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Studies on Identity of Meloidogyne Species and Their Interactions in Vegetable Crop Pathosystem

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Studies on Identity of Meloidogyne Species and Their Interactions in Vegetable Crop Pathosystem STUDIES ON IDENTITY OF MELOIDOGYNE SPECIES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN VEGETABLE CROP PATHOSYSTEM DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY SYED RAIS HAIDER DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1987 J^^**" *^'l^l Ar,- Si. ' / . '-^ '*•* ^^ .^ 'S - . [•******«**************************1 I AFFECTIONATELY I DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS **•**••*****•*****•******•*••••**•* Dr. M. WAJID KHAN Plant Pathology and Plant Ncmatolocy M.Sc. (Ban.), Ph.D. (Alig.), F.L.S., P.P.SI Laboratories READER Principal Investigator DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY CSIR Project—Airpollution-animate ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY plant pathogen interactions ALlGARH-202 002, INDIA ICAR Project—Root-knot nematodes UGC Project "Cucuihit powdery mildews /).,./...i:^.;..lL-.!^.S7 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr, Syed Rais Haider has prepared this dissertation as required for M.Phil, (Botany) degree of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, under my supervision and guidance. He is allowed to submit zhis dissertation for evaluation in partial fulfilcent of the requirements for the degree of M.Phil, in Botanyo ( M, Wajid Khan ) Research Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great gratitude to Dr. M.WaJid Khan, Principal Investigator of I.C.A.R., C.S.I.R. and U.G.C. Projects and Reader, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, my supervisor for suggesting the problem, encouragement, active guidance and keen interest in planning my studies for Ph.D. and preparation of M.Phil, dissertation. A greatful acknowledgement is made to Prof.Khalid Mahmood, Chairman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for providing the facilities. Financial assistance by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, (ICAR), New Delhi, through Senior Research Fellowship sanctioned in the ICAR Project(No.1-21/ 84-PP) under the supervision of Dr. M.Wajid Khan is also gratefully acknowledged, I am also thankful to Prof. J.N.Sasser, Chief Investigator of International Meloidogyne Project (IMP) and Crop Nematode Research and Control Project (CNRCP), Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, U.S.A. for sparing latest literature pertaining to my investigations. I am greatly thankful to Dr. S.S.Ashraf, Research Associate in the ICAR Project, Dr. M.Salahuddin (S.R.F.)» Mr. A.A.Khan, Mr. G.K.Sharma, Mr. M.R.Khan, Mr, S.K.Singh, Mr, Shahid Perwez and Mr. Mohdo Imran Khan, Research Scholars in Botany for their kind help and cooperation during the review of literature and preparation of dissertation, I wish to extend my appreciation to my friends Mr, Mohd. Nafees, Mr. S.M.Mehdi, Mr. Aftab Husain, Mr. S.Zakir Husain, Mr. T.Shahid and Mr. Zaigham Hasan for their cooperation and understanding, I am indebted to my parents and other family members for their encouragement, support and care throughout my educational growth and preparation of M.Phil, dissertation. Finally, I beg to express my gratitude, thanks, appreciation and indebtedness to the "ALMIGHTY GOD" for providing and guiding all the channels to work in cohesion and coordination to make this study possibleo LIST OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION • • • 1 LITERATURE REVIEW • • • 9 (i) Distribution of Root-Knot Nematodes • • • 13 (ii) Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes • o • 36 (iii) Interaction between Plant Nematodes o • • 41 (a) Interaction between ectoparasites o • • 41 (b) Interaction between ectoparasites and endoparasites 0 O • 43 (c) Interactions between endoparasites O 0 • 46 (d) Interaction between species of Meloidogyne o • • 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS o • * 53 1. Survey and collection o c • 53 2. Identification of species and races of root-knot nematodes • • • 55 (a) Perineal pattern • • • 56 (b) Differential host test 0 • • 57 Maintenance of root-knot nematode populations 0 0* 58 4o Pure culturing O 0 O 58 5c Preparation of inoculum • • o 58 6c Interspecific interactions of root-knot nematodes in coinhibitance 59 (a) Pot experiment 59 (b) Gnotobiotic system 60 111 Page 7. Histopathological studies 62 Growth performance 63 9o Intraspecific competition in root-knot nematodes 64 10. Pathotrophic ability 65 LITERATURE CITED 66 iv LIST OF TABLES Page 1o Species of Meloidogyne, .c 10 2o Countries of 8 geographical regions of the International Meloidogyne Project. <,.. 14 3. Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region I (Mexico, Central America and Caribbean), oo. 18 4o Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region II (South America), oo, 20 5. Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region III (Brazil), .o. 22 6o Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region IV (West Africa). ,o c 24 7o Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region V (East Africa). oc. 26 8o Species of races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region VI (Asia), o,. 28 9o Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region VII (Middle East). o.o 33 10o Species and races of Meloidogyne recorded in the IMP Region VIII (India). ,.. 37 11o North Carolina Differential Host Test Reaction Chart, «,. 42 INTRODUCTION A crop pathosystem is comparable to an ecosystem, and. is defined on the basis of parasitism. The pathosystem concept includes analysis of pathosystem and its management and unites these aspects into one cohesive new approach (Robinson, 1976). Plant pathosystems are divided into two distinct kinds - natural pathosystem, and crop pathosystem - on the basis of their system control. The natural patho­ system which is also designated as wild plant pathosystem is autonomous. This autonomous control is primarily due to communication between basic components of the pathosystem - the host, the pathogen and the environment. The natural pathosystem is also often called as "disease triangle". An artificial or crop pathosystem has an additional component which is man and is consequently known as "disease square", Man influences the other three components profoundly. In crop pathosystem cultivars differ from wild hosts, cultivation differs from wild ecosystem and pathogen population can be artificially manipulated or managed (Robinson, 1976). In modern plant pathology the system approach has been introduced and it is purposeful in case of nematodes as well. One of the major obstacles to the production of adequate supplies of food in developing countries is the damage caused by plant parasitic nematodes. Root-knot nematodes (Meloldogyne species), due to their world-wide distribution, exceedingly wide host range and interaction with fungi, bacteria, viruses resulting in increase in disease severity, are one of the major plant pathogens affecting the worlds food production. Meloldogyne species attack an array of economically important plants affecting both quantitatively and qualitatively. Vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseed crops, fiber-yielding crops, fruit trees, plantation crops, ornamentals etc. are affected by root-knot nematodes on world­ wide basis. Estimated crop losses due to Meloldogyne species in major geographical regions of the tropics vary from 5 to 43% (Sasser, 1979). This, however, varies depending upon the crop, the species and the geographical region. In areas where management practices for root-knot nematodes are not practi- cised, average crop yield losses are estimated to be about 25% with damage in individual fields ranging as high as 60% (Sasser, 1980; Sasser and Carter, 1982). Because of their enormous importance in agriculture throughout the world, the North Carolina State University at Raleigh (U.S.A.) initiated a world wide project known as International Meloldogyne Project (IMP) in July, 1975, to investigate various aspects of the problem in its totality. It was . funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Nearly 100 nematologists from 70 countries of the world cooperated with this project. The project terminated in 1984 after 9 years of functioning. It achieved its objectives of identifying the nature of problems and species and races of Meloidogyne existing in different regions of the world. Four species of root-knot nemato-les viz. Meloidogyne incognita, M, .javanica, M. arenaria anci M, hapla were recognized as major species. This project (IMP) was succeeded by a new one called Crop Nematode Research and Control Project (CNRCP) in 1984 to maintain its continuityo One of the main objectives of the CNRCP was to look for the suitable and effective measures to solve tne problems of root-knot nematodes identified by the IMP on various crops in different parts of the world. This project too has terminated in September, 1987 after 3 years of functioning. At IMP headquarters at Raleigh (U.S.A.), samples of plant roots infected with Meloidogyne species obtained from 100 cooperators representing more than 70 developing nations were identified by employing different techniques. Of all the 91A samples studied, frequency of species encountered was as follows: M. incognita 52%, M. javanica 31%, M. hapla 8%, M. arenaria 7%, M, exigua 1% and others, such as M. gracinis, M. megatyla, M. microtyla, M. naasi, M. graminicola and M. oryzae 1%o Four races were differentiated in M, incognita by using the North Carolina Host Differential Test. Race 1 comprised 72% of 472 populations of M. incognita studied; Race 2, 13%; Race 3, 13% and Race 4, 2%, Similarly within the species of M. arenaria two races have been identified and designated as Race 1 and Race 2 (Sasser,
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