Goethes Interesse an Der Arabischen Kultur

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Goethes Interesse an Der Arabischen Kultur Bagdad und der arabische Raum als fiktive Orte in der deutschen Literatur an ausgewählten Beispielen „West-östlicher Divan" von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und „Märchen-Almanach" von Wilhelm Hauff Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde des Fachbereichs Germanistik und Kunstwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg Vorgelegt von Husham Mohammed Salim Al-Taie aus Bagdad/Irak Marburg 2017 Vom Fachbereich Germanistik und Kunstwissenschaften der Philipps- Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am 08.03.2017 Tag der Disputation 11.07.2017 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Günter Giesenfeld Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Heinrich Kaulen Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ……………………………………………………………………..3 0. Einleitung…………………………………………....... ...........................9 0.1 Die Beschäftigung mit dem Orient in Deutschland im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert………………………………………… …… ………9 0.2 Der arabische Anteil in der deutschen Orientrezeption…… ……… ..15 I. Ausgewählte Motive und Meisterwerke der arabischen Literatur…...19 1. Geschichte und Entwicklung der arabischen Literat Historischer Überblick……………………………… ………….… … .19 1.1 Das Zeitalter der vorislamischen Literatur (von etwa 500 bis 622)... 22 1.2 Die Poesie………………………………………………… ………. 26 1.3 Die Quellen der Poesie der vorislamischen Zeit……… … …… 27 1.3.1 Al-Moallakat……………………………………………… ….. … 27 1.3.2 Al-Mufaddalijat…………………………………………….…… 28 1.3.3 Al-Asma'iat…………………………………………… … ……. 28 1.3.4 Gamharat as'ar al arab-Sammlung…………………… …. 28 1.3.5 Al-Hamasa von Abu Tammam………………………… … …….29 1.3.6 Al-Hamasa von Al-Buhturi…………………………… … … 29 1.4 Die Themen der vorislamischen Poesie…………………… … ... 29 1.4.1 Die Selbst-Lobrede (arab.: nasib)…………………………… …. 30 1.4.2 Stolz und Begeisterung (arab.: al-Fakhr wa al-Hamasa)…….…. 30 1.4.3 Die Satire (arab.: hijaa)………………………………………...... 30 1.4.4 Die Liebespoesie (arab.: ghazal)…………………………….... 30 1.4.5 Die Beschreibung (arab.: alwasf)…………………………...….. 32 1.4.6 Das Lob (arab.: almadh)………………………………………. 32 1.4.7 Das Trauergedicht (arab.: rithaa)…………………………… .. 32 1.4.8 Die Entschuldigung (arab.: al-etithar)………………………… 33 1.4.9 Die Weisheit (arab.: al-hikma)………………………………… 33 1.5 Die Interessen und die Eigenschaften der Poesie der arabischen vorislamischen Literatur………………………………………….. 33 1.6 Die Prosa in der arabischen vorislamischen Literatur…………… 34 1.6.1 Die Typen und Stoffe der arab. Prosa in der vorislamischen Zeit …35 1.7 Die Tausendundeine Nacht……………………………………… . 37 1.8 Al-Motenebbis Leben, Werk und Ruhm……………………… 42 II. Goethe und Arabien……………………………………………… 48 1. Goethes Begegnungen mit der arabischen Literatur……………… 48 2. Der west-östliche Divan 1819…………………………………… 56 2.1 Die Rolle der Araber im west-östlichen Divan……..………… 59 2.1.1 Die arabischen Bezüge und Namen im Divan Nachweise aus dem Text…………………………..………… 59 2.1.2 Bezüge aus dem Koran und der islamischen Geschichte im Divan Nachweise aus dem Text………………………………………… 63 1 2.1.3 Al-Moallakat im Divan…………………………… ……… 74 2.1.4 Goethes Lektüre von 1001 Nacht in der Divan-Zeit… ………… 89 2.1.5 1001 Nacht in den Noten und Abhandlungen……… ………… 91 2.1.6 Bagdad in Goethes Divan……………………………… ….. 95 2.1.7 Die Pole der morgenländischen Lyrik……………………… 100 2.1.8 Al-Motenebbis Einfluss auf den west-östlichen Divan………… 102 2.1.9 Araber, Mohammed, die Kalifen und die orientalische Poesie in Noten und Abhandlungen…………………………………….. 111 III. Hauffs Märchen 1. Wilhelm Hauffs Leben und Werk…………………….……………. 117 1.1 Wilhelm Hauffs Märchen-Almanach……………….………….… 123 1.2 Die Form der Rahmenerzählung bei Hauff………….……….…… 131 2. Die orientalischen Protagonisten in Hauffs Märchen…………………. 136 2.1 Selim in Die Karawane……………………………………… 137 2.2 Kalif Chased und Mansor in Die Geschichte von Kalif Storch… 137 2.3 Achmed und Ibrahim in Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff. 138 2.4 Zaleukos in Die Geschichte von der abgehauenen Hand…….… 139 2.5 Mustapha und Fatma in Die Errezzung Fatmas…… …………. 140 2.6 Der Muck in Die Geschichte von dem kleinen Muck…….. …… .. 141 2.7 Labakan, Omar und Saaud in Das Märchen vom falschen Prinzen.. 141 2.8 Ali Banu in Der Scheich von Alessandria und seine Sklaven……. 142 2.9 Almansor in Die Geschichte Almansors……………………. … 142 2.10 Said in Saids Schicksale……………………………………… 143 3. Arabien und Bagdad in Hauffs Märchen……………………… 144 IV. Zusammenfassung von Goethes und Hauffs Vorstellungen zum arabischen Raum und Bagdad……… ……………… 162 1 Goethes Vorstellung…………………………………………… 162 2 Hauffs Vorstellung und die Unterschiede zu Goethes Vorstellung…. 175 2.1 Titel und Protagonisten……………………………………………. 175 2.2 Die Strategie der Orient-Thematik……………………….. 176 2.3 Die literarische Epoche der Autoren………………...…………. 178 2.4 Die Phantasie der Autoren………………………… … …...…. 179 2.5 Form und Inhalt…………………………………………… ... 180 2.6 Bagdad und andere arabische Städte ……………………… … 182 2.7 Der Orient zwischen Phantasie und Realität……………… ... 184 Schlusswort ………………………………………………...… … 189 Literaturverzeichnis ………………………………………… …… 196 2 Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist der Versuch, ein Desiderat zu füllen. Zwar ist in den vergangenen Jahren bzw. Jahrzehnten zu den Themenfeldern „Orient“ und „Orientalismus“ viel geschrieben worden. Die Lücke in der germanistischen Forschung zu Arabien und seinem Einfluss auf die deutsche Literatur jedoch blieb meiner Meinung nach in den letzten Jahren bis auf eine Ausnahme, die wir in der Einleitung erwähnen werden, auffallend. Eine Reihe von Studien wurde publiziert, in denen der Einfluss allgemein des „Orients“ behandelt wurde. Der arabische Anteil daran wurde immer nur als ein Teil neben anderen Teilen gesehen und als solcher betrachtet. Ich werde in meiner Arbeit die Merkmale und Spuren dieses Anteils untersuchen und seine Bedeutung deutlicher zeigen. Diese Arbeit hat sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die genannte Lücke zu füllen und die interdisziplinären Forschungstraditionen zusammenzuführen. Das Ziel ist es, den Leserinnen und Lesern, den Interessierten und der Germanistik an ausgewählten Beispielen etwas von Arabiens wichtigen Einflüssen auf die deutsche Literatur zu vermitteln. Im Einzelnen werde ich das Thema Bagdad und der arabische Raum als fiktive Orte und seinen Einfluss auf den „West-östlichen Divan" von Goethe sowie auf die Märchen von Wilhelm Hauff untersuchen. Um dies leisten zu können, werde ich Goethes und Hauffs Interesse am Orient und an der arabischen Literatur sowie die Vorgeschichte dieses Interesses analysieren. Ich finde es wichtig, diese Thematik heute wieder zu betrachten und aus der Sicht eines arabischen Germanisten darzustellen. Mein Versuch könnte ein Beitrag zu einem besseren gegenseitigen Austausch und Verstehen im Bereich des interkulturellen Dialogs zwischen Deutschen und Arabern sein. Dies könnte, und danach strebe ich, zu einem guten Zusammenleben führen. Die deutsche Beschäftigung mit dem Orient hat im 19. Jahrhundert und auch schon vorher verschiedene Bilder und Wege aufgezeigt, wie die deutsche Literatur das Phänomen Orient rezipiert hat und dadurch geprägt wurde. Das literarische Schaffen konzentrierte sich nicht nur auf die fremde arabische Kultur und ihre literarischen Schätze, sondern bezog sich auch auf den Stand der eigenen Kultur und Literatur. Diese ›Doppelperspektive‹ bzw. Doppeldarstellung der eigenen Kultur im Zusammenhang oder manchmal mit Hilfe einer fremden Kultur brachte besonders im 19. Jahrhundert mehrere wertvolle und auch vielfältige Werke hervor, die das 3 kreative Resultat einer vielfältigen Hinwendung zu einer alten und fremden Kultur waren. Für die Auseinandersetzung mit Arabien, als einem wichtigen Teil des Orients, gab es bei unseren beiden Autoren unterschiedliche Voraussetzungen und Faktoren. Jeder hatte seine eigenen Bezüge und Vorstellungen. Obwohl die beiden behandelten Werke fast zur gleichen Zeit veröffentlich wurden, als die ›Orient-Mode‹ ihren Höhepunkt erreicht hatte, finden wir in den Werken verschiedene Wege, Empfindungen und literarische Mittel in Bezug auf den Orient . Im ersten Kapitel werde ich einen Gesamtüberblick über die alte arabische Literatur geben. Dies ist sehr wichtig, um für den Westen ein Bild der besonderen Qualität der arabischen Sprache zu entwerfen. Die Quellen der arabischen Poesie vor dem Islam galten und gelten bis heute trotz aller gesellschaftlichen, religiösen, kulturellen und politischen Veränderungen und Entwicklungen als eine Basis und eine Voraussetzung für das Hocharabische. Die Themen und Eigenschaften dieser Quellen, die wir kurz erwähnen werden, zeigen, wie groß und bunt das Reich der arabischen vorislamischen Poesie war. Daneben werden wir ein weiteres besonderes Beispiel der arabischen Poesie nach der Entstehung des Islam anführen, um die Entwicklung der poetischen Themen zu zeigen: Diese verkörpert sich in Motenebbis Persönlichkeit und Poesie. Die poetischen Schätze der Araber vor dem Islam, repräsentiert hier durch die „Moallakat" und andere Sammlungen, und Motenebbi, den größte Dichter Arabiens im Islam, inspirierten viele deutsche Orientalisten, die diese Sammlungen übersetzt und so nach Deutschland gebracht haben. Schließlich werde ich in diesem Kapitel als Beispiel berühmter arabischer Prosa noch die Märchen aus 1001 Nacht behandeln. Die drei erwähnten Meisterwerke können wir als paradigmatische Beispiele bezeichnen, die die literarische, religiöse und politische Geschichte der Arber in literarischen Formen und Inhalten nach Europa vermittelten. Im zweiten Kapitel beschäftige ich mich mit Goethe und seinem Divan. Neben einer Analyse von Goethes Interesse an der arabischen Literatur und Sprache versuche ich, die arabischen Faktoren bzw.
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