DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Oxidative Changes in Roasted Almonds Undergoing Accelerated Shelf Life. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61g6r83b Journal Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 65(12) ISSN 0021-8561 Authors Franklin, Lillian M Chapman, Dawn M King, Ellena S et al. Publication Date 2017-03-21 DOI 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05357 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Article pubs.acs.org/JAFC Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Oxidative Changes in Roasted Almonds Undergoing Accelerated Shelf Life † ‡ ‡ † § Lillian M. Franklin, Dawn M. Chapman, Ellena S. King, Mallory Mau, Guangwei Huang, † and Alyson E. Mitchell*, † Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States ‡ Covance Food Solutions, 365 North Canyons Parkway, Suite 101, Livermore, California 94551, United States § Almond Board of California, Suite 1500, 1150 Ninth Street, Modesto, California 95354, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: In almonds, there is no standard method for detecting oxidative changes and little data correlating consumer perception with chemical markers of rancidity. To address this, we measured peroxide values (PV), free fatty acid values (FFAs), conjugated dienes, tocopherols, headspace volatiles, and consumer hedonic response in light roasted (LR) and dark roasted (DR) almonds stored under conditions that promote rancidity development over 12 months. Results demonstrate that, although rancidity develops at different rates in LR and DR almonds, consumer liking was not significantly different between LR and DR almonds. Average hedonic ratings of almonds were found to fall below a designated acceptable score of 5 (“neither like nor dislike”) by 6 months of storage. This did not correspond with recommended industry rejection standard of PV < 5 mequiv peroxide/kg oil and FFA < 1.5% oleic. FFAs remain well below <1.5% oleic during storage, indicating that FFAs are not a good marker of rancidity in roasted almonds stored in low humidity environments. Regression of consumer liking to concentration of rancidity indicators revealed that selected headspace volatiles, including heptanal, octanal, nonanal, 2-octenal, 2-heptanone, 2- pentylfuran, hexanal, and pentanal, had a better correlation with liking than did nonvolatile indicators. KEYWORDS: almond, Prunus dulcis, HS-SPME GC/MS, peroxide value, hedonic analysis ■ INTRODUCTION triglycerides (i.e., oxidative rancidity).4,5 Both processes Sweet almonds (Prunus dulcis) are considered an excellent produce a range of primary lipid oxidation products (e.g., free source of dietary protein, fiber, and micronutrients such as fatty acids, lipid hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes and vitamin E.1,2 Almonds are also high in unsaturated fatty acids trienes) and secondary lipid breakdown products (e.g., − aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons, oxiranes, and (44 61% fat by weight) and low in moisture (less than 10% 4,12 moisture w/w) and are subject to lipid oxidation and the lactones). Primary oxidation assessment methods often − development of rancidity during storage.1 3 These changes can include measuring PV and conjugated dienes (CD). Peroxide − result in objectionable flavor and loss of nutritive quality.3 6 value measures the concentration of lipid peroxide, while CD assess the degree of double bond rearrangement co-occurring The two most abundant fatty acids in almonds are oleic acid 13 (18:1, 62−80%) and linoleic acid (18:2, 10−18%).1 Unshelled with the peroxidation of linoleic acid. Measuring FFAs in raw almonds have a shelf life of approximately 12 months due conjunction with lipid peroxidation indicates the degree of to relatively high concentrations of naturally occurring hydrolytic rancidity. PV is the most common method used by tocopherols (∼24 mg/100 g).7 Shelling and processing the industry to estimate oxidation in almonds, while methods such as FFA, CD, and tocopherol quantitation are less almonds exposes nutmeats to light, heat, moisture, and oxygen, 3,7,11,14,15 which can initiate lipid oxidation and shorten shelf life.5 commonly employed. Although lipid oxidation and the development of rancidity is a Because lipid hydroperoxides are themselves imperceptible to persistent problem for processors, there is no completely humans, measuring peroxidation may not directly correlate with fl 12 objective chemical method for determining the onset of avor changes in nuts. Quantitation of headspace volatiles rancidity. To date, the industry relies on indirect measures associated with rancidity (e.g., hexanal) has been used in many foods to better approximate development of rancid flavor and (i.e., peroxide value [PV] and free fatty acids [FFAs]) to 3,5,6,16,17 estimate lipid oxidation in almonds. Currently, there is no aroma. However, human perception of volatiles can ff uniform or standard method for detecting oxidative changes in di er based on unique product characteristics such as surface almonds and, more importantly, there is little data correlating area, moisture content, serving temperature, composition, and consumer perception with these chemical markers of rancid- − ity.3,8 11 Received: November 29, 2016 Rancidity development can occur through hydrothermal or Revised: March 6, 2017 enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides (i.e., hydrolytic rancidity) Accepted: March 11, 2017 and/or through the direct oxidation of fatty acids and Published: March 11, 2017 © XXXX American Chemical Society A DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05357 J. Agric. Food Chem. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Article competing volatiles in the product headspace.18 Additionally, %), 1-H-pyrrole (98%), 1-octanol (99+%), butanoic acid (99+%), 3- sensory testing may not indicate whether the product is methylbutanoic acid (98+%), and nonanoic acid (99+%) were considered acceptable by the end-user, as trained sensory obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). judges should not answer affective questions.18 It is therefore Standards of hexanoic acid (98%), 1-butanol (99%), and ethyl 2- prudent to perform hedonic analysis of food products to (methylthio)-acetate (95%) were obtained from Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, United States). All benchmark chemical measures with changes in consumer 6 other standards, solvents, and reagents were purchased from either acceptance. Fisher Scientific Company (Fairlawn, NJ, United States) or Sigma- A number of studies have assessed consumer acceptance in Aldrich Chemical Co. These included the following: HPLC/ 3,9−11,15 relation to chemical measures of rancidity in almonds. spectrophotometric grade solvents ethanol, methanol, methyl tert- Most3,10,11,15 have focused on the effect of packaging type on butyl ether, glacial acetic acid, chloroform, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane; consumer acceptance (and chemical markers of oxidation) analytical grade sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid (ACS certified during storage. For example, Mexis and Kontominas measured 36.5−38% w/w), potassium iodide (99.9%), and sodium thiosulfate (99%); and analytical standards of (±)-α-tocopherol, (+)-δ-tocopher- PV, hexanal, color, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and γ − consumer acceptance to study the effects of active packaging, ol, (+)- -tocopherol, volatile compounds (95 99%), and conjugated linoleic acid (99%). Exceptions included 2-(ethylthio)-ethanol (96%) nitrogen flushing, and packaging material on the oxidation of 3 (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, United States) and 3-hydroxybutan-2-one whole, unpeeled raw almonds. Raisi et al. evaluated the impact (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, United States). of packaging on PV, conjugated trienes, and hedonic ratings in Roasting and Storage of Samples. A 200 kg sample of dehulled, ground and whole unpeeled almonds for 10 months of storage raw, Nonpareil almond kernels with skin (from the 2014 harvest year) 15 under either vacuum, 95% CO2, or ambient atmosphere. was obtained from Blue Diamond Growers (Sacramento, CA, United Senesi et al. measured the effect of packaging on oxygen and States). Almonds were dry roasted in a BCO-E1 electric convection light permeability, storage atmosphere, and temperature on oven (Bakers Pride, Allen, TX, United States). Kernels were roasted under two different conditions: 115 ± 6 °C for 60 min and 152 ± 6 °C several aspects of oxidation and sensory quality of peeled whole “ ” “ ” raw almonds over 546 days of storage.11 Though a number of for 15 min to produce a light and dark degree of roast, respectively. studies have evaluated the relationship between packaging type, Almonds were divided into 480 g samples and placed in a controlled atmosphere chamber (KMF 240 Constant Climate Chamber by changes in oxidation indicators, and consumer acceptance, no Binder Inc. Bohemia, NY, United States). Samples were stored at 15 ± study directly compares oxidation indictors to each other in 1% relative humidity (RH) and 39 ± 1 °C for intervals of 1−12 their ability to correlate with consumer acceptance of almonds. months. Eight samples each of LR and DR almonds were randomly Additionally, there exists little published literature on the withdrawn from the chamber every month, mixed thoroughly, and volatile profile of roasted almonds during accelerated storage or repackaged into polyethylene vacuum sealed packages which were the relationship between volatile profile, rancidity indicators,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • EPA Method 8315A (SW-846): Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
    METHOD 8315A DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of free carbonyl compounds in various matrices by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection to identify and quantitate the target analytes. This method includes two procedures encompassing all aspects of the analysis (extraction to determination of concentration). Procedure 1 is appropriate for the analysis of aqueous, soil and waste samples and stack samples collected by Method 0011. Procedure 2 is appropriate for the analysis of indoor air samples collected by Method 0100. The list of target analytes differs by procedure. The appropriate procedure for each target analyte is listed in the table below. Compound CAS No. a Proc. 1b Proc. 2 b Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X X Acetone 67-64-1 X Acrolein 107-02-8 X Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 X Butanal (Butyraldehyde) 123-72-8 X X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 X X Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 X Decanal 112-31-2 X 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 5779-94-2 X Formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X Heptanal 111-71-7 X Hexanal (Hexaldehyde) 66-25-1 X X Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 X Nonanal 124-19-6 X Octanal 124-13-0 X Pentanal (Valeraldehyde) 110-62-3 X X Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 123-38-6 X X m-Tolualdehyde 620-23-5 X X o-Tolualdehyde 529-20-4 X p-Tolualdehyde 104-87-0 X a Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Materials
    California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Synthetic Turf Study Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019 MEETING MATERIALS THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency Agenda Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019, 9:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. 1001 I Street, CalEPA Headquarters Building, Sacramento Byron Sher Auditorium The agenda for this meeting is given below. The order of items on the agenda is provided for general reference only. The order in which items are taken up by the Panel is subject to change. 1. Welcome and Opening Remarks 2. Synthetic Turf and Playground Studies Overview 4. Synthetic Turf Field Exposure Model Exposure Equations Exposure Parameters 3. Non-Targeted Chemical Analysis Volatile Organics on Synthetic Turf Fields Non-Polar Organics Constituents in Crumb Rubber Polar Organic Constituents in Crumb Rubber 5. Public Comments: For members of the public attending in-person: Comments will be limited to three minutes per commenter. For members of the public attending via the internet: Comments may be sent via email to [email protected]. Email comments will be read aloud, up to three minutes each, by staff of OEHHA during the public comment period, as time allows. 6. Further Panel Discussion and Closing Remarks 7. Wrap Up and Adjournment Agenda Synthetic Turf Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019 THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency DRAFT for Discussion at May 2019 SAP Meeting. Table of Contents Synthetic Turf and Playground Studies Overview May 2019 Update .....
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of a Dirhodium Tetraphosphine Catalyst for Hydroformylation And
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Studies of a dirhodium tetraphosphine catalyst for hydroformylation and aldehyde-water shift ac talysis Aaron Rider Barnum Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Barnum, Aaron Rider, "Studies of a dirhodium tetraphosphine catalyst for hydroformylation and aldehyde-water shift catalysis" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3998. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3998 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. STUDIES OF A DIRHODIUM TETRAPHOSPHINE CATALYST FOR HYDROFORMYLATION AND ALDEHYDE-WATER SHIFT CATALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Chemistry by Aaron Rider Barnum B.S. Loyola University New Orleans, 2007 December 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family, for without their encouragements and support I would not be where I am today. To my parents, Otis and Cindy Barnum, thank you for everything throughout the years. To my grandmother Teruko, you are responsible for two things I hold very dear to my heart: inspiring me to become the scientist and chemist I am today and also for keeping me in touch with my Japanese heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey, Emission and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemic…
    Survey of chemical compounds in consumer products Survey no. 36 – 2003 Survey, emission and evaluation of volatile organic chemicals in printed matter Ole Christian Hansen and Torben Eggert Danish Technological Institute 2 Contents PREFACE 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 PRINTED MATTER 15 2.1 CONSUMPTION 15 2.2 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 16 2.3 PRINTING 16 2.3.1 Printing techniques 16 2.4 PAPER 17 2.5 PRINTING INKS 17 2.5.1 Solvents 18 2.5.2 Binders 19 2.5.3 Wetting agent 19 2.5.4 UV-curing inks 19 2.6 EMISSIONS DURING PRINTING 20 2.7 PRINTED MATTER IN THE HOUSEHOLD 20 2.8 DISPOSAL 21 2.9 RECYCLING 22 3 EXPOSURE 23 3.1 EMISSION MEASURING METHODS 23 3.1.1 Sampling and analyses 23 3.1.2 Screening of volatiles 23 3.1.3 Quantitative measurements 24 3.1.4 Results 25 4 EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EVALUATION 33 4.1 EXPOSURE SCENARIOS 34 4.1.1 Method 34 4.1.2 Scenarios 34 4.2 ASSESSMENT METHOD 35 4.2.1 Assessment method 35 4.2.2 Procedure for assessments 37 5 EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS 39 5.1 ALDEHYDES 39 5.1.1 Propanal 39 5.1.2 Pentanal 41 5.1.3 Hexanal 42 5.1.4 Heptanal 43 5.2 ALCOHOLS 44 5.2.1 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 45 5.3 KETONES 46 5.3.1 Heptanone 46 3 5.4 ESTERS 48 5.4.1 Propanoic acid, butylester 48 5.5 FURAN 49 5.5.1 2-Pentylfuran 49 5.6 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 50 5.6.1 Toluene 50 5.6.2 Xylenes 53 5.6.3 Ethylbenzene 56 5.7 TERPENES 58 5.7.1 alpha-Pinene 58 5.7.2 Camphene 60 5.7.3 Limonene 61 5.7.4 Tetramethyl methenoazulene 63 5.8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS 64 6 EVALUATION OF PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1 HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1.1 Printed matter no.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene Over Rh/Nano-Oxide Catalysts
    Catalysts 2013, 3, 324-337; doi:10.3390/catal3010324 OPEN ACCESS catalysts ISSN 2073-4344 www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts Article Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene over Rh/Nano-Oxide Catalysts Maija-Liisa Kontkanen 1, Matti Tuikka 1,2, Niko M. Kinnunen 1, Sari Suvanto 1 and Matti Haukka 1,2,* 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.-L.K.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (N.M.K.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, University of Jyväskylä, Finland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +358-40-805-4666; Fax: +358-4-260-2501. Received: 26 January 2013; in revised form: 25 February 2013 / Accepted: 6 March 2013 / Published: 21 March 2013 Abstract: The effect of nanostructured supports on the activity of Rh catalysts was studied by comparing the catalytic performance of nano- and bulk-oxide supported Rh/ZnO, Rh/SiO2 and Rh/TiO2 systems in 1-hexene hydroformylation. The highest activity with 100% total conversion and 96% yield of aldehydes was obtained with the Rh/nano-ZnO catalyst. The Rh/nano-ZnO catalyst was found to be more stable and active than the corresponding rhodium catalyst supported on bulk ZnO. The favorable morphology of Rh/nano-ZnO particles led to an increased metal content and an increased number of weak acid sites compared to the bulk ZnO supported catalysts. Both these factors favored the improved catalytic performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Carboxylic Acids
    13 Carboxylic Acids The active ingredients in these two nonprescription pain relievers are derivatives of arylpropanoic acids. See Chemical Connections 13A, “From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond.” Inset: A model of (S)-ibuprofen. (Charles D. Winters) KEY QUESTIONS 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? HOW TO 13.2 How Are Carboxylic Acids Named? 13.1 How to Predict the Product of a Fischer 13.3 What Are the Physical Properties of Esterification Carboxylic Acids? 13.2 How to Predict the Product of a B-Decarboxylation 13.4 What Are the Acid–Base Properties of Reaction Carboxylic Acids? 13.5 How Are Carboxyl Groups Reduced? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 13.6 What Is Fischer Esterification? 13A From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond 13.7 What Are Acid Chlorides? 13B Esters as Flavoring Agents 13.8 What Is Decarboxylation? 13C Ketone Bodies and Diabetes CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE another class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group. Their occurrence in nature is widespread, and they are important components of foodstuffs such as vinegar, butter, and vegetable oils. The most important chemical property of carboxylic acids is their acidity. Furthermore, carboxylic acids form numerous important derivatives, including es- ters, amides, anhydrides, and acid halides. In this chapter, we study carboxylic acids themselves; in Chapters 14 and 15, we study their derivatives. 457 458 CHAPTER 13 Carboxylic Acids 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? Carboxyl group A J COOH The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group, so named because it is made group. up of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group (Section 1.7D).
    [Show full text]
  • Kinetics 0F the Catalytic Hydrogenation of N
    Kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of n- heptanal with copper-chromium oxide catalyst Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Flanagan, Joseph Edward, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 23:10:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319452 KINETICS 0F THE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF N-HEPTANAL MT H COPRER-CHROMUM OXIDE CATALYST by Joseph Edward Flanagan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements ' For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1963 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted, in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Bean of the Graduate College when in their judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 79, No. 143/Friday, July 25, 2014/Proposed
    43350 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 143 / Friday, July 25, 2014 / Proposed Rules ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Programs Branch (AR–18J), DATES: Comments must be received on AGENCY Environmental Protection Agency, or before September 23, 2014. Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, 40 CFR Part 52 Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886–6031, identified by docket identification (ID) [EPA–R05–OAR–2013–0214; FRL–9914–25– [email protected]. number EPA–HQ–OPP–2013–0821, by Region 5] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the one of the following methods: Final Rules section of this Federal • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// Approval and Promulgation of Air Register, EPA is approving the State’s www.regulations.gov. Follow the online Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; SIP submittal as a direct final rule instructions for submitting comments. Solvent Degreasing Operations Rule without prior proposal because the Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency views this as a noncontroversial Confidential Business Information (CBI) Agency (EPA). submittal and anticipates no adverse comments. A detailed rationale for the or other information whose disclosure is ACTION: Proposed rule. approval is set forth in the direct final restricted by statute. • Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection rule. If no adverse comments are Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/ Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve a received in response to this rule, no DC),
    [Show full text]
  • Survey and Risk Assessment of Chemical
    Survey and risk assessment of chemical substances in chemical products used for "do-it-yourself" projects in the home – follow-up project Survey of chemical substances in consumer products Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 180 April 2020 Publisher: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Editors: Natanya M.L. Hansen, Danish Technological Institute Helene B. Klinke, Danish Technological Institute Thomas Sørensen, Danish Technological Institute Poul Bo Larsen, DHI ISBN: 978-87-7038-175-8 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency publishes reports and papers about research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by the Agency. The contents of this publication do not necessarily represent the official views of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. By publishing this report, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency expresses that the content represents an important contribution to the related discourse on Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 The Danish Environmental Protection Agency / Survey and risk assessment of chemical substances in chemical products used for "do-I yourself" projects in the home – follow-up project Contents Preface 5 Summary and conclusion 6 1. Introduction 11 1.1 Background for the survey 11 1.2 Objective 11 1.3 Delimitation 11 2. Mapping of products and establishment of exposure scenarios 12 2.1 Objective 12 2.2 Mapping 12 2.3 Scenarios 12 2.4 Do-it-yourself projects 13 2.4.1 Project for the scenario ”Normal maintenance” 13 2.4.2 Project for the scenario "Extensive maintenance" 13 2.4.3 Project for the scenario ” New build or complete renovation” 13 2.5 Identified product types for do-it-yourself projects 14 2.6 Summary of survey results 14 2.7 Exposure scenarios 16 2.7.1 Background for exposure scenarios 16 2.7.2 Description of exposure scenarios 16 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Volatile Compounds, Odour and Flavour Attributes of Lamb Meat from the Navarra Breed As Affected by Ageing
    foods Article Volatile Compounds, Odour and Flavour Attributes of Lamb Meat from the Navarra Breed as Affected by Ageing Kizkitza Insausti 1,* , María T. Murillo-Arbizu 1, Olaia Urrutia 1 , José A. Mendizabal 1 , María J. Beriain 1 , Michael J. Colle 2, Phillip D. Bass 2 and Ana Arana 1 1 IS-FOOD, School of Agricultural Engineering and Biosciences, Public University of Navarra (UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; [email protected] (M.T.M.-A.); [email protected] (O.U.); [email protected] (J.A.M.); [email protected] (M.J.B.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; [email protected] (M.J.C.); [email protected] (P.D.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study aimed to assess the influence of ageing on the volatile compounds, as well as odour and flavour attributes of lamb meat from the Navarra breed. Twenty-one male lambs were fed a commercial concentrate diet after weaning and were harvested at 101 ± 6.5 days of age. From the Longissimus thoracis, 26 volatile compounds were identified, with hexanal, 2-propanone, and nonanal the most abundant (57.17% relative percentage abundance, RPA). The effect of ageing (1 vs. 4 d) was observed (p < 0.05) in six compounds: 1,4-dimethylbenzene decreased with ageing, Citation: Insausti, K.; while tridecane, 3-methylbutanal, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 1-octen-3-ol increased. In general, Murillo-Arbizu, M.T.; Urrutia, O.; ageing was linked to a decrease in livery and bloody flavour, bloody odour and ethanal, and an Mendizabal, J.A.; Beriain, M.J.; Colle, increase in pentane, hexanal, and heptanal, which are usually associated with fresh green grass M.J.; Bass, P.D.; Arana, A.
    [Show full text]
  • (CDR) by CASRN Or Accession Number
    List of Chemicals Reported for the 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) by CASRN or Accession Number For the 2012 CDR, 7,674 unique chemicals were reported by manufacturers (including importers). Chemicals are listed by CAS Registry Number (for non-confidential chemicals) or by TSCA Accession Number (for chemicals listed on the confidential portion of the TSCA Inventory). CASRN or CASRN or ACCESSION ACCESSION NUMBER CA INDEX NAME or GENERIC NAME NUMBER CA INDEX NAME or GENERIC NAME 100016 Benzenamine, 4-nitro- 10042769 Nitric acid, strontium salt (2:1) 10006287 Silicic acid (H2SiO3), potassium salt (1:2) 10043013 Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt (3:2) 1000824 Urea, N-(hydroxymethyl)- 10043115 Boron nitride (BN) 100107 Benzaldehyde, 4-(dimethylamino)- 10043353 Boric acid (H3BO3) 1001354728 4-Octanol, 3-amino- 10043524 Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 100174 Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-nitro- 100436 Pyridine, 4-ethenyl- 10017568 Ethanol, 2,2',2''-nitrilotris-, phosphate (1:?) 10043842 Phosphinic acid, manganese(2+) salt (2:1) 2,7-Anthracenedisulfonic acid, 9,10-dihydro- 100447 Benzene, (chloromethyl)- 10017591 9,10-dioxo-, sodium salt (1:?) 10045951 Nitric acid, neodymium(3+) salt (3:1) 100185 Benzene, 1,4-bis(1-methylethyl)- 100469 Benzenemethanamine 100209 1,4-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride 100470 Benzonitrile 100210 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 100481 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 10022318 Nitric acid, barium salt (2:1) 10048983 Phosphoric acid, barium salt (1:1) 9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-, 2-methylpropyl 10049044 Chlorine oxide (ClO2) 10024472 ester Phosphoric acid,
    [Show full text]