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Bergkarabach-Chronologie Bergkarabach-Chronologie Bergkarabach-Chronologie Bergkarabach-Chronologie Bergkarabach-Chronologie Bergkarabach-Chronologie 2340–2198 v. Chr. Erste nachgewiesene Erwähnung „Armani“ im Arme- nischen Hochland von den Akkadern. 20. – 12. Jh. v. Chr. Erste Überlieferung der Bezeichnung des Landes „Hajassa“, ein Zusammenschluss von Stämmen im Armenischen Hochland, entspricht in etwa den modernen Provinzen Van und Hakkari der heutigen Türkei. Die Eigenbezeich- nung der Armenier „haj“ und Armenien „Hajastan“ leiten sich davon ab. 860–585 v. Chr. Gründung des Königreichs Urartu mit dem König Arame. 760–730 v. Chr. Erste überlieferte Erwähnung des Landes „Urteche – ­Urtechini – Orchistene – Arzach“ als Teil des Königrei- ches Urartu. 570–201 v. Chr. Armenische Dynastie der Erwandiden herrscht über Armenien, darunter auch die Provinzen Arzach und Utik. 189–1 v. Chr. Herrschaf der Dynastie der Artaschiden in Armenien und Arzach. 95–55 v. Chr. Herrschaf des armenischen artaschiden Königs Tigran II. (der Große), der eine seiner Städte, die seinen Namen „Tigranakert“ trugen, im Osten Armeniens, in Arzach, baut. 54–428 n. Chr. Königsdynastie der Arschakiden herrscht über Armenien. 301 Armenien wird zum ersten ofziellen christlichen Staat der Welt. Grigor Lussaworitsch (auch Gregor der Erleuchter © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019 335 A. E. Aslanyan, Energie- und geopolitische Akteure im Südkaukasus, Energiepolitik und Klimaschutz. Energy Policy and Climate Protection, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28516-6 336 Bergkarabach-Chronologie genannt) bekehrt König Tiridates III., der das Christen- tum als ofzielle Staatsreligion Armeniens verkündet. Der Zoroastrismus beginnt allmählich zu sinken. 4. Jh. Die erste Kirche in Arzach soll nach der Überlieferung Anfang des 4. Jh. von Gregor dem Erleuchter gegründet worden sein. Den Bau vollendet sein Enkelsohn, der Bischof von Arzach, Grigoris. In den daraufolgenden zwei bis drei Jahrhunderten werden weitere Kirchen und Klöster (Orek, Katarovank, Djvichrik usw.) in Arzach gebaut. 387–7. Jh. Nach der ersten persisch-oströmischen/byzantinischen Teilung Armeniens 387 werden Arzach und Urik Teil des persischen Sassanidenreiches unter der Verwaltungsein- heit Aghwank (Albanien-Aran). 405 Mesrop Mashtots erfndet das armenische Nationalalpha- bet. Er gründet die erste armenische Schule im Kloster von Amaras in Arzach und übersetzt dort die Bibel ins Armenische. 487–510 Blütezeit unter dem Arzacher Fürsten von Aran (Arzach und Utik) und Watschagan II. dem Frommen, Kirchen, Festungen und Schulen werden gegründet. Anfang des 7. Jh. Albanien-Aran wird in mehrere kleinere Fürstentümer aufgeteilt und der südliche Arzach und Utik bilden das abgetrennte armenische Fürstentum von Aranschakhiks. 640–885 Arabische Invasion und Herrschaf über Armenien, Arzach und Albanien. Beginn der Bekehrung einer Minderheit der Bevölkerung zum Islam. 885–1045 Gründung des armenischen Königreiches der Dynastie Bagratiden im Nordosten Armeniens, einschließlich Arzach als selbstständiger Provinz. Anfang des 10. Jh. Im Gebiet von Arzach bilden sich die Fürstentümer Chatschen und Dizak, die dann allmählich verschmelzen. 11. – 12. Jh. Chatschen ist den Angrifen der seldschukischen Türken aus Zentralasien ausgesetzt, die es jedoch erfolgreich bekämpfen kann, vor allem wegen der unzugänglichen Bergkarabach-Chronologie 337 Natur der Bergregion. Die Seldschuken erweitern die Islamisierung der Region und beginnen mit der Türki- fzierung. 1. Hälfe des 13. Jh. Christliche Blütezeit in Chatschen. Einige wertvolle armenische Architekturkreationen, die zu den Meister- werken der armenischen Architektur zählen, stammen aus dieser Zeit: Kathedrale von Dadivank (1213), das Kloster des Johannes der Täufer in Gandzasar (1216–1238), die Kathedrale von Gtschavank (1241–1248) usw. 2. Hälfe des 13. Jh. Tatar-Mongolen erobern Armenien. Chatschen fällt auch in die Hände der Mongolen. 14. Jh. Türkmenische Invasionen durch Tamurlanes Armeen vergrößern das „tatarische“ Element (eine Variante der zentralasiatischen Türken), die die Vorfahren der heuti- gen Aserbaidschaner im Südkaukasus bilden. Armenier beschränken sich zunehmend auf die Bergregionen. 14. Jh. Parallel zu Arzach verbreitet sich die türkischsprachige Benennung des Gebietes als Karabach (türk. „kara“ – „schwarz“; „bachtsche“ – „Garten“). 1410–1502 Turkmenische Kara und Ak Koyunlu herrschen über Armenien, Arzach und das heutige Gebiet von Aserbaid- schan. 1502–1722 Die Safawiden, eine türkisch-(aserisch)-stämmige Dy- nastie, regieren über das Persische Königreich (darunter auch das heutige Armenien, Arzach und Aserbaidschan) und etablieren den schiitischen Islam als Staatsreligion. 1580 Türkisch-osmanische Soldaten erobern Karabach. 1603 Siedelt der persische Schah Abbas der I. ca. 300.000 Ar- menier in das Hinterland seines Reiches um, von denen nur die Hälfe überleben. 17. Jh. Arzach ist in fünf kleine armenische Fürstentümer (Dschraschen, Chatschen, Warand, Disak und Gulistan) aufgeteilt. Diese fünf Meliken (Melik-arabisch: Fürst, König) gehören zum persischen Chanat (Provinz) von 337 338 Bergkarabach-Chronologie Gandscha, ihnen wird aber von der persischen Safawi- den-Dynastie ein hohes Maß an Autonomie gewährt. Anfang des 18. Jh. Der persische König Nader Schah trennt Arzach/Kara- bach von der Kontrolle des Gandscha Chanates und stellt das Gebiet unter seine direkte Herrschaf. Gleichzeitig erhalten die armenischen Meliks die Vorherrschaf über die benachbarten armenischen Fürstentümer und mus- limischen Chans im Kaukasus. 1701 Israel Ori, geboren in Karabach, arbeitet für die westli- che, letztlich auch russische Intervention, um Armenien von der fremden Herrschaf zu befreien. Er informiert den russischen Peter den Großen über die Zustände in Armenien. Er erhält lediglich Papierversprechen. Ha- san-Dschalaljan, der Katholikos von Arzach, ist auch eine Hauptfgur des armenischen Befreiungskampfs in dieser Zeit. 1722–1723 Der russische Zar Peter der Große greif Iran an und erobert die Chanate von Derbent und Baku. 1722–1728 Armenier von Karabach und des benachbarten Bezirks Syunik erheben sich unter der Führung von David Bey gegen Perser und Osmanen und hofen auf Hilfe von Peter dem Großen, dem Zaren von Russland. Ihre Hofnungen werden jedoch wieder enttäuscht. 12. Juli 1724 Friede von Konstantinopel zwischen dem Osmanischen Reich und Russland und die Aufeilung der persischen Gebiete im Kaukasus in Interessenssphären. 1724 Angesichts des Zusammenbruchs der iranisch-safawidi- schen Zentralmacht erobern die osmanischen Truppen den Großteil des Südkaukasus, erleiden aber eine Nie- derlage im Jahr 1725 beim Angrif auf Waranda-Melikat von Arzach. 1726 Es gelingt den Türken, nach 8-tägigem Widerstand die Festung Schosch (heute Schuschi) zu erobern. Bergkarabach-Chronologie 339 1748 Aufgrund einer Kooperation mit dem Melik von Waranda gründet der Panah-Ali Chan das Chanat Karabach unter iranischer Oberherrschaf. 1752 Ernennung der Festung Schuschi als Hauptstadt des Karabach-Chanats. 1795 und 1797 Nach einem Angrif auf das georgische Tbilisi erobert der persische Herrscher Aga Mohammed Chan mit seiner 80.000 Mann starken Armee die Festung Schuschi, in der er dann getötet wird. 14. Mai 1805 Durch den Abschluss des Vertrags von Kuraktschai unterstellen sich die Chanate Schirwan (Aserbaidschan) und Karabach der russischen Oberhoheit. 1806 Werden der Karabach-Chan Ibrahim-Khalil Panah und seine Familie vom russischen Major Lisanevitsch ermordet. Oktober 1806 Die Russen erobern Baku. 12. Oktober 1813 Friedensvertrag von Gulistan zwischen dem russischen Zarenreich und dem Iran, womit Iran das Karabach-Cha- nat und weitere sieben Chanate im Südkaukasus an Russland übergibt. 1822 Liquidierung des Chanats Karabach und die Errichtung einer militärischen Verwaltung (Gubernia) Namens Jelisawetpol. 16. Juli 1826 Angrif der Iraner auf Karabach. 10. Februar 1828 Friedensvertrag von Turkmentschai zwischen dem russischen Zarenreich und dem Iran, womit endgültig die iranisch-südkaukasischen Gebiete unter russische Kontrolle fallen. 1840 Durch die neue administrative Aufeilung wird Karabach zum Teil der kaspischen Provinz des Zarenreiches. 1848–1849 Die erste Ölquelle der Welt wird südlich von Baku ange- bohrt. 339 340 Bergkarabach-Chronologie 1868–1917 Karabach wird Teil der Provinz Jelisawetpol des Zaren­ reiches. Ende 19. Jh. Schuschi ist eine der bedeutendsten Städte im Südkaukasus, mit Teater, Druckereien und Fabriken. Von 1874 bis 1920 gibt es in der Stadt 21 Zeitungen und Zeitschrifen, von denen 19 in armenischer und zwei in russischer Sprache veröfentlicht werden. 1905–1906 Ausbruch armenisch-tatarischer Auseinandersetzungen in Baku, Karabach, Jelisawetpol, Nachitschewan. 24. April 1915 Beginn des Völkermords an den Armeniern im Osmani- schen Reich: 1,5 Millionen Armenien werden massakriert. Februar 1918 Die türkische Armee dringt in Armenien ein. März – April 1918 Armenisch-tatarische Auseinandersetzungen werden in Baku und anderen Regionen des Landes fortgesetzt. Antiaserbaidschanische Pogrome in Baku. 22. April – 28. Mai 1918 Die Transkaukasische Demokratisch-Föderative Republik (mit armenischen, aserbaidschanischen und georgischen Staaten) proklamiert sich als unabhängige, multiethni- sche Republik. Ende Mai rufen die drei Republiken ihre Unabhängigkeit aus. Mai 1918 Gründung der Demokratischen Republik Georgien vom 26. Mai 1918 bis 25. Februar 1921, der Demokratischen Republik Aserbaidschan vom 28. Mai 1918 bis zum 28. April 1920 und der Demokratischen Republik Armenien vom 28. Mai 1918 bis zum 2. Dezember 1918. 22.
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