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Tumors Characteristic for Certain Animal Species: a Review

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Tumors Characteristic for Certain Animal Species: a Review CANCER RESEARCH VOLUME17 OCTOBER 1957 NUMBER9 Tumors Characteristic for Certain Animal Species A Review* HANS G. ScHLUMBERGERf (Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio) The tumors of man may originate in virtually mon. The low incidence of tumors of the gastro every organ or tissue, as witness the hundreds of intestinal and genitourinary tracts is probably real morphologically distinct neoplasms that have been and not solely due to the lesser accessibility of identified. Among the domestic and common lab these organs for inspection. In several of the more oratory animals, a large variety of tumors has common food fishes such as herring (Clupeidae), also been reported. This observation has tended cod (Gadidae), and mackerel (Scombridae), which to obscure the fact that in each species some tu are caught in vast numbers, the reported cases of mors occur much more frequently than others and neoplasia are few, are of connective tissue origin, may be regarded as a species characteristic (Table and without apparent species specificity. 1). These tumors merit consideration in any truly These fishes may be contrasted with members comprehensive study on the natural history of the of the snapper family (Lutianidae), in which single species. or multiple nerve sheath tumors are of frequent It is the aim of this paper to review these neo occurrence. In 2 months Lücke(52) was able to plasms and to interest biologists, who examine collect 76 specimens that had single or multiple large numbers of animals not commonly studied neurilemomas. He estimated that they occur in by oncologists, in collecting and recording the 0.5-1 per cent of snappers seen in the Tortugas tumors encountered (24). The information so ob waters, where the commercial fishermen of Key tained will contribute to our knowledge of com West call them "cancer fish." No other tumors parative oncology, and may provide data on the have been seen in these fish, nor were similar tu interaction of genetic and environmental factors mors observed in other species found in those wa in the etiology of neoplasia. ters. Among goldfish, Carassius auratus, neurile ZOOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION momas also appear to be characteristic of the Fishes.—Tumors have been reported in over species. Approximately 10 per cent of the goldfish 120 species of fishes (75). Although isolated in in a large urban lagoon in Cleveland exhibit nerve stances have been described in which one or an sheath tumors (71). They usually appear as mul other viscus was affected, neoplasms of the skin tiple neoplasms of the skin but may occur singly and subcutaneous tissue are by far the most com- in the abdominal cavity. Some are invasive and * This paper is based upon an address to the Arizona show cytological changes characteristic of malig Division of the American Cancer Society in Phoenix, January nancy. The writer has also collected goldfish with 11, 1957. Studies by the author were supported in part by similar tumors from ponds in Atlantic City, N.J., grants-in-aid from the National Cancer Institute of the and Columbus, Ohio. The difficulty in determin U.S.P.H.S. and the American Cancer Society. ing the histogenesis of the less well differentiated t Present address: Medical Center, University of Arkansas, tumors is considerable, and it is very probable that Little Rock, Ark. most of the instances of fibrosarcoma reported in Received for publication May 20, 1957. goldfish are, in fact, cases of neurilemoma. De- 823 This One 8RZ3-YTA-XUZ6 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 24, 2021. © 1957 American Association for Cancer Research. 824 Cancer Research spite careful dissection of many hundreds of adult in each instance the affected animals were limited goldfish from various parts of the United States, to a restricted area of the geographic range of the tumors other than the neurilemoma were encoun species. Small papillary tumors were found on the tered only twice. One was a cutaneous papilloma, lips of barbels, Barbus fluviatialis, caught in the the other an osteochondroma arising from the Mosel River, Germany, by Keysselitz (43). In basisphenoid bone of the skull. the neoplastic epithelial cells he described intra Papillary epithelial tumors of the lips have been nuclear inclusions surrounded by an achromatic reported as common in several species of fishes; halo and readily distinguishable from nucleoli. TABLE1 DISTRIBUTIONOFSPECIES-CHARACTERISTICTUMORS* SpeciesFISHES:EelAnguilla Reference anguillaCatfishAmeiurus Schaeperclaus (70) nebulosusRed Lücke&Schlumberger (53) taiPagrosomus majorNorthern spinesLymphoid Takahashi (86) pikeEsox IndusMuskellungeEsox tissueLymphoid Nigrelli (60) masquinongySnapper1, tissuePeripheral Ritchie (unpublished) Sp.GoldfishCaramasitininna nervesPeripheral Lücke(52) aura/usKillilis!, nervesSkinSkinKidneySkinLymphoid Schlumberger (71) hybridX. maculatilaAMPHIBIANS:AxolotlSiredonhelleri x P. Gordon (32) mexicamimLeopard Brunst (78) frogRana pipiensREPTILES:Green Lücke(50) turtleCkelonia mydasBIRDS:ChickenGaUus Smith & Coates (82) domesticusDuck tissueLiverKidneyPituitaryNasal Olson & Bullis (63) breed)Anser(Campbell dom.ParakeetMelopstittacusplatyrhynchos hepatomaAdenocarcinomaAdenomaCampbell (11) vndulatusMAMMALS:HorseEquus Schlumberger (unpubl.) carcinomaCarcinomaMelanomaCarcinomaAdenoma& (72) cabattusCattleBoa sinusesSkinEyeLiverLungKidneyBreastSkinUterus Kärnbach(42) McFadyean (55) taurusSheepOnus Russell et ai. (69) ariesSwineSui carcinomaAdenoma& Tamaschke (87) carcinomaNephroblastomaMixed& (87) scrofaDogCants Monlux et al. (56) tumorMastocytomaAdenoma Mulligan (59) familiarisRabbitOryclolagus " (58) runiculus & carcinoma Green & Saxton (84) floridanusMouseMusSylvilagus SkinBreastBreastLiverTumorPapillomaEpitheliomaOsteomaLymphosarcomaLymphosarcomaNeurilemomaNeurilemomaMelanomaMelanomaAdenocarcinomaPapillomaLymphomatosisMalignantFibroma &papillomaAdenocarcinomaFibroadenomaFibrosarcomaShope (79, 80) musculusRatUnit Horn & Stewart (40) Bullock & Curtis (8) us rattusOrganLipsLipsHaemal " (7) Deer Capreolus capraea Liver Hepatoma Krause (45) * Other examples on which data are still incomplete are given in the text. In identifying tumors as species-characteristic, due regard must be given to the age of the animals collected, the care with which they were examined, and the number available for study. Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 24, 2021. © 1957 American Association for Cancer Research. ScHLUMBERGER—Characteristic Animal Tumors: A Review 825 Among the stint, Osmerus eperlanus, from an in kidney. Smaller growths were found in the liver, let of the Baltic Sea, Breslauer (5) in 1916 found spleen, and retroperitoneal tissue. The writer has 37 specimens with cauliflower-like growths that found a similar tumor in another fish of this spe occasionally were as large as the head of the af cies, and Haddow and Blake (36) have also re fected fish. Histologically, they were papillomas ported a case. with occasional intracytoplasmic inclusions. It is For several years Ritchie has been conducting of interest that recently Schaeperclaus (70) ob an extensive investigation of lymphosarcoma in served similar tumors in eels, Anguilla anguilla, the muskellunge, a large relative of the northern also caught in the Baltic Sea. Although previously pike.1 About 10 per cent of these fish taken from rarely observed, the lesions began to attract the Lake Scugog in the neighborhood of Toronto, attention of fishermen in 1948 and by 1950 ap Ontario, bear the tumor. The lesions differ from proximately 5 per cent of the catch was affected. those of the pike, described by Nigrelli, in that Since then, the incidence has gradually declined. the tumors apparently arise in the subcutaneous In addition to eels, codfish, Gaeus sp., were oc tissue from where they invade the trunk muscula casionally affected. ture. Later the kidney, spleen, and liver become Catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus, found in streams diffusely enlarged, the result of a lymphoblastic near Philadelphia commonly bear epithelial tu infiltration, accompanied by lymphatic leukemia. mors that appear as solitary or multiple large red Occasionally, the skin lesions heal, and the fish fleshy masses on the lips or dental plates, where recovers; but the cells appear to be definitely neo- they may interfere with closure of the mouth (53). plastic, and in most cases the tumors progress Histologically, the tumor has the structure of a until the fish succumbs. Initial studies by Ritchie rather solid papilloma with a delicate vascular indicate that the tumor can be transplanted and connective tissue stroma. The growths may invade that it is contagious to muskellunge living in the adjacent structures, but métastaseswere never same water with fish bearing the growth. No other observed. During a 2-year period 166 tumor-bear varieties of tumors were found in any of the af ing catfish were examined in addition to several fected or normal fish. hundred apparently healthy fish. Except for a The platyfish, Platypoecilus maculatus, and microscopic renal adenoma, no other tumors were swordtail, Xiphophorus hellerii, do not hybridize encountered. in their native rivers of Mexico, but do so readily Bony lesions, provisionally identified as oste- in aquaria. Among the hybrids, the black or spot omas, are common on the ventral spinous processes ted fish often develop melanomas, whereas the of the sixth to eighth caudal vertebrae of a Japa nonspotted siblings are free of tumors. The ge nese food
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