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Phyllomedusa 4(1):49-59, 2005 © 2005 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - ESALQ - USP ISSN 1519-1397 Redescripción de la morfología larval externa de dos especies del grupo de Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) José A. Langone 1 y Rafael O. de Sá 2 1 Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropología. Casilla de Correo 399. Código Postal 11.000. Montevideo. Uruguay. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Departament of Biology. University of Richmond. Richmond, VA 23173. USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Re-description of the larval external morphology of two species of the Leptodactylus fuscus group (Anura, Leptodactylidae). The larvae of Leptodactylus gracilis (D’Orbigny y Bibron, 1840) and L. mystacinus Bumeister, 1861 are re-described and compared with previous descriptions noting intraspecific variation in oral disc characteristics (arrangement of papillae and rows of cornified teeth). The external morphological analysis of larvae of the Leptodactylus fuscus group suggest that the lack of comparable descriptions among species, as well as the lack of analyses of their intraspecific variation, limits the use of larval characteristics for diagnostic purposes. Keywords: Anura, Leptodactylidae, Leptodactylus gracilis, Leptodactylus mystacinus, Leptodactylus fuscus group, tadpoles, external morphology. Introducción diferenciales taxonómicos en este grupo se han establecido analizando particularmente el “canto Las especies del grupo fuscus del género de anuncio” (= “advertisement call”; Barrio 1973, Leptodactylus se caracterizan por poseer dedos Sazima y Bokermann 1978, Heyer et al. 1996, sin reborde cutáneo, los machos por carecer de Kwet et al. 2001). espinas en el primer dedo de la mano o en el En la búsqueda de caracteres de probable pecho y por realizar su oviposición en una aplicación en su taxonomía, en el presente cámara de incubación subterránea construida trabajo se realiza la redescripción de las larvas para albergar el nido de espuma (Heyer 1978, de Leptodactylus gracilis (D’Orbigny y Bibron, Maxson y Heyer 1988). Su composición desde el 1840) y L. mystacinus (Burmeister, 1861), compa- punto de vista taxonómico es compleja debido a rándolas con descripciones previas y con las de la presencia de especies crípticas o subcrípticas otras especies del grupo. de muy difícil determinación. Los caracteres Materiales y Métodos Los ejemplares utilizados en las redescripcio- Recibido el 8 de noviembre de 2004. Aceptado el 16 de junho de 2005. nes fueron fijados y preservados en formol al Distribuido en octubre de 2005. 10%. El material se encuentra depositado en el Phyllomedusa - 4(1), October 2005 49 Langone y de Sá United States National Museum, Smithsonian Canelones, Uruguay, 26 de diciembre de 1993, Institution (USNM), Washington, con los núme- Col.: R. de Sá y N. de Sá; estadio 34 (n=8), ros 556024 al 556071. estadio 35 (n=7), estadio 36 (n=4). Leptodactylus Para su descripción y morfometría se adopta- mystacinus, Quinta de Santos, Departamento de ron las siguientes medidas (Lavilla y Scrocchi Montevideo, Uruguay, 9 de enero de 1975, Col: 1986): longitud total = LT, ancho máximo del R. de Sá y R. Vaz Ferreira; estadio 33 (n =1), cuerpo = AM, ancho del cuerpo (nivel ojos) = estadio 34 (n =1), estadio 35 tardío (n=3), estadio AO, ancho del cuerpo (nivel narinas) = AOn, 36 (n=8), estadio 37 temprano (n=1), estadio 37 altura máxima del cuerpo = HM, distancia rostro- (n=2), estadio 38 (n=1). espiráculo = DRE, distancia naso-ocular = NO, A efectos de realizar comparaciones se distancia intranasal = IN, distancia intraocular = analizaron las descripciones previas de la IO, diámetro ocular = ØO, diámetro nasal = ØN, morfología larval de otras especies del grupo de ancho del disco oral = DO, ancho del claro Leptodactylus fuscus. El resultado de dicha rostral = CR; y de Altig y McDiarmid (1999) las recopilación se presenta en la Tabla 1 enfati- siguientes medidas: longitud del cuerpo = LCu, zando aquellas características larvales que longitud de la cola = LCo, altura musculatura podrían ser útiles en la taxonomía del grupo caudal = Hmu, altura de las aletas = HA. En el dada su variabilidad interespecífica. Como texto se presentan dichas medidas de la complemento a esta información fueron además siguiente manera: rango (mínima-máxima), media examinadas larvas de otras especies del grupo (x), y desvío estándar (±). También se tomaron de Leptodactylus fuscus depositadas en USNM. los siguientes porcentajes ØO/LCu y DO/LCu a En el presente trabajo utilizamos el término fin de testar si estos tienen valor diagnostico “Identidad Confirmada” (IC) para referirnos a diferencial (Heyer, com. pers.). descripciones de morfología larval utilizando Los estadios fueron determinados en com- ejemplares cuya identidad fue determinada paración con estadios equivalentes a la tabla de basandose en puestas realizada por adultos Gosner (1960). La nomenclatura oral utilizada fue identificados o series de larvas que completaron la siguiente: rostrodontes como equivalentes a su metamorfosis. “jaw sheath” de Altig y McDiarmid (1999) y queratodontes como equivalentes a “labial Resultados teeth” de Altig y McDiarmid (1999). La formula de queratodontes sigue a Altig y McDiarmid Descripción de la Larva de Leptodactylus (1999). Para la mejor observación de la morfo- gracilis (Figuras 1 y 2) logía del disco oral este fue levemente teñido con azul de metileno. El cuerpo es deprimido y de forma elíptica en El origen de la aleta dorsal se anota como vista dorsal, 2/5 de la longitud total (x = 40%); normal, si nace en la unión cola-cuerpo o sin constricción lateral. El ancho máximo se reducida si este se ubica sobre la musculatura ubica en el tercio anterior del cuerpo. El disco caudal. oral es simple, sin modificaciones particulares, y La determinación taxonómica de los ejem- de posición subterminal ventral con márgenes plares se realizó en el laboratorio con series de dentados y sin hendidura angular. Las papilas desarrollo larvales que completaron la meta- orales marginales son simples, cónicas, y de morfosis. Se detalla a continuación procedencia extremos redondeados. La hilera de papilas del material utilizado en las redescripciones marginales comienza como una hilera única en el citando estadios equivalentes de Gosner (1960) labio superior (aproximadamente 3-4 papilas), y número de ejemplares (n): Leptodactylus inmediatamente se transforma en una hilera gracilis, Balneario Atlántida, Departamento de doble en la región latero y lateroventral del disco Phyllomedusa - 4(1), October 2005 50 Phyllomedusa Tabla 1 - Características larvales en el grupo de Leptodactylus fuscus. (*) Citadas originalmente como L. labialis (Heyer 2002); LCu/LT, longitud del cuerpo/longitud total; IC, identidad confirmada; ? = dato no reportado. Redescripción delamorfologíalarvalexternadosespeciesdelgrupo Órganos Alturas - 4(1),October2005 Estadio Formula de Papilas de la Aleta aleta Referencia Espécie Gosner LCu/LT querato- IC marginales linea dorsal dorsal vs. bibliográfica (1960) dontes lateral cuerpo albilabris 2%9? 339 2s(2)/ soimple Nln=íorma S)Heyer (1978 albilabris 3%7 331 2s(2)/ díoble Sln=íorma S)Stejneger (1904 2(2)/3 albilabris 3%7 37 ?íSln<oorma N)Orton (1951 2(2)/3(1) bufonius 3%7 3)2 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln<oorma N)Cei (1980 camaquara 3%8 3)5 2s(2)/3(1 doobles, simple Nar=íeducid S)Sazima y Bokermann (1978 cunicularius 3%8 3)3 2s(2)/3(1 doobles, simple Nar=íeducid S)Sazima y Bokermann (1978 fragilis (*) ??2?o(2)/ 3 N??íS)Mulaik (1937 fragilis (*) 2?5 2?o(2)/ 3 Nln<íorma S)Maslin (1963 fragilis (*) 3%7 3)3 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln=íorma S)Heyer (1970 2(2)/3 fragilis (*) ?? ????oN)Heyer (1971 2(2)/3(1) furnarius 3%8 3)4 2s(2)/3(1 dooble Nln=íorma S)Sazima y Bokermann (1978 fuscus 2%9 3)7 2s(2)/3(1 soimple Nln<oorma N)Kenny (1969 fuscus 3%5 ? 3)6 2s(2)/3(1 dooble Nln=íorma S)Lescure (1972 Leptodactylus fuscus fuscus 3%9 3)5 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln<íorma S)Sazima (1975 fuscus 2%8 3)5 2s(2)/3(1 síimples, doble Sln=íorma S)Solano (1987 2(2)/3(1) Fernandez y Fernandez gracilis 3%7 ? 34 soimples Nln<íorma S 2(2)/3 (1921) 51 52 Tabla 1. Continuación. Órganos Alturas Estadio Formula de Papilas de la Aleta aleta Referencia Espécie Gosner LCu/LT querato- IC marginales linea dorsal dorsal vs. bibliográfica (1960) dontes lateral cuerpo 2(2)/3(1) gracilis 3%4-36 40 2(2)/3(1,3) soimples, dobles Nln<orma =ío SoEl presente trabaj 2(2)/3(1,2) jolyi 3%8 3?3 2?(2)/3(1) doobles Nln=íorma S)Sazima y Bokermann (1978 simples, Fernandez y Fernandez latinasus 3%7-38 338 2(2)/ Nlo n=íorma S dobles (1921) longirostris 3%5 ? 334 2s(2)/ soimples, doble Nln>íorma S)Crombie y Heyer (1983 longirostris / Langone ydeSá 2%8 3)9 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln=oorma N)Hero (1990 fuscus marambaie 3%6 333 2s(2)/ síimples, doble Sln=íorma S)Muramatsu y Cruz (1996 mystaceus 2%7 334 2s(2)/ soimple Nlníorma S)Duellman (1978 mystaceus 4%0 3)5 2s(2)/3(1 soimple Nln=íorma S)Heyer (1978 mystaceus 3%9 3)9 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln<íorma S)Hero (1990 mystacinus 3%7 3)9 2s(2)/3(1 soimple Nln<oorma N)Cei (1980 Phyllomedusa mystacinus 3%8 3)3 2s(2)/3(1 soimples, doble Nln<íorma S)Sazima (1975 mystacinus 3%6 3)2 2s(2)/3(1 síimple Sln=íorma SlWoge et al. (2000) mystacinus 3%7 3)6 2s(2)/3(1 dooble Nln<íorma SrHeye et al. (2003) 2(2)/3(1) mystacinus 3%3-38 37 díobles Sln<orma =ío SoEl presente trabaj - 4(1),October2005 2(2)/3(2-3) 2(2)/3(1) poecilochilus 3%6 35 doobles Nln=íorma S)Heyer (1970 2(2)/3 tapiti 3%8 3)0 2s(2)/3(1 dooble Nar=íeducid S)Sazima y Bokermann (1978 troglodytes 3%6 3)6 2s(2)/3(1 soimple Nln=íorma S)Cascon y Peixoto (1985 Redescripción de la morfología larval externa de dos especies del grupo de Leptodactylus fuscus oral, y finalmente vuelve a ser sustituida por una hilera simple en la región medio ventral del disco oral.
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  • The Herpetofauna of the Neotropical Savannas - Vera Lucia De Campos Brites, Renato Gomes Faria, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Guarino Rinaldi Colli

    The Herpetofauna of the Neotropical Savannas - Vera Lucia De Campos Brites, Renato Gomes Faria, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Guarino Rinaldi Colli

    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. X - The Herpetofauna of the Neotropical Savannas - Vera Lucia de Campos Brites, Renato Gomes Faria, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Guarino Rinaldi Colli THE HERPETOFAUNA OF THE NEOTROPICAL SAVANNAS Vera Lucia de Campos Brites Institute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil Renato Gomes Faria Departamentof Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil Daniel Oliveira Mesquita Departament of Engineering and Environment, Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil Guarino Rinaldi Colli Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil Keywords: Herpetology, Biology, Zoology, Ecology, Natural History Contents 1. Introduction 2. Amphibians 3. Testudines 4. Squamata 5. Crocodilians Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The Cerrado biome (savannah ecoregion) occupies 25% of the Brazilian territory (2.000.000 km2) and presents a mosaic of the phytophysiognomies, which is often reflected in its biodiversity. Despite its great distribution, the biological diversity of the biome still much unknown. Herein, we present a revision about the herpetofauna of this threatened biome. It is possible that the majority of the living families of amphibians and reptiles UNESCOof the savanna ecoregion originated – inEOLSS Gondwana, and had already diverged at the end of Mesozoic Era, with the Tertiary Period being responsible for the great diversification. Nowadays, the Cerrado harbors 152 amphibian species (44 endemic) and is only behind Atlantic Forest, which has 335 species and Amazon, with 232 species. Other SouthSAMPLE American open biomes , CHAPTERSlike Pantanal and Caatinga, have around 49 and 51 species, respectively. Among the 36 species distributed among eight families in Brazil, 10 species (4 families) are found in the Cerrado. Regarding the crocodilians, the six species found in Brazil belongs to Alligatoridae family, and also can be found in the Cerrado.
  • Occurrence and Egg-Laying of Leptodactylus Macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 in Mangrove Habitat in Ceará, Northeast Brazil

    Occurrence and Egg-Laying of Leptodactylus Macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 in Mangrove Habitat in Ceará, Northeast Brazil

    Herpetology Notes, volume 12: 865-868 (2019) (published online on 12 August 2019) Occurrence and egg-laying of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 in mangrove habitat in Ceará, Northeast Brazil Alexander Cesar Ferreira1, Paulo Cascon2,*, and Helena Matthews-Cascon2 Most amphibians are poor osmoregulators and taxa—L. fuscus (Schneider, 1799); L. latrans (Steffen, particularly sensitive to water salinity, conditions 1815); L. macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926; L. which generally exclude them from brackish and saline pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768); and L. vastus Lutz, environments (Gomez-Mestre et al., 2004). However, 1930—have been reported living in association with some species are able to tolerate elevated salinity mangroves (Crawford and Jones 1933; Loebmann and and persist in brackish (salinity between 0.5 and 32 Mai 2008; Ferreira and Tonini, 2010; Brito et al. 2011; ppt) conditions, and to date ~144 species have been Silva and Fernandes 2016). reported from such environments (Balinsky, 1981; Wu Leptodactylus macrosternum belongs to the L. latrans and Kam, 2009; Hopkins and Brodie Jr, 2015; Chang group (de Sá et al., 2014) and is reported from Colombia, et al., 2016). Larvae of the palmate newt Lissotriton Venezuela and the Guianas, south through Brazil and helveticus (Razoumowsky, 1789) have been found in Bolivia (Gallardo, 1964; Frost, 1985; De la Riva and saline waters close to 22 ppt (Spurway, 1943; Hopkins Maldonado, 1999). Here, we report the presence and and Brodie Jr, 2015) while one anuran, the crab-eating breeding activity of L. macrosternum in mangrove frog Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829) has habitat in a coastal region of Ceará, Northeast Brazil.
  • Antipredator Mechanisms of Leptodactylus Syphax Bokermann, 1969 (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

    Antipredator Mechanisms of Leptodactylus Syphax Bokermann, 1969 (Anura: Leptodactylidae)

    Herpetology Notes, volume 14: 257-261 (2021) (published online on 01 February 2021) Antipredator mechanisms of Leptodactylus syphax Bokermann, 1969 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) Felipe P. Sena1, Rayone A. Silva1, Antonia Joyce S. Santos1, Claylton A. Costa1,2, Sâmia Caroline M. Araújo1,3, and Etielle B. Andrade1,* Amphibians are important components of the Sá et al., 2014; Frost, 2021). food chain acting as prey for both vertebrates and Leptodactylus syphax Bokermann, 1969 is a medium- invertebrates (Toledo, 2005; Toledo et al., 2007). This sized species, widely distributed in the central and prey-predator relationship leads species make use of northeastern of Brazil, southern Paraguay, and eastern defensive strategies to deter, avoid or confuse predators, Bolivia (Frost, 2021). It was initially included in the L. using morphological, physiological, and behavioural pentadactylus group by Heyer (1969), and posteriorly responses selected by natural selection (Duellman and was placed in the L. fuscus group based on molecular and Trueb, 1994; Wells, 2007). Anurans developed several bioacoustic characters (de Sá et al., 2014). Individuals anti-predatory mechanisms, placed in three phases of this species have smooth skin with tubers on the back (avoid detection, prevent attacks, and counterattack), limited by the sacral and post-sacral regions, and males overall involving aposematic colouration, defensive develop spines on the hands and chest and hypertrophied posture, and toxin production (Toledo and Jared, 1995; arms to hold the females during the reproductive period Toledo and Haddad, 2009; Toledo et al., 2011; Ferreira (Heyer et al., 2010; de Sá et al., 2014). et al., 2019). Despite increasing in recent years, studies on the Leptodactylidae currently comprises 231 species anurans defensive behaviour are still scarce (Toledo et of large, medium, and small-sized frogs distributed al., 2011).