en passant par les cartes – des débuts de l’imprimerie jusqu’au 20e siècle. e-rara.ch mette a disposizione in rete le edizioni antiche conservate nelle biblioteche svizzere. La collezione comprende libri, carte geografiche e materiale illustrato che risalgono agli inizi della tipografia fino ad arrivare al XX secolo. Nutzungsbedingungen Dieses Digitalisat kann kostenfrei heruntergeladen werden. Die Lizenzierungsart und die Nutzungsbedingungen sind individuell zu jedem Dokument in den Titelinformationen angegeben. Für weitere Informationen siehe auch [Link] Terms of Use This digital copy can be downloaded free of charge. The type of licensing and the terms of use are indicated in the title information for each document individually. For further information please refer to the terms of use on [Link] Conditions d'utilisation Ce document numérique peut être téléchargé gratuitement. -
On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon 25
College Art Association http://www.jstor.org/stable/3050861 . Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=caa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. College Art Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Art Bulletin. http://www.jstor.org On the Structureof the Roman Pantheon Robert Mark and Paul Hutchinson Since the time of its construction, the bold, brilliantly simple schema of Hadrian's Pantheon has inspired much emulation, commendation, and even fear. Modern commentators tend to view the building as a high point in an "architectural rev- olution" brought about mainly through the Roman development of a superior poz- zolana concrete that lent itself to the forming of unitary, three-dimensional struc- tures. -
Different Types of Building Limes
Different types of building limes Natural hydraulic limes are made from limestone that contains impurities such as clay or silicates. Unlike lime putty which is non-hydraulic lime, NHLs can set in damp conditions, indeed they require water for a minimum period of around 72 hours to gain maximum strength. They also have some free lime available for carbonation. There are three European classifications NHL 2, NHL3.5 and NHL5 based on the compressive strength of laboratory mortars after 28 days. These are often somewhat misleadingly termed feebly hydraulic, moderately hydraulic and eminently hydraulic. We generally recommend the use of NHLs where the need for breathability and lower strength is outweighed by the desire for an earlier and harder set such as working on bedding hard masonry, wall copings, chimneys and slate floors. In some circumstances hydraulic lime mortars can be used for rendering or plastering. The strength of a hydraulic lime mortar (HLM) varies depending on the manufacturer of the hydraulic lime as some NHL will be high in the band or low. HLM will also vary depending on the ratio of lime binder to aggregate and the type of aggregate or sand used. Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) NHL or Natural Hydraulic Lime, comes from limestone that has natural impurities of clay and other minerals, the amount of impurities within it determines how hard it will set. NHL works by setting in the presence of water, hence the term Hydraulic: Natural hydraulic lime powders come in 3 European grades: GRADE STRENGTH(MPa) EXAMPLES OF USE NHL2 >2 to <7 Pointing internally or with soft masonry, plastering NHL3.5 >3.5 to <10 Bedding, pointing NHL5 >5 to <15 Flooring, below DPC or chimney flaunchings NHL's can be used when speed is essential as it sets much quicker than a Lime Putty based mortar. -
Guide to Concrete Repair Second Edition
ON r in the West August 2015 Guide to Concrete Repair Second Edition Prepared by: Kurt F. von Fay, Civil Engineer Concrete, Geotechnical, and Structural Laboratory U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center August 2015 Mission Statements The U.S. Department of the Interior protects America’s natural resources and heritage, honors our cultures and tribal communities, and supplies the energy to power our future. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Acknowledgments Acknowledgment is due the original author of this guide, W. Glenn Smoak, for all his efforts to prepare the first edition. For this edition, many people were involved in conducting research and field work, which provided valuable information for this update, and their contributions and hard work are greatly appreciated. They include Kurt D. Mitchell, Richard Pepin, Gregg Day, Jim Bowen, Dr. Alexander Vaysburd, Dr. Benoit Bissonnette, Maxim Morency, Brandon Poos, Westin Joy, David (Warren) Starbuck, Dr. Matthew Klein, and John (Bret) Robertson. Dr. William F. Kepler obtained much of the funding to prepare this updated guide. Nancy Arthur worked extensively on reviewing and editing the guide specifications sections and was a great help making sure they said what I meant to say. Teri Manross deserves recognition for the numerous hours she put into reviewing, editing and formatting this Guide. The assistance of these and numerous others is gratefully acknowledged. Contents PART I: RECLAMATION'S METHODOLOGY FOR CONCRETE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR Page A. -
The Nonstop Record
Admissions As administrative coordinator of the bold and to make courageous choices.” by Ed M. Koziarski three-person executive collective that “They realize that this is more oversees Nonstop, Eklund-Leen is re- than just a temporary bridge between he Nonstop Liberal Arts Insti- sponsible for admissions. the Antioch-of-the-past and the An- tute begins holding classes Sept. “Scott’s estimate of 80 is as tioch-of-the-future,” Kay continued, T4 with the entire village of Yel- good as any, and we have discussed a “but a groundbreaking educational low Springs as its campus. 22 faculty range between 50 and 100” students,” venture that can offer them much more are continuing from Antioch College, Eklund-Leen said. than they could expect from a tradi- offering a curriculum that retains ma- At press time Nonstop was in tional college: experiential learning in jor elements from recent years at the the process of hiring a recruitment fa- its most radical sense, the unique op- college while taking a number of in- cilitator whose position would be dedi- portunity to be part of the construction novative new steps. cated to this endeavor. Eklund-Leen of your own education, participation in But what of the students? Who said that absence of that position has a genuine academic community under will come to a school that lacks accred- “slowed down our efforts” to date. shared governance, and the knowledge itation or the ability to confer degrees? Jeanne Kay, a continuing stu- that by being part of Nonstop, they Nonstop professor Scott War- dent who sits on Nonstop’s governing are participating in a social movement ren told the Associated Press July 11 council ExCil, has been answering in- with a broad political scope. -
The Effect of Linseed Oil on the Properties of Lime-Based Restoration Mortars
Allma Mater Studiiorum – Uniiversiità dii Bollogna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Science for Conservation Ciclo XXII Settore/i scientifico disciplinari di afferenza: CHIM/12 TITOLO TESI THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS Presentata da: Eva Čechová Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Prof. Rocco Mazzeo Prof. Ioanna Papayianni Esame finale anno 2009 Abstract THE EFFECT OF LINSEED OIL ON THE PROPERTIES OF LIME-BASED RESTORATION MORTARS The traditional lime mortar is composed of hydrated lime, sand and water. Besides these constituents it may also contain additives aiming to modify fresh mortar´s properties and/or to improve hardened mortar´s strength and durability. Already in the first civilizations various additives were used to enhance mortar´s quality, among the organic additives, linseed oil was one of the most common. From literature we know that it was used already in Roman period to reduce water permeability of a mortar, but the mechanism and the technology, e.g. effects of different dosages, are not clearly explained. There are only few works studying the effect of oil experimentally. Knowing the function of oil in historical mortars is important for designing a new compatible repair mortar. Moreover, linseed oil addition could increase the sometimes insufficient durability of lime-based mortars used for reparation and it could be a natural alternative to synthetic additives. In the present study, the effect of linseed oil on the properties of six various lime- based mortars has been studied. Mortars´ compositions have been selected with respect to composition of historical mortars, but also mortars used in a modern restoration practise have been tested. -
A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2018 A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Caitlin, "A Study of the Pantheon Through Time" (2018). Honors Theses. 1689. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/1689 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Study of the Pantheon Through Time By Caitlin Williams * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Classics UNION COLLEGE June, 2018 ABSTRACT WILLIAMS, CAITLIN A Study of the Pantheon Through Time. Department of Classics, June, 2018. ADVISOR: Hans-Friedrich Mueller. I analyze the Pantheon, one of the most well-preserVed buildings from antiquity, through time. I start with Agrippa's Pantheon, the original Pantheon that is no longer standing, which was built in 27 or 25 BC. What did it look like originally under Augustus? Why was it built? We then shift to the Pantheon that stands today, Hadrian-Trajan's Pantheon, which was completed around AD 125-128, and represents an example of an architectural reVolution. Was it eVen a temple? We also look at the Pantheon's conversion to a church, which helps explain why it is so well preserVed. -
The Mechanical Properties of Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste As Sand Replacement
E3S Web of Conferences 34, 01001 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401001 CENVIRON 2017 The mechanical properties of brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste as sand replacement Faisal Sheikh Khalid1*, Nurul Bazilah Azmi1, Puteri Natasya Mazenan1, Shahiron Shahidan1, and Noorwirdawati Ali1 1Jamilus Research Centre for Sustainable Construction (JRC), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia Abstract. This research focuses on the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, only RCA 25% with 0.5% PET achieve lower strength than normal bricks while others showed a high strength. However, all design mix reaches strength more than 7N/mm2 as expected. Besides that, the most favorable mix design that achieves high compressive strength is 75% of RCA with 0.5% PET. 1 Introduction Cement and sand bricks are a type of bricks that is commonly used in low and medium cost housing development and other commercial constructions in Malaysia since it is easy to produce and cheap [1]. However, there is an issue in producing these materials especially in developing areas where manufactures find it difficult to locate adequate sources of natural cement and aggregate supply [2-3].