Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Edward Phlips and Susan Badylak Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Margaret Lasi St. Johns River Water Management District Palatka, Florida BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si) Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbon Some zooplankton and bacterioplankton Sampling Regime – 10 Sites 1. Mosquito Lagoon 1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon (Core 1) 2. Titusville (Core 2) 3.5. N. Banana River (Core 3) 4.1. Cocoa Range Northern 3. Banana River (Core 5) 4. Eau Gallie 5. Melbourne (Core 6) Sebastian Inlet 6. Sebastian Florida 8. Vero 0 20km Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon Al Al 6 1.5 Southern ML PE/PC 5 21 10 1 - 4 Dino 3 Diatom 2 Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 Cyano 0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Note: 1 µg C ml-1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L-1 Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon AlAl 6 2. Titusville IRL PE/PC 5 Pb 8 8 1 - Pb Dino 4 Pb 3 Diatom D Ak Pb Pb AkPb Pb 2 PC Cyano Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Phlips et al. Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River 6 3. Central BRL Pb D 5 D 1 - PE/PC 4 Pb Dino PC PC Pb D 3 Ak D Pb D Diatom PC D PC Pb 2 D Pb Pb D Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 Cyano 0 Other Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Phlips et al. Carbon, µg ml-1 Phytoplankton Biomass Biomass Phytoplankton 6 6. Sebastian IRL 5 – Central IRL Sebastian IRL Central 4 Dino 3 Diatom D 2 D Cyano 1 0 Other Phlips Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 et al. Some Major HAB Species Max #Obs. Total Biomass* >0.2* Obs. Pyrodinium bahamense 6.0 116 535 Akashiwo sanguinea 7.3 44 615 Peridinium quinquecorne 1.7 13 120 Karlodinium veneficum 0.8 8 817 Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 5 295 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 0.4 4 224 Takayama tasmanica 1.4 3 78 Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 3.6 3 80 Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295 Chlorophyte Aureoumbra lagunensis 23.0 12 36 Pelagophyte Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 1.5 16 384 Diatom * -1 µg C ml Phlips et al. Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense Most prolific bloom-former in the IRL Saxitoxin producer Source of toxin in some fish and invertebrates species in the IRL May be associated with alterations in food webs Increased light attenuation, Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m Badylak et al. 2004 (Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014; Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008; Landsberg et al. 2006) Pyrodinium bahamense Spatial Distribution – Summer 2009 Mosquito Lagoon Titusville Atlantic Ocean Cocoa Banana River Florida Melbourne (cells/ml) Sebastian Inlet Phlips et al. 2011 2006 Pyrodinium 6 C. Banana River 5 Bloom -1 4 3 – 2 Central Banana River Banana Central Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 0 Pyro Jul-06 Oct-05 Other Dinos Oct-06 Apr-06 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Jun-06 Dec-05 Sep-06 Nov-05 Nov-06 May-06 Aug-06 Diatom Cyano Other 40 35 Temperature C (red) 30 o 25 Phlips 20 Rain linkRain Low salinity temp High 15 Longevity Salinity 10 Rain et al. et al. 2014 5 Rainfall, cm cm (blue)Rainfall, Salinity, psu psu (black) Salinity, Temperature, Temperature, 0 Jul-06 Oct-05 Oct-06 Apr-06 Jan-06 Feb-06 Jun-06 Mar-06 Dec-05 Sep-06 Nov-05 Nov-06 May-06 Aug-06 El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Index Oscillation Southern Niño El 4 3 2 1 0 -1 ENSO Index, MEI Index, ENSO Phlips et al. 2014 al. et Phlips -2 Pyrodinium -3 -1 6 5 4 Biovolume , µg C ml C µg , 3 2 1 Pyrodinium 0 11 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan 2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloom Pedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria SEM Badylak, Phlips and Kelley 2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria Blooms Central Banana River 5 Chl a up to 100+µg L-1 Dino -1 4 Secchi <0.5m Diat 3 Cyan Longevity Ped 2 Other Carbon, µg ml µg Carbon, 1 0 40 C Salinity o 35 Jul-11 Oct-10 Oct-11 Apr-11 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Jun-11 Dec-10 Sep-11 Record cold Nov-10 May-11 Aug-11 30 Record 25 Temperature Low rainfall 20 cold Rain, cm Rain, 15 & Salinity, psu & Salinity, 10 Seagrass Temperature, Temperature, Rain 5 Die off 0 Jul-11 Oct-10 Oct-11 Jan-11 Apr-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Jun-11 Dec-10 Sep-11 Nov-10 Aug-11 May-11 Phlips et al. 2014 2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito Lagoon Just When You Thought Things Were Getting Better Kelly Young 2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. (Aureoumbra lagunensis) SEM TEM Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Badylak, Kelley & Phlips Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River 3.5 ) 3 -1 2.5 2 cells ml Mosquito 6 1.5 Titusville (10 1 Banana 0.5 Pelagophyte density, 0 05/01/12 06/01/12 07/02/12 08/02/12 09/02/12 Phlips et al. Phlips Lab Current Research Continued phytoplankton monitoring program Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplankton analyses at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- and nano-plankton Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL, Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon.