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Lesser Antilles) Inferred from Volatile Contents of Melt Inclusions H Deep pre-eruptive storage of silicic magmas feeding Plinian and dome-forming eruptions of central and northern Dominica (Lesser Antilles) inferred from volatile contents of melt inclusions H. Balcone-Boissard, G. Boudon, J. Blundy, Caroline Martel, R. Brooker, E. Deloule, C. Solaro, V. Matjuschkin To cite this version: H. Balcone-Boissard, G. Boudon, J. Blundy, Caroline Martel, R. Brooker, et al.. Deep pre-eruptive storage of silicic magmas feeding Plinian and dome-forming eruptions of central and northern Dominica (Lesser Antilles) inferred from volatile contents of melt inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Springer Verlag, 2018, 173 (12), 24 p. 10.1007/s00410-018-1528-4. insu-01934695 HAL Id: insu-01934695 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01934695 Submitted on 19 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Deep pre-eruptive storage of silicic magmas feeding Plinian and dome-forming eruptions of central and northern Dominica (Lesser Antilles) inferred from volatile contents of melt inclusions H. Balcone‑Boissard1 · G. Boudon2 · J. D. Blundy3 · C. Martel4 · R. A. Brooker3 · E. Deloule5 · C. Solaro2 · V. Matjuschkin3,6 Abstract Volatiles contribute to magma ascent through the sub-volcanic plumbing system. Here, we investigate melt inclusion com- positions in terms of major and trace elements, as well as volatiles (H2O,O C 2, SO2, F, Cl, Br, S) for Quaternary Plinian and dome-forming dacite and andesite eruptions in the central and the northern part of Dominica (Lesser Antilles arc). Melt inclusions, hosted in orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase are consistently rhyolitic. Post-entrapment crystallisation effects are limited, and negligible in orthopyroxene-hosted inclusions. Melt inclusions are among the most water-rich yet recorded (≤ 8 wt% H 2O).O C 2 contents are generally low (< 650 ppm), although in general the highest pressure melt inclusion contain the highest CO2. Some low-pressure (< 3 kbars) inclusions have elevated CO2 (up to 1100–1150 ppm), suggestive of fluxing of shallow magmas withC O2-rich fluids.C O2-trace element systematics indicate that melts were volatile-saturated at the time of entrapment and can be used for volatile-saturation barometry. The calculated pressure range (0.8–7.5 kbars) indicates that magmas originate from a vertically-extensive (3–27 km depth) storage zone within the crust that may extend to the sub-Dominica Moho (28 km). The vertically-extensive crustal system is consistent with mush models for sub-volcanic arc crust wherein mantle-derived mafic magmas undergo differentiation over a range of crustal depths. The other volatile range of composition for melt inclusions from the central part is F (75–557 ppm), Cl (1525–3137 ppm), Br (6.1–15.4 ppm) and SO2 (< 140 ppm), and for the northern part it’s F (92–798 ppm), Cl (1506–4428 ppm), Br (not determined) and SO 2 (< 569; one value at 1015 ppm). All MIs, regardless of provenance, describe the same Cl/F correlation (8.3 ± 2.7), indicating that the magma source at depth is similar. The high H2O content of Dominica magmas has implications for hazard assessment. Keywords Melt inclusion · Volatiles · Arc magma · Dominica · Lesser Antilles arc Introduction Communicated by Othmar Müntener. Subduction zone volcanic rocks reflect diverse contribu- tions to arc magma generation in terms of chemical modi- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this fication of the mantle by recycled oceanic lithosphere (e.g. article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0041 0-018-1528-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * H. Balcone-Boissard 4 Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO), UMR [email protected] 7327 Université d’Orléans-CNRS-BRGM, Orléans, France 5 CRPG, UMR 7358, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, BP 20, 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France 6 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2 Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France 3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Macdonald et al. 2000). The chemical diversity of arc mag- been ascribed to ancient subduction of an aseismic ridge mas provides insights into crustal differentiation processes in the center of the arc causing a rupture in the subduction (Yanagida et al. 2018), whereas their magmatic volatiles plate and a displacement of volcanic activity to the West afford clues to eruption dynamics and pre-eruptive magma in the early-Miocene (~ 20 Ma; Bouysse and Westercamp storage conditions (Gurenko et al. 2005; Balcone-Boissard 1990). South of Dominica the two branches merge, creating et al. 2010), a key parameter in developing a better evalu- a single volcanic arc active since the Miocene. The active ation of volcanic hazard, and in hydrothermal mineraliza- part of the arc (Saba to Dominica in the north, and Dominica tion (Wilkinson 2013). The primary geochemical signature to Grenada in the south) has 12 currently active volcanic of erupted magmas is inherited ultimately from the mantle centers, the most well-known being Soufrière (Guadeloupe), source region with subsequent modification and evolution Montagne Pelée (Martinique), Soufrière Hills (Montserrat) during differentiation and pre-eruptive ascent and storage in and Soufrière (Saint-Vincent). In the last 300 years, these the crust. The role of different components in generating the centers have produced several historic effusive and explosive diversity of arc magma composition (e.g. fluids derived from eruptions spanning a broad range of styles and chemistries. subducted oceanic crust and sediments, crustal contami- Recent activity of the arc (< 2.0 My) shows an important nation) remains a matter of debate (Thirlwall et al. 1996; segmentation (Macdonald et al. 2000). Three segments can Blundy et al. 2008; Labanieh et al. 2012). be defined: Saba-Montserrat, Guadeloupe-Martinique and Volatiles play a major role in determining the eruptive St Lucia-Grenada (Sigurdsson and Carey 1981; Wadge and style of magma, through the interplay of degassing with Shepherd 1984). The segmentation is also manifested in magma rheology and phase relations (Esposito et al. 2014). terms of magma production rate. Over the last 0.1 Ma, the Characterization of volatile contents is essential in predict- central segment is characterized by the largest magma pro- ing the potential explosivity of magma, especially in a sub- duction rate, with Dominica reaching a peak at ~ 40 km3 and duction context. Much of our understanding of magmatic Martinique and Guadeloupe at ~ 8 km3 (Wadge 1984). The volatile contents comes from melt inclusions (MI), small north and south segments of the arc have produced signifi- glassy pockets of magma trapped by phenocrysts during cant smaller volumes of about 0–5 km3 over the same time their growth, that preserve the pre-eruptive volatile content period (Macdonald et al. 2000; Wadge 1984). prior to eruption and degassing of the matrix. Carefully Dominica is the only island in the Lesser Antilles arc interpreted, MI data can help us to constrain the pre-eruptive that exhibits multiple active volcanic centers. From North conditions in terms of magma composition in major, trace to South these are: Morne aux Diables (MAD), Morne and volatile elements (Moore 2008). Diablotins (MD), Morne Trois-Pitons–Micotrin (MTPM), The aim of this work is to characterize the geochemical and Morne Plat Pays (also referred to as Plat Pays Volcanic fingerprint of magmas responsible for the large pumiceous Complex, PPVC). South of Morne Trois-Pitons–Micotrin eruptions in the central part of Dominica (Lesser Antilles numerous satellite volcanic centers exist, including Grand volcanic arc) as well as for those from the Morne aux Dia- Soufrière Hills, Morne Anglais and Foundland. Dominica bles volcanic center in the northern part, by analysing MIs has produced several km3 of volcanic products since the trapped in the major phenocrysts of the different eruptions, Pleistocene (Sigurdsson 1972; Lindsay et al. 2005; Smith for the full spectrum of major, trace and volatile elements, et al. 2013; Howe et al. 2014, 2015; Boudon et al. 2017). including H2O,O C 2, F, Cl, Br and S. In addition, magma Recent studies have identified several voluminous pumi- storage conditions at the scale of the Lesser Antilles arc are ceous eruptions, including three large eruptions, expelled discussed. from the two central active centers: Layou (51 ka) from Morne Diablotins (MD), and Roseau (33 ka) and Grand Fond (24 ka) from Morne Trois Pitons-Micotrin (MTPM), Geological context each involving 3–5 km3 of magma (Boudon et al. 2017). Studies of eruptive deposits (Wadge 1984; Lindsay et al. The Lesser Antilles arc results from the oblique subduc- 2005; Boudon et al. 2017) have demonstrated that eruption tion of the Atlantic sea floor (North and South American volumes of the central part of Dominica are one order of plates) beneath the Caribbean Plate at a mean convergence magnitude larger than those from the volcanoes on neigh- rate of 2 cm/year (Wadge 1984). The volcanic arc is 850 km bouring islands (Montagne Pelée, Martinique or Soufrière long, extending from the island of Saba in the north to Gre- of Guadeloupe). In the most recent period (< 20 ka), at least nada in the south, with an eastwards convexity.
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