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Youth and Public Policy in Nepal

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Youth and Public Policy in Nepal YOUTH POLICY REVIEW SERIES Youth and Public Policy in Nepal In recent years, during its political transition, Nepal has made tangible progress in highlighting the rights of youth and increasing its policy focus on youth. Critically examining the country’s nascent youth policy implementation, this book assesses the current state of Nepalese youth and the effects of public policies on young people and provides recommendations on actions moving forward. Khushbu Agrawal Semanta Dahal About the Youth Policy Review Series Nabin Rawal This review series researches and analyzes public policies affecting youth. Sanju Koirala Many countries have stated their youth policies, but are they executing Archita Pant them? Do these policies allow young people to achieve their rights? How Srishti Adhikari do youth policies interact with broader policies that affect young people? Deborah Tsuchida Country-specific titles lay out the evidence on which young people, their organizations, and the entire youth sector, can advocate for the adoption and implementation of sound national and international youth policies, and hold governments, agencies and donors to account on the promises they make to young people. Youth and Public Policy in ISBN 9783944859033 Nepal A publication of WWW.YOUTHPOLICY.ORG/REVIEWS 9 783944 859033 Youth Policy Press YOUTH POLICY REVIEW SERIES Youth and Public Policy in Nepal A publication of Youth Policy Press Research Team International Advisor Khushbu Agrawal Deborah Tsuchida Semanta Dahal Nabin Rawal International Editorial Board Harini Amarasuriya Local Coordination Sanju Koirala Project Coordination Archita Pant Yael Ohana Milosz Czerniejewski Editorial Consultant Andreas Karsten Srishti Adhikari John Muir Copyright © 2014 by Youth Policy Press www.youthpolicypress.com First edition printed in 2014 This youth policy review has been generously supported by the Open Society Foundations · www.opensocietyfoundations.org ISBN 978-3-944859-03-3 Design by Maximilian Kall This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 carbon neutral Printed by Druckerei Lokay in Reinheim, natureOffice.comcarbon | DE-344-848293 neutral Germany, on 100% recovered paper natureOffice.com | DE-344-848293 printprint production production with EU Ecolabel Youth Policy Press, Alt-Moabit 89, DG, D-10559 Berlin Tel +49 30 394 052 555, Fax +49 30 394 052 505 [email protected] III Contents Executive Summary 1 1 Background to the Pilot Review 1.1 Rationale for the Pilot Review 10 1.2 Rationale for the Review in Nepal 11 1.3 Approaches and Methodologies 12 1.4 Team Reflections on Their Process of Drafting the National Report 17 1.5 Assumptions and Research Limitations 19 2 The Situation of Young People 2.1 Nepal: A Brief Background 24 2.2 Youth: An Introduction 27 2.3 Education 30 2.4 Employment 33 2.5 Youth and Migration 37 2.6 Trafficking and Exploitation of Youth 42 2.7 Youth in Politics and Conflict 43 2.8 Youth as Peace Builders 46 3 The Policy Context 3.1 Policy Context of Nepal 50 3.2 Youth as a Category 55 3.3 Youth Provisions in New Draft Constitution, Interim Constitution, and Three Year Interim Plan 58 3.4 National Youth Policy: Genesis 59 IV 3.5 Youth in the National Youth Policy 2010 61 3.6 National Youth Policy 2010: Issues of Contention 62 3.7 National Youth Policy 2010: Realities from the Field 66 3.8 Visibility of Youth in Society 68 3.9 Rights and Responsibilities Addressed by Policies 72 4 Policy Realities 4.1 Existence of Policies 78 4.2 Policy Implementation and Delivery 91 4.3 Policy Coverage and Equity 95 4.4 Recognition of Youth in Policy 98 4.5 Policy Coherence 100 4.6 Policy Alignment with Regional and International Frameworks 101 5 Impact of Policies 5.1 Observations on the Outcomes of Policy Implementation 110 5.2 Access to Rights and Opportunities Guaranteed by Policy 111 5.3 Effectiveness of Policy Implementation 112 5.4 Efficiency of Appropriated Resources 116 5.5 Youth Participation in Policy 117 6 Intersectoral Coordination 6.1 Existence and Implementation of Action Plans for Youth Policies 122 6.2 Existence and Implementation of Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks 122 6.3 Existence and Effectiveness of Intersectoral Coordination Mechanisms 123 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 129 V Bibliography 138 Appendix I: Initial Field Research Plan 144 Appendix II: Research Tools 146 Appendix III: List of Interviews and Focus Groups Conducted 148 Appendix IV: About the Authors 154 Tables 1 Field Visits 14 2 Social Indicators 70 VI List of Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome ASD Alliance for Social Dialogue AYON Association of Youth Organizations in Nepal CA Constituent Assembly CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CC Constitutional Committee CCI Chamber of Commerce and Industry CPN-UML Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist Leninist) CTEVT Council of Technical Education and Vocational Training DDC District Development Committee DFID Department for International Development EIG Education for Income Generation FNCCI Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry FY Fiscal Year GA General Assembly GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HMG His Majesty’s Government ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICPD International Conference on Population and Development IEB International Editorial Board ILO International Labor Organization I/NGO International Nongovernmental Organization KII Key Informant Interviews LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender LPC Local Peace Committee LFPR Labor Force Participation Rate VII MoF Ministry of Finance MOU Memorandum of Understanding MoYS Ministry of Youth and Sports NDVS National Development Volunteer Service NFEC Non Formal Education Center NLFS Nepal Labor Force Survey NGO Non Governmental Organization NLSS Nepal Living Standard Survey NPC National Planning Commission NRs Nepalese Rupees NSTB National Skills Testing Board NYP National Youth Policy OSF Open Society Foundations OSYI Open Society Youth Initiative SEP Self Employment Program SME Small and Medium Enterprise Partners SPA Seven Party Alliance TEVT Technical Educational and Vocational Training The Foundations Open Society Foundations UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNDHR United Nations Declaration of Human Rights UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UPCN-M United Communist Part of Nepal (Maoist) VDC Village Development Committee WHO World Health Organization WPAY World Program of Action for Youth (to the Year 2000 and Beyond) YCL Young Communist League YFP Youth Focal Point YPP Youth Partnership Program YRBS Youth Responsive Budgeting System YSESEF Youth and Small Enterprise Self-Employment Fund Executive Summary n recent years, during its political transition, Nepal has made tangible progress in highlighting the rights of youth and increasing its focus on youth within its policy context. In 2010, the Ministry of Youth and Sports established the country’s first National Youth Policy to address the rights Iand needs of youth exclusively. This policy created a national definition of youth. Though the definition still remains somewhat controversial, its creation and existence indicate that Nepal is affirming youth’s societal sig- nificance. With the country’s nascent youth policy implementation still in process, now is a strategic time to assess the current state of Nepalese youth and youth policy and provide recommendations on actions moving forward. Up until now, little research has existed on this topic, with most existing anal- yses using census statistics from 11 years ago. Major changes have of course occurred in Nepal during the last 11 years, rendering much of the available data irrelevant to the current situation. In order to address this information gap, the New York-based Open So- ciety Foundation’s Youth Initiative funded a youth policy review process to assess and examine the current state of youth and youth policy in Nepal, and to identify opportunities, gaps, challenges, and recommendations for moving forward. This review endeavored to look at the newly formed Na- tional Youth Policy, other sectoral policies addressing youth issues but not focusing exclusively on youth, specific issues that youth are currently fac- ing within society, and perceptions of youth within Nepalese communities and by stakeholders. The aim of this review was to examine the process and background of youth policies in Nepal, how these policies affect youths’ standing within the country, the current state of implementation and coor- dination of these policies, and the various perceptions of youth and youth 2 · YOUTH AND PUBLIC POLICY IN NEPAL policy within the country. The review was also to be used to provide analy- ses and recommendations moving forward. Research Methodology Between April 2011 and June 2012, a five-person team was assembled to con- duct this review. This team included one international advisor, one local research coordinator, and three country researchers. The research process was divided into various phases: » Initial desk review of background documentation and empirical research. Because sufficient data and statistics on youth policy did not exist, this desk review was conducted in conjunction with first-round interviews with stakeholders. » Country report draft. A preliminary report was drafted based on data col- lected from the initial desk review. Evident gaps
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