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Darfur.Oltre I Confini.Phd.Pdf UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca SediConsorziate(IUIES) Università degli Studi di Udine - Università di Klagenfurt - Università MGIMO di Mosca - Università di Nova Gorica - Università Jagiellonica di Cracovia - Università Eotvos Loranddi Budapest - Università Babes-Bolyai di Cluj-Napoca - UniversitàComeniusdi Bratislava - IstitutodiSociologiaInternazionale diGorizia XX CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN POLITICHE TRANSFRONTALIERE PER LA VITA QUOTIDIANA TRANSBORDER POLICIES FOR DAILY LIFE DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti (Settorescientificodisciplinare:SPS/10) DOTTORANDO: COORDINATOREDELCOLLEGIODEIDOCENTI Ana-Maria DUTA CHIAR.MOPROF.ALBERTOGASPARINI UNIVERSITÀDITRIESTE RELATORE CHIAR.MOPROF.ALBERTOGASPARINI UNIVERSITÀDITRIESTE ANNO ACCADEMICO 2007/2008 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ “L'unico elemento necessario perché trionfi il male è che gli uomini buoni non facciano niente” Edmund Burke ________________________________________________________________________ Pagina 2 di 243 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ Indice ACRONIMI ………………………………………………………..……………….…………………………… 5 INTRODUZIONE….…………………………………………………………………..……………………… 8 Presentazione del soggetto ………………………….………………………………………….. 8 Scopo della ricerca. Ipotesi………………………………………………………………………. 9 Obiettivi……………………………………………………………………….………………………… 10 Metodologia…………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Contributo alla letteratura e limitazioni dello studio.…………………………………. 12 Struttura……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13 CAPITOLO I UNO SGUARDO SULL’AFRICA E SUI CONFINI AFRICANI………….. 15 1.1 Un panorama sui conflitti recenti………………………………..…….............. 16 1.2 Le cause……………………………………………………………………………………… 25 1.2.1. I conflitti esterni. Concetti specifici: confini e tribù………………. 25 1.2.2. I conflitti interni. Concetti specifici: stato e legittimità………….. 30 1.3 Le conseguenze……………………………………………………………………………. 35 CAPITOLO II SUDAN. PROFILO DEL PAESE…………………..…………………………….. 42 2.1 Il contesto generale…………………………………………………………............... 42 2.1.1. La Geografia…………………………………………………………………….. 42 2.1.2. La Storia……………………………………………………………………………. 45 2.2 Sudan visto da vicino…………………………………………………………………….. 50 2.2.1. Il sistema politico………………………………………………………………. 50 2.2.2. Il sistema economico………………………………………………………….. 53 2.2.3. Il sistema sociale………………………………………………………………… 55 CAPITOLO III ALL’INTERNO. IL CONFLITTO DEL DARFUR……………………………. 58 3.1 Lo storico del conflitto…………………………………..……………………………….. 58 3.1.1. Le cause……………………………………………………………………………. 59 3.1.2. I combattenti…………………………………………………………………….. 62 3.1.2.1. Le forze armate del governo……………………………………. 62 3.1.2.2. I Janjaweed…………………………………………..................... 63 3.1.2.3. I ribelli. La SLA/M ed il JEM………………………………….. 65 3.1.3. L’evoluzione………………………………………………………………………. 68 ________________________________________________________________________ Pagina 3 di 243 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ 3.2 La situazione attuale……………………………………………………………………… 75 3.3 Le conseguenze interne…………………………………………………………………. 77 3.3.1. Il genocidio……………………………………………………………………….. 78 3.3.2. Gli sfollati………………………………………………………………………….. 83 3.3.3. I bambini soldato……………………………………………………………….. 86 3.3.4. Le violenze sessuali……………………………………………………………. 89 CAPITOLO IV ALL’ESTERNO. LE RIPERCUSSIONI TRANSFRONTALIERE……….. 94 4.1 Oltre i confini. Le conseguenze esterne. ………….……………………………… 95 4.1.1. I rifugiati. Statuto e problemi………………………………………………. 97 4.1.1.1. Il quadro normativo internazionale ……………………….. 97 4.1.1.2. La situazione attuale. ……………………………………….. …. 100 4.2 Analisi sui paesi. La situazione nella zona di confine.…..…………………… 105 4.2.1. La Repubblica Centrale Africana ……...…………..…. ………………… 105 4.2.2. Il Ciad. …………………………………………………………………… ……….. 111 4.2.3. La Libia……………………………………….. ………………………………….. 119 CAPITOLO V NELLA DIFESA DEI DIRITTI UMANI……..………………………………… 123 5.1. Gli aiuti umanitari in Darfur………….………………………………………………. 123 5.1.1. UNHCR – UNICEF……………………………………………………………. 125 5.1.2. L’Unione Europea………………………………………………………………. 132 5.1.3. La Croce Rossa - Medecins sans Frontieres…………………………. 136 5.1.4. Altre organizzazioni……………………………………………………………. 139 5.2. Gli interventi umanitari nella zona di confine………………………………….. 141 5.2.1. La cooperazione transfrontaliera……… ………………………………… 141 5.2.2. Organizzazioni ed enti non governativi………………………………… 143 CAPITOLO VI ANCORA CERCANDO LA PACE………………………………………………… 148 6.1. Analisi delle risoluzioni di pace…….……………………………………………….. 148 6.1.1. L’Accordo di pace del Darfur. ……………………………………………… 149 6.1.2. Le missioni dell’UA e l’ONU. Le risoluzioni………………………….. 156 6.2. Impedimenti per la soluzione della crisi.…………………….…………… ……. 162 6.2.1. Ostacoli interni….…..…………….………………………..………………….. 163 6.2.2. Limitazioni delle azioni esterne…………………………………………… 166 6.3. La posizione della comunità internazionale …..……… ………………………. 169 6.3.1. Gli Stati Africani……………………………………………….……………….. 170 6.3.2. Altri stati…………………………………………………………………………… 173 ________________________________________________________________________ Pagina 4 di 243 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ CAPITOLO VII GUARDANDO AL FUTURO. SUGGERIMENTI……………………………. 176 CONCLUSIONI…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 181 BIBLIOGRAFIA …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 185 ALLEGATI……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 196 Allegato 1. Indicatori della povertà nei paesi africani…………………………………………………………………. 197 Allegato 2. Testimonianze dei bambini soldato………………………………………………………………………….. 198 Allegato 3. Dati statistici HIV-AIDS…………………………………………………………………………………………. 200 Allegato 4. Partiti e formazioni politici in Sudan……………………………………………………………………….. 204 Allegato 5. Comandanti e coordinatori dei Janjaweed………………………………………………………………… 217 Allegato 6. Le tappe fondamentali della lotta al coinvolgimento dei bambini nei conflitti armati……. 219 Allegato 7. UNHCR DataSheet. La Repubblica Centrale Africane, Ciad e Libia ……………………………. 222 Allegato 8. Key Indicators International Red Cross……………………………………………………………………. 228 Allegato 9. Le principali organizzazioni che operano in Sudan……………………………………………………. 230 Allegato 10. Highlights of the Darfur Peace Agreement ……………………………………………………………… 232 Allegato 11. Elenco dei documenti, rapporti e risoluzioni dell’AU e l’ONU………………………..…………… 235 ________________________________________________________________________ Pagina 5 di 243 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ ACRONIMI ACP African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries AMIS AUMissioninSudan APRD ArmyfortheRestorationoftheRepublicandDemocracy CAR TheCentral AfricanRepublic CFC CeasefireCommission CNT TheConcorde NationaleTchadienne CRC TheConventiononthe Rightofthe Child DFA DarfurPeaceAgreement DFID DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment DITF DarfurIntegratedTaskForce DPKO UNDepartmentof PeacekeepingOperations DRC Democratic RepublicofCongo DRDF DarfurReconstructionandDevelopmentFund ECHO EuropeanCommissionHumanitarianOffice ECOWAS EconomicCommunityof WestAfricanStates EU EuropeanUnion EUFORTchad/RCA EuropeanUnionForce Chad/CAR FACA Forcesarméescentrafricaines FDPC Frontdémocratiquedupeuplecentrafricain FOMUC Multinational Force of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community FPD ForzePopolaridiDifesa FUC UnitedFrontforChange G8 GroupofEightleadingindustrialnations GBV Gender-BasedViolence GOS IlgovernodellaRepubblicadelSudan HAC HumanitarianAIDCommission HCFA HumanitarianCeasefire Agreement ________________________________________________________________________ Pagina 6 di 243 - DARFUR. OLTRE I CONFINI - - Un’analisi del conflitto del Darfur e le sue ripercussioni transfrontaliere, tra cause ed effetti - ________________________________________________________________ HIPC HighlyIndebtedPoorCountries ICC InternationalCriminalCourt ICCPR TheInternationalCovenantonCivil andPoliticalRights ICERD The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICI CommissionediInchiestaInternazionale ICRC InternationalCommitteefortheRedCross ICSS TheInterim ConstitutionofSouthernSudan IDMC InternalDisplacementMonitoringCentre IDS InstituteofDevelopmentStudies IMF InternationalMonetaryFund IOC InitialOperatingCapability JC JointCommission LDCs World’sleastdevelopedcountries MDG MilleniumDevelopmentGoals MDJT TheMovementforDemocracyandJusticeinChad MICOPAX Missionfor theConsolidationofPeace MILOB AfricanMilitaryObservers MINURCAT UnitedNationsMissionintheCentralAfricanRepublic andChad MPLA PopularMovementfortheLiberationofAngola MSF Médecins sansFrontières NEPAD NewPartnershipforAfrica'sDevelopment NFIs Nonfooditems OAU OrganisationofAfricanUnity OCHA L’UfficioONU perlaCoordinazionedegliAiutiUmanitari OECD OrganisationforEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment
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