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Adapting the Wheel: Cultural Policies for Africa

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Adapting the Wheel: Cultural Policies for Africa Book Cover 2 FAP.indd 1 11/23/10 7:51:39 AM ADAPTING THE WHEEL: CULTURAL POLICIES FOR AFRICA Compiled by Delecia Forbes 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge the Cultural Policy Task Group for its work, commitment and dedication and to thank Avril Joffe for masterfully developing the cultural policy template, and also for her astute understanding and sensitivity in capturing divergent views and finding the balance that helped create our common vision. We would like to thank Mike van Graan for his advice and guidance in compiling this publica- tion, as well as the following staff members of Arterial Network for assisting with the gathering of data and content: Belisa Rodrigues (general manager), Margerie Vacle (project manager), Kershan Pancham (researcher and website manager) and Angéline Jacquin (intern). We also wish to thank the following funding partners that support the work of Arterial Network: Africalia, the DOEN Foundation, the European Commission, Hivos, Mimeta Foundation, the Commonwealth Foundation, Spier and the African Arts Institute. Finally, we would like to thank Moira Levy and the staff of Idasa media for their patience, encouragement, supportDOEN 2.pdf 1 23/11/2010 2:03 PMand dedication to the art of good publishing. Published by Arterial Network, Cape Town © Arterial Network 2010 ISBN 978-0-9869896-1-2 First published 2010 Editing and production by Idasa Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publishers. Contents Page Foreword by the Chairperson v Message from the Observatory of Cultural Policies in Africa vi Message from the DOEN Foundation viii Message from the Commonwealth Foundation ix Introduction to Arterial Network x Introduction xiii Cultural Policy Task Force profiles xvi THE CULTURAL POLICY TEMPLATE Abbreviations in the template 2 Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Introduction and definitions 6 Chapter 2: The context 14 Chapter 3: Policies, legislation and institutional frameworks 17 Chapter 4: The role of partners 22 Chapter 5: Artists and the disciplines of the arts 29 Chapter 6: Cultural identity and diversity 32 Chapter 7: Heritage 35 Chapter 8: Cultural and creative industries 38 Chapter 9: Audience and market development 44 Chapter 10: Cultural tourism 48 Chapter 11: Arts and culture education and training 50 Chapter 12: Funding and financing of the cultural policy 53 Chapter 13: Monitoring and evaluation 56 EXAMPLES OF EXISTING AFRICAN CULTURAL POLICIES Republic of Kenya 80 Republic of Namibia 106 Republic of Seychelles 120 Catalogue of African states that have drafted or adopted cultural policies 129 FOREWORD BY THE CHAIRPERSON FOREWORD BY THE CHAIRPERSON The development of this template has been a joint undertaking, involving the Arterial Network steering committee, the Arterial policy task team and experts, with generous and supportive assistance from donors and funders. This tool is expected to assist artists, cultural practitioners and stakeholders in Africa to focus their efforts on developing well-researched, well-analysed and thoroughly debated policy frameworks of relevance and significance to their circumstances, that ultimately result in rais- ing the standard of arts and cultural theory and practice in their respective countries. This cultural policy template is based on ideas, values and ideals articulated in international, continental and regional instruments, including the African Union's Plan of Action on Cultural Industries, the Belgrade Recommendation on the Status of the Artist, UNESCO’s Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions and the African Union Charter on the Arts. It addresses an explicit rights-based agenda for improving the welfare of artists and the performance of cultural industries in Africa. The cultural policy template is, therefore, also a call to action to improve the status of art- ists and to ensure that programmes of economic development and social mobilisation directly address the most urgent needs of the arts and culture sector. Above all, the template embodies the vision and principles of Arterial Network, which holds that together we can effect positive change and collectively improve the status of the arts and culture sector, when we have the tools and information to do so. Mulenga M Kapwepwe Chairperson of Arterial Network |vii| ADAPTING THE WHEEL: CULTURAL POLICIES FOR AFRICA MESSAGE FROM THE OBSERVATORY OF CULTURAL POLICIES IN AFRICA Looking back over the past decade, we can see that a significant new effort has been made to develop cultural policies in Africa. At a regional level, this momentum has been nurtured by the African Union, acting in the spirit of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity of 2001 and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and the Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions of 2005. A focus on African cultures and cultural policies was relaunched at three conferences of African ministers of culture and two sessions of the pan-African Cultural Congress. African member states have also taken initiatives to provide technical assistance when requested; to help draft national cultural policies; and to update existing cultural policy docu- ments. Member states have been conscious of changing realities, priorities and challenges and have been eager to integrate cultural objectives into national development strategies. According to the cultural policy database of the Observatory of Cultural Policies in Africa (OCPA), many African countries have worked or are now working towards the development of national cultural policies. New regional organisations and networks have been created with a view to providing infor- mation that supports positive action in African countries; supporting regional co-operation; and promoting the exchange of information and knowledge between stakeholders on the African continent. These are: • OCPA, established in Maputo in 2002 under the aegis of the African Union (AU) and UNESCO to monitor cultural trends and national cultural policies in the region and enhance their integration in sustainable human development; • The African Academy of Languages launched in Bamako, Mali, in 2006, to promote African languages and language policies; and • Arterial Network, established in 2007 on Gorée Island, Senegal with the aim of building sustainable networks within and across arts disciplines and helping civil society players in African countries devise cultural policies. Other initiatives aimed at providing methodological support for the development of cultural policies were also launched. They include the OCPA compendium of reference documents for cultural policies in Africa of 2006; the 2008 OCPA guidelines for the design and evaluation of national cultural policies in Africa; and the UNESCO conceptual framework for cultural policies, published in 2010. |viii| MESSAGE FROM THE OBSERVATORY OF CULTURAL POLICIES IN AFRICA We welcome this initiative by Arterial Network, which serves to strengthen what has gone before and offers something new. The network’s publication of a template for cultural policy development offers a new approach and a useful alternative instrument to support national cultural policy formulation. It succinctly interrogates the definitions relating to cultural policy issues, and provides a useful range of recommended actions to follow in designing appropriate cultural policies to cover the various aspects of cultural life in Africa. Lupwishi Mbuyamba, Executive Director of the Observatory of Cultural Policies in Africa (OCPA). |ix| ADAPTING THE WHEEL: CULTURAL POLICIES FOR AFRICA MESSAGE FROM THE DOEN FOUNDATION The ambition of the DOEN Foundation is to help build a world in which everyone can make a contribution. The foundation is looking for frontrunners that will make a positive contribution to the following developments: cultivating positive effects on climate change; cultivating an open society based on solidarity; and promoting new economy. DOEN achieves its objectives through revenues it receives from the Dutch Postcode Lottery, the Sponsor Bingo Lottery and the BankGiro Lottery. Social change can only become sustainable if those affected by it engage creatively in the possibilities of transformation that emerge from it. Because artistic processes tap into peo- ple’s desires and open up space for imagining new, unexpected associations, the artists and organisations generating them have an important role in the production of meaning in their given context. It is against this background that DOEN contributes to strengthening the cultural infrastructure in Africa by stimulating creativity and cultural frontrunners. Its activities focus on project and long-term institutional funding to cultural organisations across the continent, cur- rently with an emphasis on East, West and North Africa. DOEN also supports and participates in several international networks that have a broader impact on the sector at large; helps to develop local funds for arts and culture; and creates synergies between its own programmes, such as those in the cultural and micro-finance sectors. The DOEN Foundation has supported Arterial Network since the first year of its existence. The Arterial Network provides a vital framework for artists and cultural organisations across Africa to join forces in developing their infrastructure; improve their capacity and working conditions; create support for the cultural sector; and develop policies
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