Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida
Edward Phlips and Susan Badylak Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program University of Florida Gainesville, Florida
Margaret Lasi St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present
Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month
Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation
Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si)
Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a
Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbon Some zooplankton and bacterioplankton Sampling Regime – 10 Sites
1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon (Core 1)
2. Titusville (Core 2) 3.5. N. Banana River (Core 3) 4.1. Cocoa Range Northern 3. Banana River (Core 5)
4. Eau Gallie
5. Melbourne (Core 6)
Sebastian Inlet 6. Sebastian Florida
8. Vero 0 20km
Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon
Al Al 6 1.5 Southern ML PE/PC 5 21 10 1 - 4 Dino 3 Diatom 2 Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 Cyano
0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14
Note: 1 µg C ml-1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L-1 Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon
AlAl 6 2. Titusville IRL PE/PC 5 Pb 8 8 1
- Pb Dino 4 Pb
3 Diatom D Ak Pb Pb AkPb Pb 2 PC Cyano Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1
0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14
Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River
6 3. Central BRL Pb D 5 D 1
- PE/PC 4 Pb Dino PC PC Pb D 3 Ak D Pb D Diatom PC D PC Pb 2 D Pb Pb D Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 Cyano
0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14
Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Central IRL Sebastian
6 6. Sebastian IRL 5 1 - 4 Dino
3 Diatom D 2 D Cyano
Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14
Phlips et al. Some Major HAB Species
Max #Obs. Total Biomass* >0.2* Obs. Pyrodinium bahamense 6.0 116 535 Akashiwo sanguinea 7.3 44 615 Peridinium quinquecorne 1.7 13 120 Karlodinium veneficum 0.8 8 817 Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 5 295 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 0.4 4 224 Takayama tasmanica 1.4 3 78 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 3.6 3 80
Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295 Chlorophyte
Aureoumbra lagunensis 23.0 12 36 Pelagophyte
Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 1.5 16 384 Diatom
* -1 µg C ml Phlips et al. Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense Most prolific bloom-former in the IRL
Saxitoxin producer
Source of toxin in some fish and invertebrates species in the IRL
May be associated with alterations in food webs
Increased light attenuation, Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m Badylak et al. 2004 (Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014; Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008; Landsberg et al. 2006) Pyrodinium bahamense Spatial Distribution – Summer 2009
Mosquito Lagoon
Titusville Atlantic Ocean
Cocoa Banana River
Florida
Melbourne
(cells/ml)
Sebastian Inlet
Phlips et al. 2011 2006 Pyrodinium Bloom – Central Banana River
6 C. Banana River 5 -1 4
3 Longevity
2
Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1
0
Pyro Jul-06
Oct-05 Other Dinos Oct-06 Apr-06 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Jun-06 Dec-05 Sep-06 Nov-05 Nov-06 May-06 Aug-06 Diatom Cyano Other 40 35 Temperature
C (red) 30 o 25 High temp 20 Low salinity 15 Salinity 10 Rain link Rain 5 Rainfall, cm cm (blue)Rainfall, Salinity, psu psu (black) Salinity, Temperature, Temperature, 0 Jul-06 Oct-05 Oct-06 Apr-06 Jan-06 Feb-06 Jun-06 Mar-06 Dec-05 Sep-06 Nov-05 Nov-06 May-06 Aug-06 Phlips et al. 2014 El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Pyrodinium Biovolume
4 3 2 1 0 -1 ENSO Index, MEI Index, ENSO -2 -3
-1 6 5 4 , µg C ml C µg , 3 2 1
Pyrodinium 0 11 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 ------Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
Phlips et al. 2014 2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloom Pedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria
SEM
Badylak, Phlips and Kelley 2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria Blooms Central Banana River
5 Chl a up to 100+µg L-1 Dino
-1 4 Secchi <0.5m Diat
3 Cyan Longevity Ped 2 Other Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1
0 40
C Salinity o
35 Jul-11 Oct-10 Oct-11 Apr-11 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Jun-11
Dec-10 Sep-11 Record cold Nov-10 May-11 Aug-11 30 Record 25 Temperature Low rainfall 20 cold
Rain, cm Rain, 15
& Salinity, psu & Salinity, 10 Seagrass
Temperature, Temperature, Rain 5 Die off 0 Jul-11 Oct-10 Oct-11 Jan-11 Apr-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Jun-11 Dec-10 Sep-11 Nov-10 Aug-11 May-11 Phlips et al. 2014 2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito Lagoon Just When You Thought Things Were Getting Better
Kelly Young 2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. (Aureoumbra lagunensis)
SEM TEM
Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River 3.5
) 3 -1 2.5 2
cells ml Mosquito
6 1.5 Titusville
(10 1 Banana 0.5 Pelagophyte density, 0 05/01/12 06/01/12 07/02/12 08/02/12 09/02/12
Phlips et al. Phlips Lab Current Research
Continued phytoplankton monitoring program
Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplankton analyses at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon
Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- and nano-plankton
Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon