Notes and References

INTRODUCTION

1. Michael Hudson, The Precarious Republic (Colorado: Westview Press, 1985), p.98. 2. Aaron KJieman, 'Zionist Diplomacy and Israeli Foreign Policy', The Jerusalem Quarterly, No . II , Spring 1979. 3. C.T. Onions (ed.), Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Vol.1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1944). 4. Avi Shlaim , 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics: The Case of Lebanon', in Giacomo Luciani and Ghassan Salame (eds), The Politics ofArab Integration (London: Croom Helm, 1988), p.232.

1 THE IDEA OF AN ALLIANCE: ISRAELI-MARONITE RELATIONS, 1920s-48

1. Avi Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p.235. 2. Le Pere Pierre Raphael, Le CUre du Liban dans l'Histoire (Beirut: Imprimerie Gedeen, 1924). 3. Itamar Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon. 1970-1985, revised edition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.21. 4. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.44. 5. Ibid, p.94. 6. Iliya Harik, Politics and Changein a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711- 1845 (princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p.128. 7. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 8. Rabinovich, p.21. 9. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 10. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 11. Treaty of 26 March 1920, S2519907, Central Zionist Archives (CZA). See also Benny Morris, 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange: The Birth of a Relationship 1948-1951', Studies in Zionism,Vol. 5, No.1, 1984, p. 129. See also Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy: The Zionist-Maronite Treaty of 1946', Studies in Zionism, Vol. 13, No.2, 1992, p.150. 12. Neil Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I (London: Frank Cass, 1983), p.68. See also Treaty of 26 March 1920, S2519907, CZA. 13. Ibid. 14. Ian Black, Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (London: Garland Pub ­ lishing, 1986), pp.273-4.

175 176 Notes and References

One of the most spectacular sales was that of land in the Huleh Valley. The reclamation concession was held by Salim Salaam, who had sold it to the Zionists in 1934. His son Saeb Salaam continued this family policy, assuming a political position in order to facilitate the sale of three family-owned villages on the extreme south of Lebanon to the Jews. OSS Report 7833,15 October 1943,R-SM, RG 84, 165, 208, 319, Scattered Beirut regional Files 1930-49,National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). 15. The economic side was further exploited during the war period for the smugglingof contraband, especially diamonds and gold, later also weap­ ons between Beirut, Haifa and Tel Aviv. Palestinians, Jews and Lebanese made use of the already existing trade route between Damascus and Cairo, running through Lebanon and Palestine. Merchandise intended for the Jews in Palestine, including clandestine mail, was carried by a Jewish transport agency on the coastal route through Sidon and Tyre and brought into Palestine via Alma al-Shaab, passing through the hands of Amnoun, the Jewish Mukhtar of Hanouta. OSS Research and Ana­ lysis No. 1390, 22 October 1943, NARA , R-SM, RG 84, 165, 208, 319, Scattered Beirut Regional Files 1930-49; OSS Report G-2591, 27 April 1944, NARA, R-SM, RG 84, 165,208,319, Scattered Beirut Regional Files 1930-49;OSSReport G-2821,6 May 1944,NARA, R- SM, RG 84, 165,208,319, Scattered Beirut Regional Files, 1930-49. 16. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, pp.275-6. 17. Ibid, p.277. 18. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 19. Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I, p.54. 20. Eliyakim Rubinstein, 'Zionist Attitudes in the Arab-Jewish Dispute to 1936', The Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 22, Winter 1982, p.134. 21. Ibid, p.136. 22. Jacques Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), unpublished PhD thesis, Tel Aviv University, September 1988, p.75. 23. E. Epstein, Report of visit to Syria and Lebanon, October 1934, S251 10225, CZA. 24. Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel's Secret Wars (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1991), p.64. 25. ArlossorofTto Brodestsky 17 November, 1931, S25/3061, CZA. Chaim Arlossoroff was born in the Ukraine in 1899. Educated in Germany, he founded HaPoel HaTzair in Germany after the First World War. He emigrated to Palestine in 1924. In 1931 he was a member of the Jewish Executive and was directing its political depart­ ment. His main objective was to save European Jews by encouraging them to make aliya. In 1933, he was assassinated in Tel Aviv by an unknown assailant. 26. Black, Z ionism and the Arabs, p.279. 27. Shertok to Weizmann, 2 October 1936, S25/1716, CZA. 28. Victor Jacobson, Report on a Trip to Eretz-Israel and Syria, 12 May 1933, Weizmann Archives. See also Neil Caplan and Ian Black, 'Israel Notes and References 177

and Lebanon: Origins of a Relationship', Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 27, Spring, 1983, pp.48-58. 29. Elath as quoted in Moshe Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary), Vol. III (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Maariv, 1972), p.216. See also Shertok to Weizmann, 2 October 1936, S25/1716, CZA. 30. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.75. 31. Conversation with the President of the Lebanese Republic Emile Edde, Beirut, 22 September 1936,E. Epstein, Secret, S25/5581 , CZA. 32. Note of talk with Emile Edde, 22 September 1936,S25/5581 , CZA. See also Shertok to Lourie, 22 September 1936, S25/5476, CZA. 33. Draft of a Pact submitted the twenty-third of December 1936 to Mr Edde, Z4/1702b, CZA. 34. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, p. 285. 35. E. Epstein's Account of Meeting between Dr. Chaim Weizmann and Emile Edde, 22 June 1937, Eliahu Elath, Zionism and the Arabs, p.311; see also Yehoshua Porath, 'History of Friendship', The Jerusalem Post, 22 May 1981. 36. Caplan and Black, 'Israel and Lebanon: Origins of a Relationship', p.50. 37. Ibid, p.51. 38. Eliahu Sasson, Ba Derekh el HaShalom (On the Road to Peace) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1978), pp. 116-22. See also Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I, p.254. AI-Ahdab was Prime Minister from March 1937to March 1938, under the Presidency of Emile Edde. 39. K.A al-Ahdab to M. Shertok, 18 March 1938, S25/5581, CZA. 40. Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy,' p.151. 41. Le Manifeste de I'Association des Partis Libanais Antisionistes, 9 November 1945, FM 2567/2, Israel State Archives (ISA). See also Barry Rubin, The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1981),p.l39. 42. Statement by Chaim Weizmann, Minutes of the Jewish Agency Direc­ torate meeting on 11 February 1945. 43. Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Report 1090-122, 4 August 1945, R-SM, RG 84, 165, 206, 226, 319, Scattered Beirut Regional Files 1930-49, NARA. 44. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 45. Treaty, May 1946, CZA S25/3269. 46. Yaacov Shimoni to Bernhard Joseph, The need for our action in Leba­ non: Conversation with Tewfic Attieh, Beirut, 5 April 1946, 825/9023, CZA. 47. Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy', pp. 153-6. 48. Treaty, May 1946, S25/3269, CZA. The treaty's foundation was the recognition of Jewish independence leading to statehood in Palestine and Christian Lebanese independence in Lebanon. The actual cooperation was in the realm of culture, com­ merce, intelligence, agriculture, tourism, security and public relations, in addition to Maronite efforts to facilitate the immigration of Jews to Palestine by way of Lebanon. 178 Notes and References

49. Rapport Concernant Le Liban presente aux Membres de l'O.N.U. par Monseigneur Ignace Mobarak, Archeveque Maronite de Beyrouth, undated, FM 2563/23, ISA. This action caused Arida to condemn Mubarak publicly and distance himself from the archbishop. It has even been claimed that Mubarak was reprimanded by the patriarch, relieved of his duties and exiled to a monastery. William Haddad, 'Christian-Arab Attitudes towards the Arab-Israeli Conflict', Muslim World, 65:2, 1977, pp.129-30. See also A.H. Cohen, Israel and the Arab World (New York: W.H. Allen, 1970), p.377. 50. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, pp.269-70. 51. Michael Bar Zohar, Ben Gurion (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), p.91. 52. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993. 53. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, p.272. 54. Palestine Review, 16 October 1936. 55. Conversation with the President of the Lebanese Republic Emile Edde, Beirut 22 September 1936, E. Epstein, Secret, S25/5581, CZA. 56. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993. 57. Bar Zohar, Ben Gurian, p.166.

2 THE BIRTH OF A STATE AND THE REBIRTH OF A RELATIONSHIP, 1948-55

1. Gideon Rafael, Destination Peace - Three Decades of Israeli Foreign Policy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981),p.6. 2. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann: Sixty Years of Jewish Life (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969), p.289. 3. Sydney D. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process (Lon­ don: Macmillan Press, 1990), p. 59. 4. Representing the State of Israel were Mordechai Makleff, Yehoshua Palmon and Shabtai Rosenne. The delegates of the Republic of Leba­ non were Tewfic Salem, Mohammed Ali Hamada, Joseph Harb and Djezl Houssami. 5. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process, p.60. 6. Yemima Rosenthal, Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States Decem­ ber 1948-July 1949, Documents on the Foreign Policy ofIsrael (DFPI), Companion Vol. III (Jerusalem: State of Israel Archives, 1983), p. XXII. 7. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 8. Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan, p.391. 9. Rosenthal, Israeli-Lebanese Negotiations Summary Record Of The Second Meeting Held At Ras El-Naqura On 7th March At 11.45 A.M., DFPI, Vol. 3, p.301. 10. Rosenthal, DFPI, Companion Vol. III, p.36. Notes and References 179

11. Mohammed Ali Hamada was the Consul General of Lebanon to France from 1944-6. From 1946-8 he was the head of political affairs in the Foreign Ministry. From 1948-50 he functioned as the interim Secretary General of the Foreign Ministry. 12. Rosenthal, DFPI, Companion Vol. III, p.44. 13. Rosenthal, Israeli-Lebanese Negotiations Summary Record Of The Second Meeting Held At Ras EI-Naqura On 7th March At 11.45 A.M., DFPI, Vol. 3, p.295. 14. The term paramilitary as used in this agreement was defined during the negotiations by Mr Hamada as being military organizations tied up with political parties. They are under Lebanese command, but do not belong to the national Lebanese Army. 15. Security Council resolution 62 (S/1080) of 16 November 1948 calls for the establishment of an armistice in all sectors of Palestine in order to eliminate the threat to peace. Further, it calls upon all parties involved in the conflict to conduct negotiations resulting in the withdrawal and reduction of armed forces in such a way as will ensure the maintenance of the armistice. 16. Rosenthal, A. Eban to J.C. Ross, Memorandum on Armistice Negotia­ tions at Ras EI-Naqura and at Rhodes, DFPI, Vol. 3, p.304. 17. Walter Eytan was born in Munich, Germany in 1910. He was educated at Oxford where he also lectured in German literature. In 1946 he settled in Palestine. From 1948-59, he was the director-general of the Foreign Ministry. In 1949, he functioned as the head of the Israeli delegation to the armistice talks at Rhodes. In 1960, he was appointed ambassador to France. 18. Rosenthal, Y. Yadin to W. Eytan, DFPI, Vol. 3, p.309. 19. Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan, p.392. 20. Memo of Conversation from 1 August 1950, from Pinkerton (Beirut) to Department of State, Secret, 11 October 1950, R-SM, RG 84, Beirut, Lebanon 1950-4, Box 1, NARA. See also US Foreign Service Despatch 634, Position of Jews in Lebanon, 28 May 1952, RG 59, Box 5448, NARA. 21. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.65. 22. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 23. T. Arazi to E. Sasson, Discussion with Emile Edde, Paris, 22 May 1948, FM 2565112, ISA. 24. S. Seligson to Y. Shimoni, 13 July 1948, FM 3766/6, ISA. 25. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics: The Case of Lebanon', p.236. 26. R. Shiloah to D. Ben Gurion , Military Intelligence, 30 May 1948, FM 2570/5, ISA. 27. Morris , 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange: The Birth of a Relationship 1948-51', p.125. 28. Riad as-Sulh was born in 1894. He had been an active Arab nationalist since his youth. He was the co-founder of the Istiqlal party in Damascus under Amir Feisal's rule. However, despite his pan-Arab views he had contacts with the Zionist leadership in the 1920s. In fact, in 1921 he tried to persuade Palestinian leaders to accept Britain's Zionist policy. 180 Notes and References

From 1943-5 and again from 1946-51 he was Lebanon's prime minis­ ter. In 1951 he was assassinated in Amman, Jordan because he was in favour of settlement with the French. 29. OSS Research and Analysis No. 1090.122, 4 August 1945, Scattered Beirut Central Files 1930-49, RG 84, 165,208, 319, NARA. 30. N. Goldmann to E. Epstein, 17 October 1945,FM 2567/2, ISA. 31. Sulamith Schwartz to Moshe Sharett, Memorandum: Re: The Visiting Delegation of the Lebanese AI-Kataeb, 20 November 1950, FM 2408/ 16,ISA. 32. Ibid. 33. Gideon Rafael was born in Berlin in 1913. He emigrated to Palestine in 1934, joined the Haganah from 1939-42 and worked for the Jewish Agency from 1942-5. From 1950-3 he was a counsellor in Israel's delegation to the United Nations. 34. E. Ben Horin to Moshe Shertok, 2 July 1948, FM 2403/5, ISA. 35. Ibid. 36. Gideon Ruffer (Rafael) to Arthur Lourie and Aubrey Eban, 1948, FM 2563/23, ISA. 37. E. Ben Horin to Moshe Shertok, 2 July 1948, FM 2403/5, ISA. 38. US State Department Airgram A-281 , Secret, 31 August 1948, RG 59, NARA. 39. Ibid. 40. E. Sasson to M. Sasson, 18 December 1950,FM 2565/12, ISA. 41. This information was supposed to have been relayed in a letter dated 7 November 1948 by E. Danin to E. Ben Horin, however, was then passed on orally by E. Sasson to Ben Horin, FM 2563/23, ISA. 42. Morris, 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange,' p.131. 43. Ibid. 44. Memorandum by Shmuel Ya'ari, 28 February 1949,FM 2563/23, ISA. 45. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', p.237. 46. Morris, 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange', p.133. 47. Letter from Friends of Lebanon, A. Richards to Dean Acheson, 10 January 1950, RG 59, NARA. 48. G. Raphael to W. Eytan, 28 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA. 49. E. Sasson (Ankara) to M. Sasson, Foreign Ministry, 18 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA. 50. Ibid. 51. Amiel Najar and Elias Rababi corresponded under the codenames of 'Madeleine' and 'Diana' during these negotiations. G. Tadmor, Help for the Lebanese Phalange, 25 January 1951 , FM 2408/16, ISA. 52. Research Department to Foreign Minister, Aid to the Lebanese Pha­ lange, 28 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA. 53. Israel's support of the Kataib indeed had a more general effect on Lebanon. The public attitude towards Israel must have been quite positive since the American Legation at Beirut reported that 'Lebanon would probably be amenable to a reasonable peace settlement with Israel were it a free agent. As a small state with predominant Christian influence among six other larger predominantly Muslim Arab states, Notes and References 181

however, Lebanon must be careful not to deviate from generally accepted Arab policy with respect to Palestine as customarily defined by the Arab League.' Policy Statement - Lebanon, Department of State, Secret, 29 January 1951 , Box 2850, NARA. 54. Sulamith Schwartz to Gideon Rafael, 11 May 1951, FM 2565/12, ISA. 55. Sulamith Schwartz, Confidential Memo on Lebanese Projects, 1 July 1952, FM 2403/5, ISA. 56. Letter from T. Arazi, New York, 30 April 1949, FM 3770/31, ISA. 57. Memorandum of Conversation of the Assistant Secretary of State McGhee, 30 August 1951, Box 2850, NARA. 58. Letter to LewisJones, Director of the Middle East Division, Department of State, from Nicolas Salamie, 27 March 1952,Box 5445,NARA. 59. US Foreign Service Despatch 279, Muslim pamphlet stirs up Christian- Muslim animosities, 27 November 1953, Box 5448, NARA. 60. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', pp.237-9. 61. Ibid. 62. Ibid, pp.237-41. See also Moshe Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary) (Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Maariv 1980),pp.398-400. 63. Sharett, Yoman Ishi (personal Diary), Vol. VIII, Ben Gurion to Sharett, 27 February 1954, pp.2397-8. 64. Ibid. See also, Sharett to Ben Gurion, 18 March 1954, pp.2398-400. 65. T. Arazi to Gideon Rafael, Buenos Aires, 30 August 1954,FM 3766/7, ISA. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid. 68. Ibid. 69. See Department of State, from Jernegan to Murphy, Invitation to the President of Lebanon, September 1954, Box 5, RG 59, Lot 59 D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. See also Department of State, from Jernegan to the Secretary of State, Secret, 13 January 1955, Box 5, RG 59, LOT 59 D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 70. Department of the Army intelligence report R-380-54, Review of the political situation and request for arms aid, 14 December 1954, R-SM, RG 319, ID File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA. 71. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', pp.241-2. 72. Indeed, a detailed plan for such an Iraqi invasion of Syria existed. General Ghazi al-Daghistani, deputy chief-of-staff of the Iraqi Army, admitted at his trial to having inherited such a plan from his predeces­ sor in early 1954. See Mahkamat al-Sha'b (1958), p.276. 73. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993. 74. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', p.233. 75. Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System ofIsrael (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), p.28!. 76. David Ben Gurion, Hazon Ve Derekh (Vision and Way) (Tel Aviv: Ayanot, 1958), Vol. V, p.l26. 77. Avi Shlaim, 'Conflicting approaches to Israel's relations with the Arabs: Ben Gurion and Sharett, 1953-56', The Middle East Journal, Vol. 37, No.2, Spring 1983. 182 Notes and References

78. Amos Perlmutter, Military and Politics in Israel, 1948-1967 (London: Frank Cass, 1969), p.84. 79. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.36. 80. Moshe Dayan, A vnei Derekh: Autobiographia (Milestones: An Autobio­ graphy) (Jerusalem: Edanim, 1976), p.208. 81. Michael Bar Zohar, 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery', in Itamar Rabinovich and Yehuda Reinharz (eds.), Israel in the Middle East (London: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 167. 82. Brecher, The Foreign Policy System ofIsrael, p.278. 83. David Ben Gurion , 'Israel's Security and her International Position before and after the Sinai Campaign', State ofIsrael, Government Year­ book 5720. 1959/60 (Jerusalem, 1960). 84. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid.

3 THE FIRST LEBANESE CIVIL WAR

1. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.124. 2. Samuel Roberts, Survival or Hegemony? The Foundation ofIsraeli For­ eign Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), p.107. 3. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.124. 4. See Moshe Shemesh and SelwynDanTroen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal (London: Frank Cass, 1990), p.1S!. 5. Ibid. 6. William Roger Louis and Roger Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: Clarendon Paperbacks, 1989), p.358. 7. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.188. 8. Excerpt from Ben Gurion's Diary, December 14, 1956 as quoted in Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.183. 9. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.184. See also Rafael, Destination Peace, p.55. 10. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.191. 11. Excerpt from Ben Gurion's Diary, 19 October 1956, as quoted in Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.305. 12. Excerpt from Ben Gurion's Diary, 22 October 1956, as quoted in Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.306. 13. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p. 147. 14. This information was relayed by Colonel Fuad Lahoud to the US military attache and later corroborated by Colonel Tewfic Salem. See DA Intelligence Report R-37-56, 26 January 1956, R-SM RG 319, ACSI, Military Intelligence G-2, NARA. 15. Ibid. 16. Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes ofSand: America 's Failure in the Middle East (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1980), pp.226-7. 17. Rafael to Moshe Sasson, 25 December 1955, FM 2454/12, ISA. 18. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.62. Notes and References 183

19. Ibid. 20. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.347. 21. Caroline Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', paper given at a Conference on 1958 in Texas, September 1992, p.14. 22. Helena Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon (London: Hutchinson 1985), p.84. 23. Marines in Lebanon 1958, History and Museums Division, Headquar­ ters, US Marine Corps, 1983. 24. Richards' Mission, Record of Meeting at the Lebanese Ministry of Defense, 15 March 1957, Box 13, RG 57, D 616, US Special Files on Lebanon, NARA. 25. Classified Information on the Lebanon for Members of the House Foreign Affairs Committee going to the Near East, undated, Box 5, RG 59, Lot 59 D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 26. Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', p.9. 27. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 29 May 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 28. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 6 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 29. Ibid. 30. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 20 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 31. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.87. 32. Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', p.9. See also Eve­ land, Ropes ofSand, p.261. 33. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 20 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 34. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 19 September 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 35. Ibid. 36. See Abba Eban, Personal Witness - Israel through My Eyes (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), pp.21Q-li. 37. Face the Nation, CBS interview with Charles Malik, 29 June 1958. A transcript of this interview exists in Israel Foreign Ministry files, FM 3110/5, ISA. 38. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 6 March 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 39. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 8 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 40. US State Department Telegram 2922, 13 May 1958, Box I, RG 59, Lot 56 D 600 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 41. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 15 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 42. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.108. 43. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 29 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 44. Face the Nation, CBS News interview with Charles Malik, 29 June 1958. 184 Notes and References

45. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA,S June 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 46. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 10 July 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 47. Intervention in the Internal Affairs of a Foreign Country to Assure a Friendly Government, Lebanon File, July 1958, Marine Corps, Histor­ ical Center, Washington DC. 48. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 28 August 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 49. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 19 September 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. SO. Kamal Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 1958-1976 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), p.2. 51. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence, CIA, 2 October 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA. 52. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.23. 53. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.96. 54. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363. 55. Michael Bar-Zohar, 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery', in Rabinovich and Reinharz (eds.) Israel in the Middle East, p.167. 56. Ibid, p.168. 57. Brecher, The Foreign Policy of Israel (Yale University Press, 1972), p.278. 58. Government Yearbook 5720, State of Israel, Jerusalem. 59. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 60. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993. 61. Ibid. 62. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363. 63. Ibid, p.165. 64. Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.247. 65. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.350. 66. Roberts, Survival or Hegemony?, p.128. 67. Department of State circular III, 30 July 1958, Box 3, GR 59, D 600, US Special Files on Lebanon, NARA. 68. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.350. 69. Ibid, p.351. 70. Bar-Zohar, 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery', p.170. 71. Ibid, p.167. 72. Menachem Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaSha­ nim 1957-1967 (Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabs between the Years 1957-1967) (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press, 1986), p.38. 73. Nadav Safran, Israel: the Embattled Ally (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1978), p.581. 74. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­ 1967 (Chapters in the Relations ofIsrael and the Arabs between the Years 1957-1967), p.38. Notes and References 185

75. Ibid. 76. R. Robek from Ankara, 11 July 1958, FM 3110/5, ISA. 77. M.S. Weir (Washington) to E.M. Rose, Top secret and personal, 3 July 1958, FO 371/134156, VL 1073/6/G, Public Record Office (PRO). 78. Ritchie Ovendale, 'Britain and the Anglo-American Invasion of Jordan and the Lebanon in 1958', Unpublished paper, p.9. 79. United States Sixth Fleet, OPNAV Report 5750-5, 18 June 1959, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, Naval History Center declassified, NARA. 80. Outgoing Telegram, State Department, 30 July 1958, Box 3, RG 59, D 600, US Special Files on Lebanon, NARA . See also UNSC documentsl 4065, 26 July 1958, United Nations Archives. 81. Eban, Personal Witness, p.288. 82. Naval Message 2849, 18 July 1958, Box 4, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 83. A. Yaffa to M. Amon, 2 April 1957, FM 3110/2, ISA. 84. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993. 85. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.79. 86. Benny Morris, 'The Phalange Connection', The Jerusalem Post, 1 July 1983. 87. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.79. 88. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 89. Benny Morris, 'The Phalange Connection', The Jerusalem Post, 1 July 1983. 90. Seale, The Struggle for Syria, p.217. 91. Telegram 16, from Damascus, 3 July 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 92. This was widely reported in the Egyptian press. The results of a US inquest, however, revealed that the pilot story was definitely not true. See JC-79, USAIRA, Damascus, 13June 1958,Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 93. M. Mendes to H. Vardi, 27 January, FM 2396/B, ISA. 94. David Marmer to Michael Arnon, 7 August 1957, FM 3140, ISA. 95. Ibid. 96. Eban, Personal Witness, pp.21D--l1. 97. Ibid. 98. Telegram 3027, 20 May 1958, Box 1, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 99. Telegram 1198, from Jidda, 7 June 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 100. New York Times, 9 June 1958. 101. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­ 1967 (Chapters in the relations between Israel and the Arabs in the Years between 1957-1967), p.38. 102. Telegram 3126 from Cairo, 28 May 1958,Box 1, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 103. FBIS, 5 June 1958. 104. Telegram 29, from Cairo, 3 July 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 186 Notes and References

105. Telegram 16, from Damascus, 3 July 1958,Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 106. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957-67 (Chapters in the Relations between Israel and the Arabs in the Years between 1957-1967), p.38. 107. R. Robek (Ankara), 11 July 1958, FM 3110/5, ISA. 108. Face the Nation, CBS News interview with Charles Malik, 29 June 1958, p.17. The mentioned statement by Malik was thickly underlined by the Israelis in the Foreign Ministry transcript of the interview. 109. Zvi Neeman (Washington) to Moshe Sasson, 30 July 1958, FM 3110/5, ISA. 110. DA Intelligence Report R-288-57, Lebanese-Israeli Relations, 26 Feb­ ruary 1958, R-SM, RG 319, m File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA. 111. DA Intelligence Report 2042476, 7 March 1957, R-SM, RG 319, ID File ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA. 112. Richards' Mission, Report of meeting at the Ministry of Defense, 15 March 1957, Box 13, RG 57 D 616 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. 113. DA Intelligence Report, 7 June 1958, R-SM, RG 319, rn File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA.

4 BETWEEN THE TWO LEBANESE CIVIL WARS: THE EMERGENCE OF THE PALESTINIAN THREAT

1. Charles Malik, as quoted in Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline ofa State and Rise ofa Nation (London : I.B. Tauris, 1993), p.I. 2. Interview with Eyal Zisser, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 3. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993. 4. Yair Evron, The Middle East: Nations, Superpowers and Wars (London: E1ek, 1973), p.64. 5. Ibid, p.200. 6. Telegram 401, State Department, 15 July 1958, RG 319, ACSI File, Unclassified, 1957-1958, NARA. 7. Department of the Army Intelligence Report R-229-55, Possibility of Resumption of Arab-Israeli Hostilities, 21 June 1955, R-SM, Rg 319, m File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA. 8. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HeAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­ 1967 (Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabs between the Years 1957-1967), p.69. 9. Pinhas Lapid to the Ambassador, Rio de Janeiro, 16 April 1959, FM 3110/2, ISA. 10. Israeli Ambassador, Rio de Janeiro, 27 Apri11959, FM 3110/2, ISA. 11. A. Cohen to A.Yaffa, 1 June 1959, FM 3770/31, ISA. 12. Clipping from a Baghdad newspaper, 2 August 1959, FM 3770/31,ISA. 13. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. Notes and References 187

14. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. See also Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HeAravim Bein HaShanim 1957-1967 (Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabs between the Years 1957-1967), p.69. 15. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 16. Interview with Eyal Zisser, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 17. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.lOI. 18. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.30. 19. Han Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), p.l44. 20. Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978), pA8. 21. David Kimche, The Last Option (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p.l26. 22. Yehuda Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Documentary Record, 1967-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p.171. 23. Eban, Personal Witness, p.509. 24. Richard Falk, 'The Beirut Raid and the Law of Retaliation', in John Norton Moore (ed.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Vol.. II: Readings (princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp.221-2. 25. Ibid, p.223. 26. New York Times, 5 January 1969; see also Lebanese delegate Tekoah's statement before the UNSC, SIPV 1461, United Nations Archives. 27. Emanuel Wald, The Wald Report: The Decline of Israeli National Security since 1967 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), p.l. 28. Falk, 'The Beirut Raid and the Law of Retaliation', p.224. 29. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, pAl. 30. Ibid , ppA2-3. 31. Kimche, The Last Option, p.126. 32. For the text of the Cairo Agreement see Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pA56. 33. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.146. 34. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.265. 35. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.51. 36. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, pp.37-41. 37. Ibid, p.37. 38. Bard O'Neill, Armed Struggle in Palestine:A Political-Military Analysis (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p.l5. 39. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, pAl. 40. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.l15. 44. Lester Sobel (ed.), Israel and the Arabs: The October 1973 War (New York: Facts on File, 1974), pA. 45. Egyptian Gazette, 9 March 1972. 46. Financial Times, 9 March 1972. 47. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.l15. 188 Notes and References

48. Sobel, Israel and the Arabs, p.6. 49. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.170. 50. Sobel, Israel and the Arabs, p.14. 51. International Herald Tribune, 25 September 1972. 52. Sobel (ed.), Israel and the Arabs: The October 1973 War, p.17. 53. Ibid. 54. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process, p.298. See also Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.66. 55. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.66. 56. Ibid, p.68. 57. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.1l2. 58. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.43. See also Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.68. 59. Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pA57. 60. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.368. 61. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.146. 62. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.1l3. 63. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.69. 64. Ibid, p.79. 65. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.173. 66. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 67. Interview with a source in the Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem, 28 October 1993. 68. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 69. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 70. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.

5 DISINTEGRAnON OF A STATE: THE MARONITES TURN TOWARDS ISRAEL

1. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.178. 2. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.95. 3. Zeev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), p.l4. 4. Ibid. 5. UNRWA estimate as cited in Rabinovich and Reinharz, Israel in the Middle East, p.352. 6. Zeev Schiff,A History ofthe Israeli Army (London: Sidgwick& Jackson, 1987),p.241. 7. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 8. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 9. Rabinovich and Reinharz, Israel in the Middle East, p. 348. 10. Roger Owen, Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press, 1979), p.60. 11 . Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.60. 12. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, pp.107-8. 13. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.49. Notes and References 189

14. Ibid, pA8. 15. ValerieYorke, Domestic Politics and Regional Security (London: Gower for The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1988), pp.l3Q-1; see also Richard Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee (New York: Hill & Wang, 1984)pAl. 16. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.362. 17. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.47. 18. Yair Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon (London: Croom Helm, 1987), p.27. 19. Ibid, p.28. 20. Dan Horowitz, 'Israel's War in Lebanon: New Patterns of Strategic Thinking in Civil- Military Relations', in Moshe Lissak (ed.), Israeli Society and its Defense Establishment (London: Frank Cass, 1984), p.88. 21. Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), p.28. 22. Safran, Israel: the Embattled Ally, p.l94. 23. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 24. Kimche, The Last Option, p.128. 25. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.47. 26. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.1l8. 27. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. 28. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l30 . 29. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.365. 30. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era) , p.80. 31. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 32. In addition to Dany Chamoun, an unmentioned Kataib official had contacted the Israeli embassy in Cyprus and confirmed Israel's will­ ingness to help. Joseph Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinah fi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites in the War) (Beirut: Sharikat al-Matbu'at li al-Tausi'ah wa al-Nashr, 1990), p.4S. 33. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l2. 34. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 35. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites in the War), p.51. 36. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut,4 July 1995. 37. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.1l. 38. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 39. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 40. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era) , p.82. 41. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites in the War), pA9 . 42. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l1. 43. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites in the War), p.52. 44. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 45. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites in the War), p.53. 46. Ibid, p.54. 190 Notes and References

47. Ibid. 48. Ibid, p.55. 49. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.82. 50. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 51. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 52. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.l43 . 53. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.72. 54. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995. 55. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.87. 56. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.14. 57. Ibid. 58. Ibid, p.15. 59. Ibid, p.16. 60. Shimon ShifTer, Kadoor Sheleg: Sodot Milhemet Levanon (Snowball: Secrets of the Lebanon War) (Tel Aviv: Edaniml Yediot Ahronot, 1984), p.22. 61. Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l8. 62. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 63. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.22. 64. Rabinovich, The Warfor Lebanon, p.64. 65. Rafael Eitan with Dov Goldstein, Sipur Shel Hayal (Story ofa Soldier) (Tel Aviv: Maariv Library, 1985), pp.154-5. 66. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.201. 67. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.70. 68. Ibid, p.68. 69. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 70. Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, p.220. 71. Ronald Payne, Mossad: Israel's most Secret Service (London: Bantam Press, 1990), p.109. 72. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 73. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993. 74. Payne, Mossad, p.104. 75. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 76. Ibid. 77. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.

6 THE REVIVAL OF THE MINORITY-ALLIANCE

1. Charles Malik, Former Lebanese Foreign Minister, leader in the Leba­ nese Forces, as quoted in Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.384. 2. Ian Lustick, 'Israel's Arab Minority and the BeginEra', in Robert Freed­ man (ed.), Israel in the Begin Era (New York: Praeger, 1982), p.l26. Notes and References 191

3. Ehud Sprinzak, The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p.l6. 4. Yoram Peri, 'Coexistence or Hegemony? Shifts in the Israeli Security concept', in Dan Caspi, Abraham Diskin and Emanuel Gutman (eds), The Roots of Begin 's Success: The 1981 Israeli Elections (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p.208. 5. Ibid, p.204. 6. Ibid, p.l91. 7. Meir Merhav, Jerusalem Post , 23 August 1977. 8. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 9. Excerpts from an interview with Chief-of-Staff Eitan on IDF radio, 8 September 1979,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Rela­ tions, Documents 1979-1980 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1984), pp.123-7. 10. Ibid. 11. Schiff, A History ofthe Israeli Army, p.244. 12. Interview with Arye Na 'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 13. Ibid. 14. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 15. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 16. Ibid. 17. Schiff, A History ofthe Israeli Army , p.243. 18. Horowitz, 'Israel's War in Lebanon' , in Lissak (ed.), Israeli Society and its Defense Establishment, p.85. 19. Avraham Tamir, A Soldier in Search of Peace (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), p.l16. 20. Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System ofIsrael, p.224. 21. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine , p.53. 22. Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System ofIsrael, p.l95. 23. Beate Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt (New York : Praeger Publishers, 1988), pA9. 24. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. 25. For a detailed discussion of Canaanite philosophy see Aharon Amir, Levanon: Eretz, Am, Milchama (Lebanon: Country. People. War) (Tel Aviv: Hadar, 1979). 26. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.32. 27. Ibid, ppAI-7. 28. Ibid, p.32. 29. Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt, p.l53 . 30. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.70. 31. Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt, pAl. 32. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363. 33. Naomi Weinberger, Syrian intervention in Lebanon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986),p.l8. 34. Tamir, A Soldier in Search ofPeace, p.1l2. 35. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.77. 36. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine , pA9. 192 Notes and References

37. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995. 38. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, pp.22-3. 39. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 40. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. 41. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 42. Ibid. 43. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.llO. 44. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.23. 45. Ibid, p.24. 46. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. 47. Sheikh Najib Alamuddin, Turmoil- The Druzes, Lebanon and the Arab­ Israeli conflict, (London: Quartet Books, 1993), p.183. See also Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.24. See also Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.333. 48. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 49. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.25. 50. Ibid, p.26. 51. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.240. 52. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l5. 53. Statement in Knesset by Prime Minister Begin at the opening of the summer session, 7 May 1979,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Relations, Selected Documents, 1979-1980 , pp.l6-19. 54. Prime Minister Begin at Herut Convention, 3 June 1979,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Relations, Selected Documents, 1979-1980, pp.45-48. 55. Excerpts from an interview with PM Beginon IDF radio, 20 June 1980, as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Relations, Selected Documents, 1979-1980, p.287. 56. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.28. 57. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l4. 58. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995. 59. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l4. 60. Ibid, p.l15. 61. Hamizrahi, The Emergence ofthe South Lebanon Security Belt, p.56. 62. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, pp.56-8. 63. Ibid, p.64. 64. Ibid, p.l64. 65. Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon, p.275. 66. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security: Politics, Strategy and the Israeli Experience in Lebanon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987),p.78. 67. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.87. 68. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 69. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.

7 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ALLIANCE

1. Schiff and Ya'arl, Israel's Lebanon War, p.301. 2. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. Notes and References 193

3. In New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System ofIsrael, Ofira Seliktar claims that Prime Minister Begin relied completely on Sharon. Han Peleg, in Begin's Foreign Policy 1977-1983, states that Israel's attack on Lebanon was a deviation from traditional defensivepolicy. Further, Sharon was relieved of his position as Defence Minister following the Kahan Commission's report, which led many to believe that he had made all decisions alone. 4. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.60. 5. Ibid. 6. Sofer, Begin, p.IOO. 7. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 8. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 9. Ibid. 10. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. II. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Sofer, Begin, p.202. 15. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 16. Ibid. 17. Uzi Benziman, Sharon - An Israeli Caesar (London: Robson Books, 1987), p.184. 18. Ibid, p.263. 19. Ibid, p.199. 20. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 21. Ibid. 22. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 23. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 24. Ibid. 25. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.368. 26. Kimche, The Last Option, p.139. 27. Ibid. 28. Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 28 April 1981 , as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's ForeignRelations. Selected Docu­ ments 1981-1982, Vol. 7 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1988). 29. Benziman, Sharon, p.230. 30. Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, IS May 1981. 31. Tamir, A Soldier in Search for Peace, p.l16 . 32. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 33. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.37. 34. Zvi Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon) (Tel Aviv: Jaffee Institute for Strategic Studies, 1982), p.6. 35. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 36. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, pAl. 37. Joseph Vashitz, 'Did the Palestinians abet the initiation of the war and if so, why?', New Out/ook, 26:6, 1983,p.26. 38. Interview with Shafic al-Hout as cited in Kirsten E. Schulze, Israeli Security Policy in South Lebanon: An Analysis of the Forces and 194 Notes and References

Perceptions Shaping the Policy-Making from 1976 to 1985, unpublished M.Phil thesis, Oxford University, 1992. 39. Golda Meir had denied the existence of the Palestinian people. 40. Frederic Hof, Galilee Divided (Boulder: Westview Press 1985), p.97. 41. 'La Politique Israelienne au Liban: Demembrement ou Hegemonic?', France-Pays Arabe, No. 170, 1991, pp.l3:-30. 42. Sharon interview in the Times, 5 August 1982. 43. Rex Brynen, 'PLO Policy in Lebanon: Legaciesand Lessons', Journal of Palestine Studies, 18:2, 1989, p.60. 44. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.ll0. 45. Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon), p.6. 46. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, p.54. 47. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.367. 48. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 49. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. 50. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. 51. Ibid. 52. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.33. 53. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.367. 54. Sofer, Begin, p.202. 55. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.33. 56. Ibid, p.49. 57. Ibid, p.51. 58. Ibid, p.56. 59. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l67. 60. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993. 61. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 62. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.42. 63. Ibid, p.43. 64. Sharon's interview with Oriana Fallaci, The Washington Post, 21 August 1982. 65. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 66. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.52. 67. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993. 68. Sofer, Begin, p.211. 69. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.46. 70. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l17. 71. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 72. Sofer, Begin, p.211. 73. Israel Landers, Did we fail by taking a false bet? (Tel Aviv: HaDoar, 1984), p.594. 74. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.l51. See also Eban, Personal Witness, p.604. See also Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l22. 75. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 76. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.1l7 . 77. Yaniv, Dilemmas ofSecurity, p.1l5. 78. Yorke, Domestic Politics and Regional Security, p.l94. 79. Eban, Personal Witness, p. 604. 80. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.118. Notes and References 195

81. David Wunnser, 'Egyptian-Centrism in Israeli Strategic Planning: The Peace for Galilee Operation', SA IS Review, 4:2, 1984, p.72. 82. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, p.49. 83. Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon), p.l. 84. Joseph Kraft, 'Milhemet Breira' (War of Choice), Ma'ariv, 20 August 1982. 85. Joseph Maila, 'Liban, Syrie, Israel ou le menage a trois', Cahiers de L'Orient, No. 11, p.39. 86. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.l17. 87. Ibid. 88. Yaniv, Dilemmas ofSecurity, p.lOl. 89. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, p.67. 90. Ibid. 91. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 92. Ibid. 93. Yaniv, Dilemmas ofSecurity, p.l12. 94. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.259. 95. Benziman, Sharon, p.266. 96. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l44. 97. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l07. 98. Ibid, p.187. 99. Benziman, Sharon, pp.250·251. 100. Sofer, Begin, p.209. 101. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l96. 102. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 103. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.139. 104. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l99. lOS. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995. 106. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.139. 107. The Guardian, 3 July 1982. 108. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.200. 109. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l53 . 110. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.231. Ill. Benziman, Sharon, p.251. 112. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.231. 113. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.I44. 114. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 115. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.233. 116. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.382. 117. Ibid. 118. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.234. 119. Benziman, Sharon, p.253. 120. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.238. 121. Voice of Lebanon, 18 June 1982. 122. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l60. 123. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.383. 124. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993. 125. Ibid. 196 Notes and References

126. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 127. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 128. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, pp.258-9. 129. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 130. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, pp.258-9.

8 ILLUSIONS AND DELUSIONS

1. Avi Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublished paper, p.58. 2. Kimche, The Last Option, p.159. 3. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.384. 4. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983, p.l62. 5. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l44. 6. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995. 7. Kimche, The Last Option, p.162. 8. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l68. 9. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.287. 10. Kimche, The Last Option, p.167. 11. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon 1970-1985, p.168. 12. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. 13. Ibid. 14. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 15. Hof, Galilee Divided, p.lIO. 16. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 17. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. 18. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995. 19. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 20. Patrick Seale, Asad ofSyria: The Struggle for the Middle East (London : LB. Tauris, 1990), p.407. 21. Ibid. 22. Jawad al-Bashiti, 'Hisam Amn min Nau Jedid' (A New Type of Security Belt), Filastin al-Thawrah, January 1985,pp.36-37. 23. Yaniv, Dilemmas ofSecurity, p.l78 . 24. Ibid. 25. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 28. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. 29. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993. 30. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.297. 31. Sofer, Begin, p.212. 32. Yaacov Shavit, From Hebrew to Canaanite (Jerusalem: Domino, 1984), pp.52-3. See also Sharett, Personal Diary, Vol II, p.377. 33. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983, p.l71. Notes and References 197

34. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.

9 PERCEPTIONS: THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THE ALLIANCE

1. Letter From Lebanon, issue I, July 1984. 2. Letter From Lebanon, issue 2, 15 July 1984. 3. Ibid. 4. Walid Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall ofan Ethnic Resistance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.31. 5. Letter From Lebanon, issue 6, 15 September 1984. 6. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.39. 7. Letter From Lebanon, issue 13, 1 January 1985. 8. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.49. 9. Ibid, p.51. 10. Letter From Lebanon, issue 12, 15 December, 1984. 11. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.19. 12. Sami Fares, 'Point de Vue d'un Francophile Libanais', La Culture Francaise (Fall 1972), p.16. 13. Salim Abou, Le Bilinguisme Arabe Francaise en Liban (Paris: Edition Laffout, 1962), p.l62. 14. Kamal Salibi, 'Lebanon under Fuad Shehab', Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 2 (1966), pp.211-26. 15. Georges Haroun, Youssef Al-Sawda: Alam Al-Qawmiya Al-Lubnaniya (Youssef Al-Sawda: A Leading Lebanese Nationalist) (Kaslik: Univer­ sity of Kaslik, 1979). 16. David McDowall, Lebanon: A Conflict ofMinorities (London: Minority Rights Group, 1982), Report No. 61, pp. 10-11. 17. Tarikh Hizb al-Kataib (The History of the Kataib Party) (Beirut: Dar al-Amal, 1982). 18. Bassem al-Jisr, Mithaq 1943 (The Pact of 1943) (Beirut: AI- Nahar, 1978). 19. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.136. 20. L'Orient Le Jour, 9 July 1980. 21. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.I54. 22. Al-Nahar, 22 November 1974. 23. Mansurat Hurrass Al-Arz (Publications ofthe Guardians ofthe Cedars) (Beirut: Guardians of the Cedars 1977). 24. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.155. 25. Ibid, p.l93. 26. Ibid. 27. Minutes ofCouncil Command Meetings (Beirut: Lebanese Forces, 1986/ 87). 28. Letter From Lebanon, issue 2, 15 July 1984. 29. Letter From Lebanon, issue 3, 1 August 1984. 30. Letter From Lebanon, issue 5, 1 September 1984. 31. Ibid. 198 Notes and References

32. Letter From Lebanon, I October 1984. 33. Letter From Lebanon, issue 6, 15 September 1984. 34. Letter From Lebanon, issue I, July 1984. 35. Letter From Lebanon, issue 3, I August 1984. 36. Ibid. 37. Letter From Lebanon, issue 1, July 1984. 38. Letter From Lebanon, issue 4, 15 August 1984. 39. Ibid.

CONCLUSION: SIX DECADES OF ISRAELI-MARONITE RELATIONS

1. Yaacov Herzog, A Nation that Dwells Alone ( London: Weidenfe1d & Nicolson, 1975), p.73. 2. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublished paper, p.2. 3. Ibid, p.57. 4. Ibid, p.13. 5. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993. 6. Interview with a source in the Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem, 28 October 1993. 7. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublished paper, p.ll. 8. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. 9. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished paper, p.57. 10. Rubinstein , 'Zionist Attitudes in the Arab-Jewish Dispute to 1936', pp.13O-1. 11. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished paper, p.57. 12. Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary), Vol. IV, p.996. 13. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished paper, p.56. 14. Interview with Arye Na 'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. Bibliography

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PUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES

Israel State Archives, Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, Vol. 3, Rosenthal and Yemima (eds) (Jerusalem: State of Israel 1983). Israel State Archives, Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States December 1948-July 1949, Companion Volume III, Rosenthal and Yemima (eds) (Jerusalem: State ofIsrael, 1983). Letter From Lebanon, newsletters from the Kataib officein Jerusalem, 1984-5. Marines in Lebanon 1958, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1983. Marine Corps, Intervention in the Internal Affairs of a Foreign Country to assure a Friendly Government (Washington, DC: Marine Corps Historical Center, 1958). Mansurat Hurras Al-Arz (Publications ofthe Guardians ofthe Cedars) (Beirut: Guardians of the Cedars 1977). Medzini, Meron, Israel's Foreign Relations, Documents 1979-1980 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1984). Medzini, Meron , Israel's Foreign Relations, Documents 1981-1982 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1988). Minutes of Council Command Meetings (Beirut: Lebanese Forces, 1986-7). Tarikh Hizb Al-Kataib (The History of the Kataih Party) (Beirut: Dar AI­ Amal, 1982).

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NEWSPAPERS

An-Nahar (Lebanon) Egyptian Gazette (Egypt) Financial Times (United Kingdom) International Herald Tribune (United States) Jerusalem Post (Israel) L 'Orient Le Jour (Lebanon) M aariv (Israel) New York Times (United States) Palestine Post (British mandated Palestine) Palestine Review (British mandated Palestine) The Guardian (United Kingdom) Times (United Kingdom) Washington Post (United States)

LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED

Interviewee Principal posts Date Joseph Abu Khalil editor of Kataib newspaper 4 July 1995 Al-Amal, made first Kataib contacts with Israel in 1976 Fuad Abu Nader in charge of military 28 June 1995 operations of the Lebanese Forces under Bashir Gemayel; Commander of Lebanese Forces in 1984 Yossi Alpher Mossad Officer, (l960s­ 19 Oct. 1993 1970s); Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Rafael Eitan Commander of the Northern 9 Nov. 1993 Command (1974-7); Chief­ of-Staff (1977-82) Shlomo Gazit Head of Military Intelligence 21 Oct. 1993 (1974-9); Senior Research Associate, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (1988­ present) Mordechai Gur Commander of the Northern 8 Nov. 1993 Command (1970-2); Chief­ of-Staff (1974-7) David Kimche Mossad Officer, (late 1950s­ 7 Nov. 1993 1982); Director General, Foreign Ministry (1980-7); Chief Negotiator, May 17th Agreement (1983) Bibliography 201

Uri Lubrani Lebanon Coordinator, 10 Nov. 1993 Ministry of Defense (1983­ present) Reuven Merhav Mossad Officer (early 1960s-­ 4 Nov. 1993 to 1983) 'Ambassador' to Lebanon (1983-4) Arye Na'or Cabinet Secretary (1977-82) 3 Nov. 1993 Yossi 01mert Lebanon Desk, Dayan 9 Nov. 1993 Center (1980s) Yaacov Shimoni Deputy Head, Middle East 27 Oct. 1993 Department, Foreign Ministry (1947-9); Assistant Director, Foreign Ministry (1968-76) Moshe Zak Journalist, Maariv (1939­ 21 Oct. 1993 present) Eyal Zisser Lebanon Desk Dayan Center 9 Nov. 1993 (1992-present)

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UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

Attie, Caroline, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', paper given a conference on 1958 in Texas, September 1992. Ovendale, Ritchie, 'Britain and the Anglo-American invasion of Jordan and Lebanon in 1958', unpublished paper. Reinich, Jacques, Bashir Gemaye/ Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Per­ iod), unpublished PhD thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1988. Schulze, Kirsten E., Israeli Security Policy in South Lebanon: An Analysis of the Forces and Perceptions Shaping the Policy-Making from 1976 to 1984, unpublished MPhil thesis, Oxford University, 1992. Shlaim, Avi, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublished paper. Index

Abu Khalil, Joseph 87, 88 Ben Gurion ism 40 Agudat Israel 97 Ben Horin, Eliahu 32 Ahdab , Khayr ad-Din -al 20 Black September 75, 79 Ain al-Rummana 81 Boustani, Ephrem 106 Anon, Yigal 99 Bunche, Ralph 27 Amal al- 36, 87, 107 American University of Beirut 17, Cairo Agreement 72, 73 18 Camp David Agreement 93, 112, American Zionist Emergency 120, 148, 166 Council 32, 34, 172 Canaanite Movement 100, 166 Amir, Aharon 100 Chamoun, Camille 9,50,51 ,52,53, Anglo-American Commission 24, 54, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 78, 171 87, 89, 97, 105, 170 Arab nationalism see pan-Arabism Chamoun, Dany 87,89, 108 Arab revolt 17 Chamoun, Dori 89 Arabism see pan-Arabism Chehab, Amir Khalid 20 Arafat, Vasser 107, 119, 121, 122 Chehab,Fuad 51,52,53,54,65,66, Arazi, Tuvia 21,30, 31, 36, 38 67,68, 170 Arida, Antoine 19,20,21,22,31 Christian Arlossoroff, Chaim 17, 18 Lebanesesee Maronites Armistice (1949) 4, 27, 141 (nationalism) Asad, Hafiz al- 74,83, 141, 142 revolt 31,32, 33,41 ,49, 159 Association of anti-Zionist Lebanese state 37,39,42,43,48,64,65, 79, Parties 20 83,84, 100, 106, 132, 147, 148, Attieh, Tewfic 21 150,152,153,163,164,167,169, Awad, Joseph 32, 36, 37 172 Awad, Tewfic 22, 32 Communism 59 Cooperation Pact (1920) 15 Ba'abda 130 Conn, Charles 18 Baghdad Pact 45, 50, 56, 57, Czech Arms Deal 46, 47 59,60,62 Beirut raid 71 Damour 100 Begin, Menachem 93,95,96,97, Dayan, Moshe 39,40,42,76, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 112, 113, 97,99, 112, 113, 159, 165, 114, 115, 116, 120, 124, 132, 133, 167 147, 148, 167, 168, 170,172 Democratic Movement for Beqaa Valley 83, 124, 127, 130 Change 97 Ben Avi, Itamar 17 Deuxieme Bureau 55, 153 Ben Eliezer, Benjamin 88 Drori, Amir 126 Ben Gurion, David 7,8,22, 23, 24, Dori, Yaacov 28 27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, Druze 6, 12, 82, 131 , 133, 45,46,47,49, 55, 59, 61, 65, 80, 137, 138, 143, 144, 151, 84, 93, 95, 148, 159, 162, 163, 155, 156 164,165 ,167,168,169,172 Dulles, John Foster 59, 61

207 208 Index

Eban, Abba 52, 61, 63, 70 Gemayel, Bashir 88,89,90,97, 102, Edde, Emile 19, 20, 23, 24, 30, 31, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 117, 34, 170 124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, Edde, Pierre 20, 38 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 149, 152, Eisenhower, Dwight 59, 61 155,159,170, 171 Eisenhower Doctrine 9,45, 51, 52, Gemayel, Pierre 21,32,36,62,81, 54, 57, 59, 60 87,89, 153 Eitan, Rafael 93, 95, 96, 110, 113, Geva, Eli 133 114, 116, 120, 124, 126, 138, 163, Ghanim, Iskander 77 168, 172 Golan Heights 128 Egypt Good Fence policy 85,96, 100, 165 accomodation with Israel 86, 93, Gorayeb, Elias Maria 69 113, 120, 128, 129, 137, 148, 166 Grand Liban 11, 134, 152 free officers' coup 45 Greater Israel 122 interference with Israeli Greek Orthodox 12 shipping 46 Greek Catholic 75, 100 nationalization of Suez Canal Guardians of the Cedars 90, 153 47 Gur, Mordechai 75, 99, 105 defense pact with Syria 56 interference in Lebanon 63 Habib, Philip 119, 120, 121, 140 Elath, Eliahu 17, 18, 19, 23 Haddad,Saad 75,99,100,102,103, Elazar, David 76 104, 10~ 116, 133, 141 , 165 Epstein, Eliahu see Elath, Eliahu Haganah 21, 31 Eshkol, Levy 70 Haig, Alexander III Ethiopia 55, 56, 161 Hamada, Ali 28 Evron, Ephraim 35 Hankin, Yehoshua 15, 16 Eytan, Walter 29 Harb, Emile Khoury 63 Harkabi, Yehoshafat 60 Fadel, Georges Abi 69 Hashim, Najib 15 Farah, Naoum 153, 155 Helou, Charles 70 Fares, Sami 153 Herzog, Chaim 77 Fatah 102 Herut 94 Fattal, Antoine 141 Hobeika, Elie 144 France Hofi, Yitzhak 124 presence in Lebanon 13 Holocaust 115 mandate 14, 170 Hout, Shafic al- 121 negotiations with Lebanon 20 Hussein, King 61,64,87,88,92 Suez involvement 47,48,50 Husseini, Hajj Amin al- 20 Franjieh, Suleiman 73, 74, 77, 78, 89, 170 Invasion of Lebanon 1982 see Franjieh, Tony 89 Operation Peace for Galilee Frem, Fadi 154, 155 Iraq Friends of Lebanon 34 invasion plans for Syria 39,45, 46 Gaza raid 56 treaty with Turkey 57 Gaza Strip 85, 123, 127, 128, 129, 1958crisis 59,60, 173 161, 164 arms to Lebanon 64 Gemayel, Amin 89,90, 138, 139, Iran 6, 55, 56, 57, 108, 161 142, 144, 170 Iran-Iraq War 116, 129 Index 209

Irgun 95, 115 training of Maronites 106, 165 Israel in Beirut 130, 137 admission to UN 36 establishment 26, 162, 167, 172 Jabotinsky, Eli 115 financial assistance to the Jacobson, Victor 17, 18 Kataib 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 62, Jewish Agency 156 arab affairs division 21, 160, 167 foreign policy 22, 30, 39, 43, 56, executive 17, 160, 162 57, 58, 112, 118, 135, 145, 161, political department 16, 17, 160 162,163,168,169, 172 Jewish emigration to Lebanon 24 hegemony 2,4,45,47,49,95,98, Jews 88 99, Ill, 112, 156, 164, 168,174 Jordan 26,27,59,60,122,128,129, intervention (1958) 60, 61, 64 148, 164, 166, 167, 173 interventionism 2, 3, 7, 11, 30, arms to Lebanon 64 39, 99, 113, 117, 118, 137, 139, clash with Palestinians 73 144, 145, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, Jounieh 130, 131 174 Judea 123 isolation 6, 37, 146, 154, 158, Junblatt, Kamal 55 160, 167 Lebanon policy 23, 43, 48, 58, Kalvarisky, Chaim Margolis 17 94,97, Ill, 158, 164, 169 Karami, Rashid 15,54,68, 72 misconceptions 43, 134, 149, 160, Kaslik 106, 152 165, 166, 170, 171 Kataib 8, 20, 31, 32, 54, 55, 104, mission in Dbaye 142, 143, 155 124, 127, 132, 139, 142, 144, moral responsibility for 149,152,153,154,164,165,171, Maronites 58,93,97, 105, 106, 172 107, 108, 112, 114, 116, 117, 147 bombing of headquarters 137 negotiations with Egypt (1949) 27 clashes with Palestinians 78, 81 negotiations with Lebanon 139, clash with Druze 133 140, 141, 148 clash with Syria 117 negotiations with Syria 108, 109 Israeli arms 62, 66, 82, 85, 86, 87, relations with US 59, 86, 141, 88, 90, 105, 126, 156, 159, 173 142, 173 link up 114, 130, 131 security policy 40,43, 70, 71, 81, militia 62, 105 84,85,94,95,111,116,123,128, mission in Jerusalem 143, 155 145, 162 Khaddam, Abdel Halim 141 settlement policy 94 Khoury, Bishara al- 15, 20, 32 war of independence 42 Khureysh, Bulus 91 Israeli airforce 93, 98, 106, 112, Kimche, David 140 117, 122 Kiryat Shmonah 71, 76, 119, 120, Israel Defense Forces 123, 140 deterrence 86, 98, 104, 109 Kissinger, Henry 108, 109 evacuation 138, 140, 142 Kurds 6,41, 56 intelligence 56, 92, 106, 107, 108, 114, 124, 127, 131, 138 La'am 94 reprisal policy 70, 74, 77, 85, 96, Labour party 140 110 Lahoud, Fuad 48, 49 pre-emptive strikes 99, 110, 129 Lapid, Pinhas 69 training of SLA 100 League of Nations 17 210 Index

Lebanese army nationalism 13, 14, 18, 90, 149, lack of involvement (1958) 54, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 166, 171 62,68 intelligence to Israel 67 clashes with Palestinians 70, 72, in Brazil 69 77 reliability 134 cooperation with PASC 73 state see Christian state Lebanese Forces 97, 106, 107, 122, Maronitism see Maronite 126, 131, 137, 138, 143, 149, 153, nationalism 154 May 17 Agreement 139, 140, 142, Lebanese Front 108, 117, 144 143, 144, 155, 159 Lebanese National Front 153 Mediterranean pact 36 Lebanese Overseas Foundation 63 Melkart Agreement 77, 78 Lebanon Meouche, Boulus 63 Arab identity 54, 65, 82 Merhav, Reuven 141, 143 1932 census 12 Middle East Defense constitution 12, 51, 170 Organization 59 1958 civil war 9, 46, 53, 57, 59, Militias 73, 83, 88, 138, 165, 61, 62, 65, 68, 84, 159, 160, 163, 167 166, 170, 173 Minority-alliance concept 4, 5, 6, 1975 civil war 9, 81, 83, 85, 151, 11, 15,24,41,42,45,51,55,56, 159, 166, 170 65,68, 75, 79, 81, 88, 131, 135, elections (1943) 152 137,139,140,144, 146, 151 , 155, elections (1951) 34, 35, 65 156,158,160,161,162,171,172, elections (1957) 50, 51 173 elections (1972) 74 Mixed Armistice Commission 30, elections (1977) 105 65,76 elections (1982) 132 Miyeh-Miyeh camp 133 independence 12 Mossad 56, 88, 89, 91, 104, 107, national reconciliation 144 115, 124, 135, 136, 163, 172 refugees 100 Mount Lebanon 12, 86 small Lebanon 108, 149, 150, Movement for Greater Israel 94 152,153,171 Mu'azzin, Yusuf 15 Likud 93, 94, 95, 99, 102, 104, 109, Mubarak, Ignace 18, 20, 23, 30, 33, Ill, 122, 124, 140, 157 34, 43, 63, 149, 152 Litani River 24, 77, 84, 103, 104, Multi-National Force 138 109 Muslim aspirations 73 Makleff, Mordechai 28, 29 grievances 68 Malik, Charles 36,51,52,63,64,69 Marmer, David 63 Nahariya 132 Maronites Naqash, Alfred 18 clergy 14,33,91, 149, 151 , 152, Nasser, Gamal Abdn al- 45,46,47, 171 48,56,57, 58, 59, 63, 68, 72, community 5, 13,43, 87,92,97, 161 134, 139, 144, 149, 171 Nasserists 52, 56, 64, 69 hegemony 9, 51, 79, 82, 133, Nat ional Liberals 89,90, 153 134, 135, 149, 153, 154, National Pact 12, 89, 108, 152 156, 15~ 159, 160, 161, NATO 45,60 173 Neeman, Yuval 49 Index 211

Neeman , Zvi 64 Phalanges Libanaises see Kataib Ne'or, Arye 115 Phoenicianism see Maronite nationalism Occupied Territories 102, 122, 127, Phoenician-Hebrew ties 16, 17,63, 128, 164 100, 158, 166 Operation Cooperative 102 Popular Front for the Liberation of Operation Litani 93, 96, 97, 102, Palestine 71 103, 104, 105, 1I2, 1I9, 120, 159 Proxy war 84, 96, 103, 104, 112, Operation Peace for Galilee 5, 99, 127, 165 112, 1I3, 114, 1I8, 119, 121 , 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 144, 148, 150, Qassis, Sharbal 91 154, 158, 159, 161, 164, 168, 172, 173 Rababi, Elias 31, 34, 35, 38,62, 69 Pakradouni, Karim 90, 144 Palestine Liberation Rabin, Yitzhak 7,84,86,89,91,92, Organization 72,81,92,98, 93,95,97, 101, 104, 105, 108, 101, 102, 103, 109, 114, 115, 117, 116, 165, 171 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, Radwan, George 91 129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 142, 148 Rafael, Gideon 32, 35 Palestinian Red Lines 86, 104, 109, 110, 120 cease-fire (1981) 118, 119, 120, Roger, William 76 121, 123 Rosenne, Shabtai 28 commandos 68, 70, 72, 76 Ruffer, Gideon see Rafael, Gideon expulsion from Jordan 74, 79, 85, 92 Sabagh, Yusuf 30 expulsion from Lebanon 135, Sabra camp 137, 138, 140, 144 137 Sadat, Anwar 133 militarization 70, 110 Saguy, Yehoshua 120, 138 nationalism 129 Saiqa as- 84 presence in Lebanon 67, 72, 75, Salaam 77 109, Ill, 1I3, 127, 161, 165 Salamie, Nicolas 36 refugees 38, 48, 74, 82, 132, 133, Salem, Tewfic 28 134 Sam'an, Tefic 33 state within a state 74, 75, 111, Samaria 123 119, 122, 127, 161 Saqr, Etienne 90, 91 support from Lebanese 76, 82 Sarkis, Elias 105, 132 Palestinian Armed Struggle Sasson, Eliahu 17,22,29,30,31, Command 72, 73 62 Palmon, Yehoshua 38, 62 Sasson, Moshe 64 Pan-Arabism 22,43,56, 57, 58, 67, Schwarz, Shulamith 34 79, 150, 151, 152, 153, 161, 166, Sfeir, Najib 15, 16, 18 173 Shamir, Itzhak 95, 113, 118, 138, Peel Commission 20 168 Perach, Emile 88 Shatilla camp 138, 140, 144 Peres, Shimon 88, 108 Sharett, Moshe 7, 16, 18,20,29,34, Periphery thinking 9, 45, 55, 56, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 47, 93, 163, 58, 59, 62, 79, 115, 135, 145, 168, 169, 171 161 Sharettism 40 212 Index

Sharon, Ariel 95,96,97,98, 113, funding of Lebanese rebels 51 114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, hegemony 139 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, intervention in elections 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 147, 157, (1972) 74 160,163,164,165,167,168,171, intervention in Lebanon 172 (1957-58) 52, 53 Shehade, Antun 15 intervention (1976) 83 Shertok, Moshe see Sharett, Moshe missiles 118, 124, 126 Shi'a 74, 78, 82, 101, 104, 131, negotiations with Israel 108, 133, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 155, 123 156 presence in Lebanon 104, 105, Shiloah, Reuven 17, 31 109, 110, 127, 128, 148 Shimoni, Yaacov 22,43 strategic depth 84 Shouf 133 territorial claims 83 Shultz, George 141 veto power 74 Sidon 21,81 withdrawal 140, 141 Sinai Campaign 47,49,56,65,66, 95, 115, 159, 163 Tadmor, Gideon 35 Sinai II Agreement 86 Taibe 101 Six Day War 67,68,70,72,79, 159, Territorial maximalism 94, 111 163 Tigers 108 Socio-economic problems 78 Treaty of Friendship (1936) 19 South Lebanese Anny 100, 101, Tripoli 12, 131, 133 102, 103, 104, 109, 112, 118, 141, Turkey 6,45, 55, 56, 57, 108, 161 165 arms to Lebanon 64 South Lebanon 12,64,69, 118, 127, Tyre 21, 103 165 security zone 99, 103, 105, 121, United Arab Republic 133, 140, 159 complaint to UNSC 61 infiltration into Israel 71 disintegration 79 Israeli shelling 71, 85 formation 45 Israeli raids 73, 75 involvement in Lebanon 53, 57, PLO operations 100, 104 62,64 war of attrition 118, 119, 120 relations with Chehab 68 Soviet Union threat to Lebanon 69, 161, 173 aggression 59 United Kingdom, Suez withdrawal of recognition from involvement 47, 48, 50 Israel 57 United Nations Stern Gang 95 partition resolution 26 Sulh, Rashid as- 99 resolution (425) 103, 120 Sulh, Riad as- 16, 17, 32 Interim Forces in Lebanon 103, Sulh, Sami as- 51 104 Suez crisis 46, 47 Sulim, Mohsin 78 United States Sunnis 12,82, 137, 138, 139, 170 Cold War policies 8, 58, 61, 120, Syria 173 clashes with Israel 135 Lebanon policy 60 deterrence dialogue 84, 98, 104, Marines (1958) 54,60,61,66,68, 109, 127 141, 173 Index 213

mediation 108, 110, 117, 118, agreement with Maronite 119,120,123,139,140,143,172 Church 22,25, 158, 171 regional defense pact 36, 38 commercial ties with Lebanon 24, 158 Vigier, Henri 27,28 relations with Maronites 17, 18, 158 War of Choice 47, 95, 129 military union with Weizmann-Faisal Agreement 14 Maronites 19, 158 Weizmann, Chaim 17, 19,20, 30 Yom Kippur War 78, 127, 163 Weizmann, Ezer 97, 112, 113 Young Phoenicians 17, 18,24 West Bank 94, 115, 127, 128, 129, 161, 164 Zahle 98,117,118,119,124,126, 132 Ya'ari, Shmuel 34 Za'im 74, 138, 170 Yadin, Yigal 29, 113 Zak, Moshe 27 Yafi, Abdullah al- 50,51,52,71, 72 Zaslani, Reuven see Shiloah, Yazbek, Pierre 143 Reuven Yishuv 14, 17,94, 147, 148, 149, Zghorta 74 152, 154, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, Zippori, Mordechai 124, 126 166, 167, 169, 171