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Index

Ademawa (Cameroon), 42 Battle of Waterberg, commemoration ‘African partition of Africa’, 69 of the, 197 Ajayi, J. F. Ade, 65 Bebel, August, 32, 35 Aka people, 139 Becker, Carl, 119 akida (local administrators, German East Belgian Congo, 37, 46, 169 Africa), 75, 102 Bell, Bismarck, 142 Akwa, King (Ngando a Kwa), 45 Belloc, Hilaire, 79 ‘Alabama in Africa’, see Togo: cotton project Bennigsen, Rudolf von, 33 Albers, Hans, 192 Berlin, 189 Alsace-Lorraine, 143 Berlin Colonial Exhibition, 140 Anthropological Institute, Berlin, 132 Berlin Conference, 1 Anthropological Museum, Berlin, 139 Berlin Seminar for Oriental Languages, 129 anthropology, 125, 131, 139 Bezirksamtmänner, see colonial and craniology, 132 administration: district ofﬁcers anti-colonial movements, 98, 134 Bhabha, Homi, 135 in interwar Berlin, 189 Birrenbach, Kurt, 194 see also anti-imperialism Bismarck, Otto von, 1, 21–3, 176 anti-globalization movement, 196 and the Prussian mental map, 9 anti-imperialism Bismarck und der Imperialismus, 9 activism of the New Left and the 1968 Blackbourn, David, 154 protests, 195–6 Bodelschwingh, Friedrich von, 114, 150 in ofﬁcial East German rhetoric, 196 Boer war, 137 anti-Semitism 20, 29, 151 Boettcher, Viktor, 163 Anzer, Johann Baptist, 121 Bornu, kingdom of, 42 ‘Arab rebellion’, 63 Boxer war, 32, 61, 62, 80–2 Arendt, Hannah, 153, 159 Boxers, 81 Armenian genocide, 171, 172 Brazil, 37, 170, 181 askari (African soldiers), 52, 53, 54, 70, 188 British East India Company, see East Asmis, Rudolf, 78 India Company Association for Germans Abroad, 195 Brody, Louis, 192 Augsburg zoo, 195 Bruck, Felix Friedrich, 28 Auslandsdeutsche, see ‘overseas Germans’ Bülow, Bernhard von, 83, 177 Australia, 181 Bülow, Frieda von, 138 Bund der Bodenreformer, see German Baghdad railway, 170–2 Association for Land Reform Balandier, Georges, 122 Bund Deutscher Mädel, see League of German Bamberger, Ludwig, 33 Girls Barth, Heinrich, 23, 129 Bundeswehr and colonialist tradition, 195 224

Index 225

Burton, Richard, 121 colonial administration, 71–5 Burundi, 51, 53 district officers, 72 German colonialism compared, 73 Cameroon, 1, 30, 42–5, 75, 97, 189 German Foreign Office, 72, 198 corporal punishment in, 80 integration of local actors in, see luluai; Heinrich Leist scandal, 32 akida historiography of, 8 Naval Ministry, 58 ivory trade, 44 Reich Colonial Office, 72 land politics in, 67 see also colonial policy limits of German rule in, see Fulbe, Islamic Colonial Blood Protection Act, 193 sultanate of the Colonial Economic Committee, 173 plantation economy, 89 colonial economics remembrance of colonialism in, 198 and finance, 98 Carl Peters (film), 192 and trade, 97 Caroline islands, 54 as argument for colonialism, 27 Celebi, Mohammad Nafi, 189 capital investment, 180 Celtic fringe, 153 in Cameroon, 45 Césaire, Aimé, 133 in German East Africa, 51 Charles V, emperor, 15 in German South-West Africa, 42 Chatterjee, Partha, 78, 105, 134 in Kiaochow, 62 Chile, 37 in New Guinea and Samoa, 58 China in Togo, 47–9, 50 call to administer violence in, 198 colonial ideology, 3, 184 Christian missions in, 81 and modernization, 67, 71, 77 collective memory, 62 and the state, 66 see also Boxer war; Kiaochow concepts of difference in, 101 Christian missions and missionaries, 23–4, see also civilizing mission; Social Darwinism 90, 94 colonial movement in Germany, 15, 17, and colonial promotion in Germany, 31 25, 33 and the poor in Germany, 151 and Carl Peters, 32 as agents of colonial rule, 113–15 see also ‘New Germany’ criticism of, 34 Colonial Museum, Bremen, 140 in China, 81 colonial policy, 37 see also Protestant Mission Society and ‘politics of difference’, see ‘native citizenship policy’; racism and racial concepts German, 151–2 and rule by violence, 80 in eastern Prussia, 158 and use of local traditions, 78 in post-colonial Africa, 200 collaboration with local actors, 30, 38, 42, civilizing mission, 29, 77, 111–17 51, 54–5, 74; see also Fulbe, Islamic and Booker T. Washington, 175 sultanate of the and Christianity, 33 confiscation of land, 38, 45 and the Ottoman empire, 170 contracts of protection, 50 and the poor in Germany, 151 divide and rule, 75, 109; see also Leutwein and Togo cotton project, 176 system criticism of the, 34 exploitation and revolt, 64 see also elevation German colonialism compared, 75 Cixi, Dowager Empress, 84 reform of, 64–5 class, in Germany, 32 scientific, 4, 37, 64, 73, 173 collective memory see also segregation; law: in the German in Africa, 65 colonies in China, 62 Colonial School for Women at in Germany, 10, 54 Rendsburg, 148

226 Index

colonialism defining German power in, 13 and academic disciplines, 124–5, 129–31 German–Polish interaction in and German nationalism, 103–4 Prussia, 154 and globalization, 185 ‘serf peoples’, 167 and nationalism, see nationalism; ‘New education Germany’; ‘overseas Germans’ schools in the German colonies, 49, 61, and official German rhetoric on, 196–8 115–17 Belgian, 109 see also labour; ‘educating to work’ British, 75, 78, 79, 105, 180 Egypt, 13, 97 calls for restitution of German colonial elevation, 29, 55, 63, 112–13 territories and the poor in Germany, 150 in the Weimar Republic, 53, 187–8 see also civilizing mission under Nazi rule, 148, 193–4 Engelhardt, August, 149 definition of, 12–14, 153 Epp, Franz Ritter von, 163 Dutch, 117 Erzberger, Matthias, 7 formal and informal, 170–2 Esstorff, Ludwig von, 160 French, 100 ethnographic shows, 139–42, 192, 195 in historiography of Germany, 4 and colonial memory, 188 legacy of, 4–6 ethnography, 121 Congo Conference, 36, 71 eugenics, 131 Cook, James, 54 evolutionism, 184 Crowe, Sir Eyre, 178 Ewe people, 47, 49, 135, 175 culture wars (Kulturkampf ), 33 fa’a Sa-moa (Samoan custom), 78, 121 Daily Herald, 190 Fabian, Johannes, 126, 155 Damaschke, Adolph, 144 Fabri, Friedrich, 25, 128 Damascus, 177 Fanon, Frantz, 133, 160 Dar es Salaam, 73, 101 film, and colonial memory, 188 Dernburg, Bernhard, 64, 128 First World War, 51 Deutsche Bank, 171 and East Africa, 64 Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen-Gesellschaft, the First World War, see First World War see German Trading and Plantations Fischer, Eugen, 131 Company Fischer, Joschka, 197 Deutsche Volkspartei, see German People’s Fodio, Usman Dan, 44 Party Foreign Office, German, see Reich Colonial Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, see German Office Eastern Marches Society Foster, Georg, 54 Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon, 6 Foucault, Michel, 11, 80, 124, 131, 134 development aid, 194 Frankfurter Zeitung, 188 developmentalism, 155–6, 170 Frederick III, emperor, 21 Die Linke, 197 Free Conservative Party, 33 Does Germany Need Colonies? 25 Free Corps, 163 Dolchstoßlegende (‘stab in the back’), 187 Freikonservative Partei, see Free Conservative Drang nach Osten (‘thrust to the east’), 165 Party, Dresden, 139 Freikorps, see Free Corps Duala people, 45 Freisinnige, see German Free-Minded Party Duara, Prasenjit, 126 Frenssen, Gustav, 138 Freytag, Gustav, 158 East India Company, 63, 78 Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg, 16 east Prussia, 176 Frobenius, Leo, 131 see also Poland: as a Prussian colony Fulbe, Islamic sultanate of the, 30, eastern Europe, 165–8 68, 75

Index 227

Gandhi, Mahatma, 133 historiography of, 8 ‘gaze’ see also Namibia colonizing, 155 German Trading and Plantations imperial, 133 Company, 97 gender Germanin (ﬁlm), 192 and labour, 95, 96, 175 Germanin (medicine), 138 colonial nationalist femininity, Gesellschaft fu¨r Deutsche Kolonisation, see 119–20, 147; see also Rendsburg, Society for German Colonization Colonial School for Women at; Ghana, 16, 47, 50, 135 Witzenhausen, German Colonial Gleichschaltung (co-ordination of institutions School at under the Nazis), 53 colonialist sexism in eastern Europe and globalization, 12, 172 Africa, 157–9 and colonialism, see colonialism: and patriarchy in the colonies, 103, 146–7 globalization the female in National Socialism, 148 cultural: transfer of knowledge, 183 genocide see also Sonderweg: and global appropriation and colonial policies in Rwanda, 109 of imperial Germany Armenian, 172 economic, 179–80 German Indology and the Holocaust, 20 of German politics, see Weltpolitik the Herero and Nama wars, 160, 161 Globus, 23 geographical societies: as colonial actors, 23 going native, 101, 146 geography, 127–9 Goodyear, Charles, 46 George, Henry, 144 Götzen, Gustav Adolf von, 86 German Association for Land Reform, 145 Gramsci, Antonio, 78, 133 German Centre Party, 32, 33 Great Depression (of nineteenth century), 181 German Citizenship Act of 1913, 151 Great Elector, see Friedrich Wilhelm of German Colonial Society, 26, 89, 104, 192 Brandenburg German Colonization Company, 63 Grimm, Hans, 188 German East Africa, 8, 50–4, 86–7, 109, 122 Gross Friedrichsburg (West African coast), 16 and akida, 75 Grzimek, Bernhard, 195 and Carl Peters, 146 Guha, Ranajit, 77 and Christian missions, 114, 151 and colonial administration, 73 Hagenbeck, Carl, 140 and labour, 93 Hahl, Albert, 54, 56, 118, 120 and public punishment, 79 Hall, Stuart, 137 Indian population in, 102 Hamburg, 25 limits of German rule in, 75 Hamburg Colonial Institute, 129 research expeditions in, 69–70 Hamburger Nachrichten, 118 see also Burundi; Rwanda; Tanganyika; Hamid II, Abdul (Ottoman sultan), 172 Tanzania Hanseatic merchant families, 25 German East Africa Society, 50 Hansemann, Adolph von, 54 German Eastern Marches Society, 157, 158 Hapsburg empire, 153 German Free-Minded Party: and the Boxer Hart, Robert, 60 war, 82 Hausa people, 45, 97 German New Guinea Company, 54 and economic trade, 44 German People’s Party, 53 Hebung, see elevation German Social Democratic Party: and the Heia Safari! (book), 187 Baghdad railway, 170 Heimat (homeland), 156, 157 German Society for the Exploration of Heine, Thomas Theodor, 3 Equatorial Africa, 127 Helotenvolk, see eastern Europe: German South-West Africa, 38–42, 158, ‘serf peoples’ 181, 189 Herero Day, 199

228 Index

Herero people, 38–41 Hübbe-Schleiden, Wilhelm, 169 and lawsuit for war reparations, 196, Humboldt, Alexander von, 17 197, 200 Humboldtian university model, 183 Herero war, 32, 40–1, 64, 82–6, 161 Hunnenbriefe (soldiers’ letters home from German critical commentary on the, 34 China), 32 see also Holocaust: links to the Herero and Hutu, 109 Nama wars; genocide: the Herero and Nama Wars identity, German colonial, 105 Herman, Beno von, 173 see also racism and racial concepts; ‘overseas Herrenmenschen (members of the master Germans’ race), 146 Imperial Prussian Settlement Himmler, Heinrich, 165, 167 Commission, 156 Hiroshige, Utagawa, 184 India, 20, 78, 133 historical explanations see also colonialism: British ‘colonial globality’, 172–3 indigeneity, 200–1 ‘double inscription’, 137 infrastructure, 98–9 German colonialism as particular case, 3–4 and ‘second colonization’, 194 ‘great men’ theory, 21–3 in Kiaochow, 61 internal and continental colonialisms, 153–4 in New Guinea and Samoa, 54 laboratory of modernity concept, 142–3 see also Baghdad railway post-colonial path dependencies, 200 Intelligence Bureau for the East, 189 social imperialism, 9, 21, 28–9 internal colonialism, 153 transnationalism, 175–6 interwar period, 188, 189 see also historiography Ireland, 153 historiography 62 81 183 colonial revisionism, 6 Japan, , , 100 critical social history, 6–10 Japanese imperialism, 177 cultural history, 10–12 Jerusalem, remembrance studies, 11 Jiaozhou, see Kiaochow 58 research on colonial knowledge and Jinan, 194 power, 11 Johann, A. E., 165 research on rhetoric and discourse in Johst, Hans, 10–11 colonialism, ‘ ﬁ ’ research on subjectivities, 11 Kaf rization , see going native 155–6 Kaiser Wilhelm Peak, 128 discourse analysis, 199 East German, 196 Kambona, Oscar, 125–6 Ketteler, Clemens von, 81 European, 143 global history, 16–17, 29 Kiaochow, as German ‘India in China’, 128 periodization, 63–5 as laboratory of modernity, 144–6 post-colonial studies, 124, 133, 136, 142 Schutzgebiete (protectorate) view of remembrance of 14 159 Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 179 colonialism, , 128 see also historical explanations Kilimanjaro, 184 Kilwa, 50 Historische Zeitschrift, 134 history: academic discipline in Japan, 184 knowledge: and resistance, see also globalization: cultural: transfer of Hitler Youth, 192 Hitler, Adolf, 165 knowledge; colonialism: and 192 academic disciplines colonial plans of, 107 Hitlerjugend, see Hitler Youth Köbner, Otto, 109 Koch, Robert, 129, 130, 137, 138 Hobsbawm, Eric, ‘ ’ 6 7 Holocaust: links to the Herero and Nama Kolonialschuldlu¨ge ( colonial guilt lie ), , Kolonialwirtschaftliches Komitee, see Colonial wars, 160–4 Economic Committee

Index 229

Kru¨gerdepesche (Krüger telegram), 137 Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 35 Kulturkampf, see culture wars linguistics, 130, 134 Kulturträgertum (‘carrying the banner of Linksliberale Partei, see Left Liberal Party German culture’), 155 List, Friedrich, 18 Kuomintang party, 145 literature and colonial imagination, 15 labour and colonial memory, 188 and migration, 157 and colonialism, 156 and the ‘labour question’, 92 Lüderitz, Adolf, 38 and trading colonies, 90 Lugard, Frederick, 75 bonded, 176 luluai (local ofﬁcials, New Guinea), 54 ‘educating to work’, 93–5, 115 Luschan, Felix von, 109 forced, 94 Lustige Blätter, 171 imported, 93 Lyautey, Hubert, 144 and racism, 182 situation in Germany, 150–1 Madagascar Plan, 29 see also gender: and labour Maharero, Friedrich, 142 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; Lamarckism, 119 Maharero, Samuel, 38, 75, 76, land ownership 83, 142 and post-colonial dispossession, 40, 201 burial place of, 199 in pre-colonial Africa, 68 remembrance of, 200 see also colonial policy: conﬁscation of land Mahdi, the, 122 language Maji-Maji war, 51, 64, 86–7, 93 Ewe, 135 and Tanzanian nationalism, 199 German colonial, 117 malaria, 44 Latin America, 182 Mamdani, Mahmood, 200–1 law, 130 Manga Bell, Rudolph Duala, 45 ‘agreements’, local, 63 Marianas islands, 54 and ‘mixed marriage’, 119 Marshall islands, 54 and rights of colonized peoples, 47, 80 May, Karl, 139 anti-‘miscegenation’ laws, 158 Mayer-Vorfelder, Gerhard, 196 case of eastern Prussia, 157–8 Meckel, Jacob, 177 dual legal system, 40, 107–8 Mecklenburg, Grossherzog von, 198 in the German colonies, 37 Mein Kampf, 166, 191 land ownership in Kiaochow, 144–5 ‘men on the ground’, 30, 63 legal status of colonies, 63 and military campaigns, 79 Le Corbusier, 144 Merensky, Alexander, 96 League against Imperialism, 189 Meyer, Hans, 128 League of German Girls, 192 Middle East, 20, 37, 181 League of Nations, 53, 58, 186 migration, 27–8, 180–3 Lebensraum, 4, 152, 156 and German nationalism, 18 Lebensreform movement, 149 post-colonial, 189 Left Liberal Party, 33 military Leist, Heinrich, 32 and colonial expeditions, 51 Leopold II, king, 46 German employment of African Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 52, 54, 187, 188 soldiers, 74 and the myth of the askari, 74 see also askari Leutwein, Theodor, 38, 41, 71, 83, 89, 163 Miquel, Johannes von, 33 Leutwein system, 38 Mittelafrika, 169 Lieberenz, Paul, 148 Mitteleuropa, see eastern Europe Liebert, Eduard von, 122, 181 Mkwawa, sultan, 132 Liebig collectables, 138 Mlapa III, chief, 47

230 Index

mobility Olympio, Octaviano, 49 and German nationalism, 149 Olympio, Sylvanus, 50 and migration, 181 Omaheke region/desert, 85 and population, 101 Orient (book series), see May, Karl ‘problem of mobility’ in Germany, 157 Orientalism, see Said, Edward restrictions for colonized persons, 110 Osterhammel, Jürgen, 66 transportation in Togo, 70 Ostmarkenroman (novel of the eastern modernization, see colonial ideology: and marches), 156 modernization Ottoman empire, 170–2 Moroccan Crisis, 137 Ovambo people, 40 Morocco, 37, 169 ‘overseas Germans’, 18–19, 104

Nachrichtenstelle fu¨r den Orient, see Paasche, Hans, 149 Intelligence Bureau for the East Pan-German League, 169, 172 Nachtigal, Gustav, 23, 24, 42, 47 Paris Peace Conference, 36 Nama people, 38–41 party politics in Germany: and colonialism, Nama war, 41, 64, 86 32–5 see also Holocaust: links to the Herero and Pasha, Emin, see Schnitzer, Elias Nama wars; genocide: the Herero and Pesek, Michael, 69 Nama wars Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 23, 24 Namibia, 1, 38, 39, 197 Peters, Carl, 25, 26, 32, 50, 54, 93, 146, 196 remembrance of colonialism in, 199–200 plantation colony, 45 see also German South-West Africa Poland, 153 National Liberal Party, 33 as a Prussian colony, 154–9 National Socialism, 29 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 154 and Carl Peters, 26 popular culture: and colonial representation, and colonial literature, 188 138, 195 in eastern Europe, 155 Portuguese Africa, 37 links to colonialism, 159 post-colonial studies, see historiography: nationalism post-colonial studies and colonialism, 104 Poznan, 154, 158 German, 151–2 pre-colonial society, in Africa, 67–9 see also Lebensraum protectorates, 23 Nationalliberale, see National Liberal Party see also historiography: Schutzgebiete view ‘native policy’, 106–10, 111 of colonialism Nazism, see National Socialism Protestant Mission Society, 151 négritude, 133 Prussia, 1, 177 Nemsi, Mustafa, see Rohlfs, Gerhard see also east Prussia ‘New Germany’, 37, 141, 156, 157 Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases, 130 New Guinea, 3, 37, 54–5, 56–8, 189 Puttkamer, Jesco von, 45 and utopianism, 149 colonial administration, 75 Qing dynasty, 60, 61, 80, 84 imported labour in, 93 Qingdao, 61, 101, 145 Ngwale, Kinjikitele, 86 Noske, Gustav, 7 racism and racial concepts, 4, 87, 105–6 Nujoma, Sam, 197, 200 and academic disciplines, 130–1 Nyerere, Julius, 199 and eastern Europe, 159 and German nationalism, 151 Ohamakari (Namibia), 197 and mobility, 181 Ohm Kru¨ger (ﬁlm), 192 and the Ottoman empire, 170 Okahandja (Namibia), 199 and the Togo cotton project, 173–5 Olympio, Francisco, 49 in the Boxer war, 82

Index 231

‘mixed marriage’, 118–19 colonial policy in, 78 ‘noble savages’, 54 imported labour in, 93, 183 ‘Slavic race’, 158 relations between Germans and the ‘white subaltern’, 122 Samoans, 118 see also going native; ‘native policy’; remembrance of colonialism in, 198 segregation Savai’i, 55 Ranger, Terence, 109 Upolu, 55 Ranke, Leopold von, 184 Western, 55 Ratzel, Friedrich, 152 Sanders, Otto Liman von, 177 raw materials ‘Sarotti Moor’, 195 cotton, 173 Schliemann, Heinrich, 180 importation and global economy of, Schmidlin, Joseph, 114 179–80 Schmitt, Carl, 166 ivory, 44 Schmollers Jahrbuch fu¨r post-slave-trade production of, 176 Gesetzgebung, 143 rubber, 46 Schnee, Heinrich, 6, 7, 52, 187, 188 sugar beet, 180 Schnitzer, Edward, 121 wheat, 179 Schrameier, Wilhelm, 144 wool, 179 Schröder, Gerhard, 197 Rechenberg, Albrecht von, 51, 73, 102 Schutzgebiete, see protectorates Reich Colonial Association, 191 Schutztruppe fu¨r Deutsch-Ostafrika, see askari Reich Colonial Office, 64 Schutzverträge, see colonial policy: contracts of see also Foreign Office, German protection Reichskolonialbund, see Reich Colonial scientific research Association geographic expeditions, 69 Rendsburg, Colonial School for Women medical experimentation, 129, at, 147 130, 143 representation of colonialism, 138–42 research expeditions, 127–9 see also film; popular culture; ethnographic social reform experiments, 143 shows ‘scramble for Africa’, 36 resistance, 45, 74, 77 segregation, 41, 45, 61–2, 106–7 Rhineland, French occupation in Qingdao, 102 of the, 189 in Windhoek, 41 Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 128 Seitz, Theodor, 110 Riefenstahl, Leni, 148 Senghor, Léopold, 133 Riess, Ludwig, 184 settler colony, 38, 103, 146 rinderpest, 40 and the state, 67 Rio Grande do Sul, 182 in eastern Europe, 156 Robinson, John W., 175 politics of the, 89–90 Rohlfs, Gerhard, 23, 24, 121 sexuality: and racism/ racial concepts, Rommel, Erwin, 193 119–21, 146 Roy, M. N., 189 French deployment of African troops in Ruck, Christian, 198 Germany, 189–91 Ruhr, the, 154 Shandong, 3, 58, 62 ‘Ruhr Poles’, 154 shauri (east African negotiation), 70 Russia, 153, 165 Siemens, Georg von, 171 Rwanda, 51, 53, 109 Silesia, 159 Simplicissimus, 3, 32, 34 Said, Edward: Orientalism, 124, 142 slave trade, 47, 50 Samoa, 3, 37, 55–8, 121, 158 slavery, 89, 92 and colonial imagination, 54 see also labour and utopianism, 149 Social Darwinism, 17, 29, 93

232 Index

Social Democratic Party of Germany, 32 remembrance of colonialism in, 198 and colonialism debate, 33–5 Togo Company, 47 and the Boxer war, 82 and ‘Togo East’ in the Ukraine, 167 socialism trade networks 1904 Congress, 31 East Africa–Indian Ocean, 50 internationalism and colonialism, 31–2 pre-colonial, 88 Society for German Colonization, 26 trading colony, 51, 62 Sokoto caliphate, 43 and the state, 66 Solf, Hanna, 57 politics of the, 90–1 Solf, Wilhelm, 57, 78, 121, 190 Treaty of Versailles, 6, 132, 187 Solf Circle, 55 Allied verdict on German colonialism, 7 Solf-Kreis, 57 see Solf Circle Treitschke, Heinrich von, 28 Sonderweg, 10 Triumph of the Will (ﬁlm), 148 and global appropriation of imperial Trotha, Lothar von, 41, 84–6, 160, 163 Germany, 183–4 Turkey, 183 South Africa, 170 Turner, Frederic Jackson, 148 South America, see Latin America Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute of Sozialistische Politik, 195 Alabama, 173 SPD, see Social Democratic Party of Germany Tutsi, 109 Spivak, Gayatri, 134 Spott, E., 178 Ukraine, 165, 167 St Thomas (Antilles islands), 16 uniﬁcation of Germany, 1, 16, 25 Stanley, Henry Morton, 122 United Nations, 58 Stinde, Julius, 141 United States of America, 27, 55, 81, Stoler, Ann Laura, 118, 156 157, 181 Studt, Konrad von, 155 German emigration to the, 152, 180 Stuhlmann, Franz, 139 Western frontier as colonial model, 148 sub-imperialism, 29, 72 work ethic of the, 176 subversion, 42, 199 urban planning, 144 see also resistance see also Kiaochow: as laboratory of Sun Yat-Sen, 107, 145 modernity SWAPO (South West Africa People’s urbanization, 101 Organization), 200 Urrecht (law of man in the state of nature), 130 Ursprache (the ‘original’ language), 130 Tagore, Rabindranath, 184 USA. see United States of America Tanganyika, 189 Usambara Post, 103 Tanganyika African National Union, 199 utopia: colonies as utopian spaces, Tanzania, 1, 8, 51, 53 143–9, 182 remembrance of colonialism in, 199 see also German East Africa Van Gogh, Vincent, 184 taxation, 93 Venezuela, 15 Teutonic Order, 166 Verein fu¨r das Deutschtum im Ausland, see Texas Society, 16 Association for Germans Abroad Texasverein, see Texas Society violence, 79–87 Thalmeier, August, 189 and racism, 47 time, 126–7, 131, 140, 184 as colonizing motive, 58 chronology of colonial experience, 63 call to administer in China, 83 temporality, 156 differentiating between dimensions of, 79 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 58 in Cameroon, 45 Togo, 1, 47–50, 66, 72, 78, 89, 90, 115, 134–5 in New Guinea and Samoa, 58 cotton project, 173–6 in revolts, 63 limits of German rule in, 75 in rule by physical punishment, 77

Index 233

in war in pre-colonial Africa, 68 as the ‘Travelling Kaiser’, 177 public, 45, 80, 94 Windhoek, 41, 193, 197 Virchow, Rudolf, 127 Witbooi, Hendrik, 38, 86 Völkerdu¨nger (‘fertilizer of the peoples’), 181 Witzenhausen, German Colonial School völkisch ideology, 89, 103, 147 at, 146 settler support for National Socialism, 193 Woermann, Adolph, 25 Völkischer Beobachter, 138 Woermann family, 42 Vorwärts, 32, 82 Xiuquan, Hong, 114 Wagner, Richard, 17 Waldersee, Alfred von, 62, 81, 83 Yaoundé (Cameroon), 42 Warthegau, Nazi occupation of, 165, 166 Yenidze cigarette factory, 139 Washington, Booker T., 173–5 Yihetuan, see Boxers Weber, Ernst von, 28 Yuan Shikai, 62 Weber, Max: deﬁnition of the modern state, 67 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, 9, 21 Zantop, Susanne, 15, 18 Weimar National Assembly, 188 Zanzibar, 50 Weimarer Nationalversammlung, see Weimar Zech, Countess, 119 National Assembly Zech, Governor, 175 Welser family, 15 Zeller, Joachim, 162 Weltpolitik (world politics), 170, 177, 178 Zentrum, see German Centre Party Westermann, Diedrich, 134 Zimmerer, Jürgen, 160, 162 Wieczorek-Zeul, Heidemarie, 197 Zimmerman, Andrew, 173, 174 wildlife protection, 44 Zintgraff, Eugen, 30 Wilhelm II, Emperor, 32, 83, 137, 141, 170 Zweig, Stefan, 181