Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene Over Rh/Nano-Oxide Catalysts
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Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5. -
EPA Method 8315A (SW-846): Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
METHOD 8315A DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of free carbonyl compounds in various matrices by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection to identify and quantitate the target analytes. This method includes two procedures encompassing all aspects of the analysis (extraction to determination of concentration). Procedure 1 is appropriate for the analysis of aqueous, soil and waste samples and stack samples collected by Method 0011. Procedure 2 is appropriate for the analysis of indoor air samples collected by Method 0100. The list of target analytes differs by procedure. The appropriate procedure for each target analyte is listed in the table below. Compound CAS No. a Proc. 1b Proc. 2 b Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X X Acetone 67-64-1 X Acrolein 107-02-8 X Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 X Butanal (Butyraldehyde) 123-72-8 X X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 X X Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 X Decanal 112-31-2 X 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 5779-94-2 X Formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X Heptanal 111-71-7 X Hexanal (Hexaldehyde) 66-25-1 X X Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 X Nonanal 124-19-6 X Octanal 124-13-0 X Pentanal (Valeraldehyde) 110-62-3 X X Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 123-38-6 X X m-Tolualdehyde 620-23-5 X X o-Tolualdehyde 529-20-4 X p-Tolualdehyde 104-87-0 X a Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number. -
2. Catalysis Involving CO
2. Catalysis Involving CO (Source: Collman / Hegedus + Chiusoli / Maitlis + original papers mentioned below) !1 General Reactivity of CO-Complexes 1 is the resonance representing the pure "-donation of CO to the metal. 3 is contributing the most when the # back donation from the metal to CO is weak. The carbon is more electrophilic here. 2 is the extreme structure that evidences the # back donation of the metal to the #* of CO. !2 – Synthesis Gas and Water Gas Shift Reaction CO / H2 as feedstock. – Hydrocarbonylation (or Hydroformylation) of Olefins / Oxo Reaction Synthesis of aldehydes and alcohols from alkenes with cobalt and rhodium catalysts. – Carbonylation of Alcohols: Monsanto’s Acetic Acid Process Preparation of acetic acid from methanol and CO. !3 Synthesis Gas (Syn Gas, CO / H2) as Feedstock Steam over coal: C + H2O → CO + H2 0 0 (!ΔH 298 K = 131 kJ/mol; !ΔG1073 K= –12 kJ/mol) Steam reforming of methane: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 0 0 (!ΔH 298 K = 206 kJ/mol; !ΔG1073 K= –24 kJ/mol) Coupled with partial oxidation to give an endothermic overall reaction: H 0 2 C + H2O + O2 → CO + CO2 + H2 (Δ 298 K = –285 kJ/mol) 1 H 0 CH4 + 2 O2 → CO + 2 H2 (Δ 298 K = –36 kJ/mol) !4 Water-Gas-Shift Reaction (WGSR) Allows adjust the CO : H2 ratio by converting CO to H2: !!⇀ CO + H2O ↽!! CO2 + H2 Drawback: CO2 as byproduct. Catalysts: Heterogeneous Cr2O3 (T = 350°C) Cu-Zn-oxide (T = 200 – 300°C) Fe3O4 Homogeneous Carbonyl complexes: [FeH(CO)4]–, [RhI2(CO)2]–, [RuCl(bipy)2(CO)]+ !5 Homogeneously Catalyzed WGSR Principle: O CO OH– – CO2 M M CO M C M H – OH – + H O – ! M H 2 M + OH + H2 !6 Catalytic WGSR ! !7 Hydroformylation or Oxo Synthesis Synthesis of aldehydes and alcohols from alkenes. -
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes with Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Rhodium Systems Containing Phosphine Ligands
J. Mex. Chem. Soc. 2017, 61(2), 120-127 Article © 2017, Sociedad Química de México ISSN 1870-249X Reactions of alkenes and alkynes with formaldehyde catalyzed by rhodium systems containing phosphine ligands Merlín Rosales,1* Beatriz González,1 Jessely Molina,1 Homero Pérez,1 María Modroño-Alonso2 and Pablo J. Baricelli2 1 Universidad del Zulia (L.U.Z.), Facultad Experimental de Ciencias. Departamento de Química, Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica (LQI). Maracaibo (Venezuela). 2 Universidad de Carabobo, Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Valencia (Venezuela). * Corresponding author: Tel +584143602104 FAX +582614127701 Ciudad Universitaria. Módulo 2. Maracaibo. Venezuela e-mail adress: merlin2002 @cantv.net; [email protected] (M. Rosales) Received October 18th, 2016; Accepted March 8th, 2017. Abstract. The reaction of alkenes (allyl alcohol, styrene and C6 Resumen. La reacción de alquenos (alcohol alílico, estireno y alquenos alkenes) with formaldehyde was efficiently performed by using Rh C6) con formaldehido se realizó eficientemente usando precatalizado- precatalysts formed in situ by the addition of triphenylphosphine res de Rh formados in situ por adición de trifenilfosfina (PPh3), (PPh3), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) or 1,1,1-tris(diphen- 1,2-bis(difenilfosfino)etano (dffe) o 1,1,1-tris(difenilfosfinometil) etano ylphosphinomethyl)ethane (triphos) to the complex Rh(acac)(CO)2 at (trifos) al complejo Rh(acac)(CO)2 a 130ºC en 1,4-dioxano, produ- 130ºC in 1,4-dioxane, yielding their corresponding aldehydes; the best ciendo los correspondientes aldehídos. El mejor sistema catalítico fue 2 catalytic system was Rh(acac)(CO)2/2dppe, which generates the cat- Rh(acac)(CO)2/2dffe, el cual genera el complejo catiónico [Rh(k -P,P- 2 + + ionic complex [Rh(k -P,P-dppe)2] . -
Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting Materials
California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Synthetic Turf Study Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019 MEETING MATERIALS THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency Agenda Synthetic Turf Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019, 9:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. 1001 I Street, CalEPA Headquarters Building, Sacramento Byron Sher Auditorium The agenda for this meeting is given below. The order of items on the agenda is provided for general reference only. The order in which items are taken up by the Panel is subject to change. 1. Welcome and Opening Remarks 2. Synthetic Turf and Playground Studies Overview 4. Synthetic Turf Field Exposure Model Exposure Equations Exposure Parameters 3. Non-Targeted Chemical Analysis Volatile Organics on Synthetic Turf Fields Non-Polar Organics Constituents in Crumb Rubber Polar Organic Constituents in Crumb Rubber 5. Public Comments: For members of the public attending in-person: Comments will be limited to three minutes per commenter. For members of the public attending via the internet: Comments may be sent via email to [email protected]. Email comments will be read aloud, up to three minutes each, by staff of OEHHA during the public comment period, as time allows. 6. Further Panel Discussion and Closing Remarks 7. Wrap Up and Adjournment Agenda Synthetic Turf Advisory Panel Meeting May 31, 2019 THIS PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency DRAFT for Discussion at May 2019 SAP Meeting. Table of Contents Synthetic Turf and Playground Studies Overview May 2019 Update ..... -
Studies of a Dirhodium Tetraphosphine Catalyst for Hydroformylation And
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Studies of a dirhodium tetraphosphine catalyst for hydroformylation and aldehyde-water shift ac talysis Aaron Rider Barnum Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Barnum, Aaron Rider, "Studies of a dirhodium tetraphosphine catalyst for hydroformylation and aldehyde-water shift catalysis" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3998. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3998 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. STUDIES OF A DIRHODIUM TETRAPHOSPHINE CATALYST FOR HYDROFORMYLATION AND ALDEHYDE-WATER SHIFT CATALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Department of Chemistry by Aaron Rider Barnum B.S. Loyola University New Orleans, 2007 December 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family, for without their encouragements and support I would not be where I am today. To my parents, Otis and Cindy Barnum, thank you for everything throughout the years. To my grandmother Teruko, you are responsible for two things I hold very dear to my heart: inspiring me to become the scientist and chemist I am today and also for keeping me in touch with my Japanese heritage. -
Survey, Emission and Evaluation of Volatile Organic Chemic…
Survey of chemical compounds in consumer products Survey no. 36 – 2003 Survey, emission and evaluation of volatile organic chemicals in printed matter Ole Christian Hansen and Torben Eggert Danish Technological Institute 2 Contents PREFACE 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 ABBREVIATIONS 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 PRINTED MATTER 15 2.1 CONSUMPTION 15 2.2 NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES 16 2.3 PRINTING 16 2.3.1 Printing techniques 16 2.4 PAPER 17 2.5 PRINTING INKS 17 2.5.1 Solvents 18 2.5.2 Binders 19 2.5.3 Wetting agent 19 2.5.4 UV-curing inks 19 2.6 EMISSIONS DURING PRINTING 20 2.7 PRINTED MATTER IN THE HOUSEHOLD 20 2.8 DISPOSAL 21 2.9 RECYCLING 22 3 EXPOSURE 23 3.1 EMISSION MEASURING METHODS 23 3.1.1 Sampling and analyses 23 3.1.2 Screening of volatiles 23 3.1.3 Quantitative measurements 24 3.1.4 Results 25 4 EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EVALUATION 33 4.1 EXPOSURE SCENARIOS 34 4.1.1 Method 34 4.1.2 Scenarios 34 4.2 ASSESSMENT METHOD 35 4.2.1 Assessment method 35 4.2.2 Procedure for assessments 37 5 EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS 39 5.1 ALDEHYDES 39 5.1.1 Propanal 39 5.1.2 Pentanal 41 5.1.3 Hexanal 42 5.1.4 Heptanal 43 5.2 ALCOHOLS 44 5.2.1 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 45 5.3 KETONES 46 5.3.1 Heptanone 46 3 5.4 ESTERS 48 5.4.1 Propanoic acid, butylester 48 5.5 FURAN 49 5.5.1 2-Pentylfuran 49 5.6 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 50 5.6.1 Toluene 50 5.6.2 Xylenes 53 5.6.3 Ethylbenzene 56 5.7 TERPENES 58 5.7.1 alpha-Pinene 58 5.7.2 Camphene 60 5.7.3 Limonene 61 5.7.4 Tetramethyl methenoazulene 63 5.8 ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS 64 6 EVALUATION OF PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1 HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED PRINTED MATTER 68 6.1.1 Printed matter no. -
Hydroformylation of Formaldehyde with Rhodium Catalyst
Patentamt O JEuropâischesEuropean Patent Office © Publication number: 002 908 Office européen des brevets Bl @ EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (46) Date of publication of patent spécification: 12.05.82 © Int. Cl.3: C 07 C 47/19, 8 01 J 31/°2' C 07 C 45/50 © Application number: 78300820.4 @ Date of filing: 1 4.1 2.78 © Hydroformylation of formaldehyde with rhodium cataiyst. © Priority: 16.12.77 US 861474 @ Proprietor: MONSANTO COMPANY Patent Department 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard © Date of publication of application: St. Louis, Missouri 631 66 (US) 11.07.79 Bulletin 79/14 @ Inventor: Spencer, Alwyn © Publication of the grant of the patent: Johnson Matthey Research Centre Blount's Court 1 2.05.82 Bulletin 82/1 9 Jonning Common Reading R64-9NH (GB) @ Designated Contracting States: © Representative: Lunt, John Cooper etal, BECHDEFRGBLUNLSE Monsanto House 1 0-1 8 Victoria Street London, SW1H ONQ(GB) "© References cited: DE- A- 3 940 432 DE - A - 2 741 589 GB - A - 1 335 531 US - A - 3 940 432 Chemical Abstracts vol. 87, no. 19. 1977, Columbus, Ohio, USA T. MIZOROKI "Syntheses of oxygen-containing C2-compounds using carbon monoxide" page 541, column 1, abstract no. 151 634g Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. (Art. -
Hydroformylation of C3 and C8 Olefins in Hydrocarbon Gas-Expanded Solvents
HYDROFORMYLATION OF C3 AND C8 OLEFINS IN HYDROCARBON GAS-EXPANDED SOLVENTS By Dupeng Liu Submitted to the graduate degree program in Chemical & Petroleum Engineering and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chairperson: Bala Subramaniam Raghunath V. Chaudhari Jon Tunge Aaron Scurto Kevin Leonard Date Defended: April 30th, 2018 The dissertation committee for Dupeng Liu certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: HYDROFORMYLATION OF C3 AND C8 OLEFINS IN HYDROCARBON GAS-EXPANDED SOLVENTS Chairperson: Bala Subramaniam Date Approved: May 8th, 2018 ii Abstract Hydroformylation involves the addition of syngas to the double bond of an alkene yielding aldehydes used to produce basic building blocks for myriad consumer goods. Resource-efficient technologies that conserve feedstock and energy continue to be of interest to industry. It has been shown previously by our group that the use of CO2-expanded liquids significantly enhances the Rh-catalyzed 1-octene hydroformylation rate and selectivity. This dissertation extends this concept by employing light alkanes such as propane and n-butane as compressed solvents in propylene and 1-octene hydroformylation, respectively. Phase behavior measurements demonstrate that at identical H2 or CO fugacities in the vapor phase, the H2 and CO solubilities in either propane- or propylene-expanded solvents (PXLs) are greater than those in the corresponding neat solvents by as high as 76% at 70 °C and 1.5 MPa. The H2/CO ratio in PXLs is enhanced by simply increasing the propane partial pressure. In contrast, the H2/CO in the neat solvent at a given temperature is constant at all syngas partial pressures. -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0032845 A1 Han Et Al
US 20030032845A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0032845 A1 Han et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 13, 2003 (54) HYDROFORMYLATION OF ETHYLENE Related U.S. Application Data OXIDE (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/924,822, (76) Inventors: Yuan-Zhang Han, West Chester, PA filed on Aug. 8, 2001, now abandoned. (US); Krishnan Viswanathan, Houston, TX (US) Publication Classification Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl. ................................................ C07C 29/15 LYONDELL CHEMICAL COMPANY (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 568/862; 568/867 3801 WEST CHESTER PIKE NEWTOWN SQUARE, PA 19073 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 10/038,975 1,3-propanediol is formed from ethylene oxide containing formaldehyde and acetaldehyde impurities by hydroformy (22) Filed: Jan. 4, 2002 lation and hydrogenation. Patent Application Publication Feb. 13, 2003 US 2003/0032845 A1 N y so US 2003/0032845 A1 Feb. 13, 2003 HYDROFORMYLATION OF ETHYLENE OXDE wise, the procedures described in recently filed applications Ser. No. 09/882,346, 09/882,347 and 09/882,641 filed Jun. RELATED APPLICATION 15, 2001 can be employed and are incorporated herein by 0001. This application is a continuation-in-part of appli reference. cation Ser. No. 09/924,822 filed Aug. 8, 2001. 0010 Generally speaking, ethylene oxide which has been employed as feed in prior procedures is a commercial grade BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION of ethylene oxide from which a predominance of the impu rities coproducted during ethylene oxide formation have 0002) 1. Field of the Invention been removed. Generally, the aldehyde Specifications for 0003. This invention relates to the catalytic hydroformy such commercial ethylene oxide are a maximum of 30-50 lation of ethylene oxide and especially to a process wherein ppm by weight of aldehyde expressed as acetaldehyde. -
Carboxylic Acids
13 Carboxylic Acids The active ingredients in these two nonprescription pain relievers are derivatives of arylpropanoic acids. See Chemical Connections 13A, “From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond.” Inset: A model of (S)-ibuprofen. (Charles D. Winters) KEY QUESTIONS 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? HOW TO 13.2 How Are Carboxylic Acids Named? 13.1 How to Predict the Product of a Fischer 13.3 What Are the Physical Properties of Esterification Carboxylic Acids? 13.2 How to Predict the Product of a B-Decarboxylation 13.4 What Are the Acid–Base Properties of Reaction Carboxylic Acids? 13.5 How Are Carboxyl Groups Reduced? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 13.6 What Is Fischer Esterification? 13A From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond 13.7 What Are Acid Chlorides? 13B Esters as Flavoring Agents 13.8 What Is Decarboxylation? 13C Ketone Bodies and Diabetes CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE another class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group. Their occurrence in nature is widespread, and they are important components of foodstuffs such as vinegar, butter, and vegetable oils. The most important chemical property of carboxylic acids is their acidity. Furthermore, carboxylic acids form numerous important derivatives, including es- ters, amides, anhydrides, and acid halides. In this chapter, we study carboxylic acids themselves; in Chapters 14 and 15, we study their derivatives. 457 458 CHAPTER 13 Carboxylic Acids 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? Carboxyl group A J COOH The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group, so named because it is made group. up of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group (Section 1.7D). -
Kinetics 0F the Catalytic Hydrogenation of N
Kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of n- heptanal with copper-chromium oxide catalyst Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Flanagan, Joseph Edward, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 23:10:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/319452 KINETICS 0F THE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF N-HEPTANAL MT H COPRER-CHROMUM OXIDE CATALYST by Joseph Edward Flanagan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements ' For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1963 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted, in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in The University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Bean of the Graduate College when in their judgement the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.