1974 (11th) Vol.1 Technology Today for The Space Congress® Proceedings Tomorrow

Apr 1st, 8:00 AM

Studies On The Lagoons Of East Centeral Florida

J. A. Lasater Professor of Oceanography, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida

T. A. Nevin Professor of Microbiology

Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings

Scholarly Commons Citation Lasater, J. A. and Nevin, T. A., "Studies On The Lagoons Of East Centeral Florida" (1974). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 2. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1974-11th-v1/session-8/2

This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDIES ON THE LAGOONS OF EAST CENTRAL FLORIDA

Dr. J. A. Lasater Dr. T. A. Nevin Professor of Oceanography Professor of Microbiology Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida

ABSTRACT There are no significant fresh water streams entering the Indian River Lagoon south of the Ponce de Leon Inlet; Detailed examination of the water quality parameters of however, the Halifax River estuary is just north of the the lagoons of East Central Florida were begun in 1969. Inlet. The principal sources of fresh water entering the This investigation was subsequently expanded to include Indian River Lagoon appear to be direct land runoff and a other aspects of these waters. General trends and a number of small man-made canals. The only source of statistical model are beginning to emerge for the water fresh water entering the Banana River is direct land run­ quality parameters. Man-made and natural effects have off and numerous small man-made canals. In contrast, resulted in substantial alteration of water parameters there are a number of fresh water sources, both natural since the study was initiated. and man-made, for the Indian River. At the northern end of the Indian River there is a small source, Turnbull Creek; however, with the exception of the St. Lucie River, INTRODUCTION the most significant natural influx of fresh water occurs in the southern part of Brevard County. The principal A major geophysical feature of Florida's Central East natural fresh water streams entering the Indian River in Coast is the classical lagoonal system which extends the southern part of Brevard County are the Eau Gallic along the Atlantic Coast. The natural divisions of this River, Crane Creek, Turkey Creek and Sebastian Creek. lagoonal system are the Indian River Lagoon (or Mos­ The fresh water influx has been significantly modified by quito Lagoon), the Indian River, and the Banana River. man-made structures in all of these streams except the New Found Harbor and Sykes Creek form a poorly con­ Eau Gallie River. A man-made canal empties into Crane nected arm of the Banana River and are often considered Creek. This canal extends in a generally westerly di­ as two additional divisions. All of these waters are rection some 5.3 miles. Similarly there is a six mile saline. drainage canal that empties into Turkey Creek. More recently, a canal (C-54) emptying into Sebastian Creek GEOPHYSICA L ASPECTS was completed by the East Central Florida Flood Control District. An older canal, Fellsmere Canal, also empties The lagoonal system of the Indian/Banana River and the into Sebastian Creek. Indian River Lagoon involves portions of five counties: Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin In the case of Crane and Turkey Creek, the preponder­ counties. Indian River Lagoon extends along the south­ ance of water entering the Indian River is a consequence eastern edge of Volusia County from Ponce de Leon of the drainage canals. The same is true of Sebastian Inlet into the northeastern section of Brevard County. Creek outflow, the bulk of which appears to enter from The northern terminus of the Banana River is within the the Fellsmere Canal. Kennedy Space Center - Cape Canaveral complex and it joins the Indian River just north of State Road 518. The Between Sebastian Creek and the St. Lucie River, there northern reaches of the Indian River are near the Volusia are no significant natural sources of fresh water, but Brevard County line and it extends southward along Bre­ there are major man-made canals entering the Indian vard, Indian River, and St. Lucie Counties, terminating River at both Vero Beach and Stuart. Since these canals at the St. Lucie Inlet at the northeastern corner of Martin extend beyond the natural watershed dividing line, they County. are sources of fresh water which would not naturally enter the Indian River. Man-made sources of fresh water There is only one direct connection between the Indian influx are numerous. Essentially all of the urbanized River Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean, Ponce de Leon centers along the lagoon system utilized these waters to Inlet. However, there are several instances where the dump storm and sanitary sewer effluents. In some in­ barrier beach is very narrow and ocean water breaks stances, there are storm sewers which drain land that over the barrier beach during rough weather. The is primarily utilized for agricultural purposes. In the Banana River has no direct connection with the ocean less urbanized portions of the land adjacent to the lagoons; except the possibility of a small amount of water exchange it is the usual practice for the residential sections to via the lock system at Port Canaveral. The Indian River, employ septic tanks for sewage disposal. on the other hand, has three direct connections to the ocean: Sebastian Inlet, Fort Pierce Inlet and St. Lucie Man-made features which have modified the lagoonai Inlet. system also include roadways, canals, and channels. One of the dominant man-made features is the Intracoastal GENERAL CLIMATOLOGY Prior to the construction of the Intracoastal Waterway. Florida is subtropical with there was a (low-lying) land bridge that sepa­ The climate of East Central Waterway and short mild winters. During the southern end of Indian River Lagoon from the hot humid summers rated the year there is little or no change end of the Indian River. The Haulover Canal warmer portions of the northern however, sharp tempera­ these two lagoons and permits a significant in the general weather pattern; now connects the 150 mile length of of their waters. In contrast, the construc­ ture gradients often develop along interchange River, but these gradients tion of the Crawlerway form the Vehicle Assembly Build­ the Indian River Lagoon/Indian usually of short duration. In these instances where ing (VAB), Kennedy Space Center, to the Saturn V launch are cold front engulfs all or most of the state of pad has completely severed a tenuous connection between a strong temperature gradient is less distinct. the southern end of the Indian River Lagoon and the north­ Florida, the ern reaches of the Banana River. A connection between weather pattern of East Central the northern part of the Indian River and the Banana River As a general rule, the from April to October, is dominated by east was established by the construction of the Canaveral Florida, winds traveling around the Bermuda Anti­ Barge Canal across Merritt Island. to southeast cyclone. In October the prevailing winds shift abruptly and in winter months the There are 16 vehicular roadways crossing the Indian to the north or northwest, through the region giving River Lagoon/Indian River. There are five existing movement of polar air masses flavor to the climate. Wind effects crossings of the Banana River. There are two roadway a distinct continental the most important factors influencing the crossings in Volusia County, two in Indian River County are among behavior since almost all water motion is wind and four in St. Lucie County. Although each of the road­ lagoonal ways is distinctive in character, there are certain fea­ induced. are similar in 14 of the crossings. As a tures which June through October. there is a central span (which traverses The rainy season is usually from general rule, the beginning of the thunder­ of one-quarter to one-half mile Initially the rains are due to the navigable waterway) in the season the rains are relief bridges are usually located storm season, but later in length, and small storm activity. Winter shorelines. The greater portion, usually connected with tropical near one or both original with frontal activity and of the crossing is a dredged landfill. rains are commonly associated one to three miles, three to five days. in Volusia County and State Road 3 occur, on the average, once every The A1A crossing light and reasonably uniform. Bridge) crossing of the Banana River are built These rains are generally (Mathers (thunderstorms) on the other hand, can the entire distance on pilings since the lagoons Summer rains essentially of short duration, and very localized. Rainfall are relatively narrow at these two locations. be heavy, for the lagoonal area averages almost 50 inches per year. Asa consequence of natural and man-made connections, the Indian/Banana River and Indian River Lagoon consti­ LAGOONAL CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES tute an interacting water system. However, the various of the lagoonal roadways and natural land areas tend to cause the lagoons Detailed examination of the character Institute of Tech­ to consist of series of basins. complex were initiated by the Florida nology (FIT) faculty in the summer of 1969 with a limited that time. segments of the lagoons are relatively shallow and the number of studies being performed prior to All of portions are generally a result of dredging opera­ Initial studies were concentrated in the general area deepest to in­ Volumetric studies of the Indian River Lagoon water quality parameters but have been expanded tions. and sedi­ that over one-half of this waterbody has a depth of clude biological, microbiological, physical shows is restricted two feet or less. For the most part, the Intracoastal mentary studies. However, this presentation Waterway represents the deepest portion of the lagoon. to the water quality parameters. The Intracoastal Waterway, when initially constructed,, was 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep. The material re­ METHODS AND PROCEDURES to form the channel was deposited as a series of moved samples were acquired spoil islands. Many of these spoil islands extend well Due to the shallow water depths, Samples were collected above the water surface; however, some of the smaller using shallow draft power boats. and transported to the spoil islands in the Banana River are located within the in one-half gallon plastic jugs for analysis. Anal­ contiguous waters of the Space Center Complex and at F.I. T. laboratory or laboratory boat to procedures (usually the eastern end of the Canaveral Barge Canal. yses were performed according spectrophotometric) described in Standard Methods for Wastewater (American Natural but low-lying islands dot the northern half of the the Examination of Water and Salinities were determined Indian River Lagoon. Most of these islands are associ­ Public Health Association). an optical sali- ated with mangrove growths. The natural islands in the using either an induction salinometer or were tem­ River are primarily located in the Cocoa Beach nometer. The usually measured parameters Banana pH, nitrate, nitrite, a few scattered along the shore in the southern perature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, area with the studies in­ portion of these waters. There are relatively few natur­ orthophosphate & turbidity. However, potassium, calcium, al islands in the Indian River from Haulover Canal to cluded chlorinity, sulfate, sodium, trace metals in some Sebastian Inlet; however, numerous natural islands dot magnesium, ammonia and selected the River south of State Road 512 to the Vero Beach area. instances. southern portion of the Indian River is virtually free The it has been necessary to either of natural islands. Throughout these studies, modify standard oceanographic devices or develop alter­ nate sampling methods. Water samples are routinely taken using a water sampler schematically illustrated in Figure 1.

8-10 to low values near sediments LOCATIONS AND DATA HANDLING however, the DO T s fall which are rich in organic materials. Sample site locations were generally referenced to marker identified on NOAA Nautical Charts 843SC and CONCLUSIONS 845SC. Although sampling has been accomplished from Ponce de Leon Inlet to St. Lucie Inlet the bulk of the ef­ Natural and man-made causes result in wide variations complex. fort has been concentrated in selected areas. These in the water quality parameters of the lagoonal are areas are vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, Orlando Although substantial portions of these lagoons areas of Power and Light Plant (Delespine), Melbourne area and healthy and productive, the presence in some Beach Power Plant. It is estimated the faculty sediments rich in organic materials (muck) is a matter Vero is a and students have collected and examined over 10,000 of concern. Continued monitoring of these waters water samples from the complex and adjoining areas. necessary procedure to establish the impact of man's activities. A major effort is currently in progress to subject the sup­ individual parameters to statistical analysis. In addition Work reported in this presentation was partially efforts are being made to develop a systematic rational ported by the State of Florida, Orlando Utilities Com­ for interpretation of the data required. mission, City Council of Vero Beach, and the Kennedy Space Center of NASA under Grant # NGR-10-015-008. DATA AND RESULTS

Profound alteration in the water quality parameters have occurred since the studies were begun clue to both man- made and natural causes. The most far reaching influ­ ence was an extended drought extending from about Sep­ tember 1970 to June 1971. An increased influx of saline water occurred during the early part of 1970 which sub­ stantially altered the saline distribution.

SALINITY VARIATIONS

Most of the salinity variations shown in Figure 2 and 3 can be attributed to either influx of fresh water or evap­ oration. In this respect, the southern end of the Indian River Lagoon and the northern end of the Banana River appear to be basins where the fresh water influx is es­ sentially balanced by the evaporation over a yearly cycle. However, the marked change in the salinity distribution curve for 7/70 of Figure 2 & 3 is a consequence of in­ vasion of saline water from the south as seen in Figure 4. Station (>S is approximately 10 miles south of Station IN (SR 518). Salinity values have declined in recent months but have not attained the 1969 levels.

Careful evaluations have demonstrated conventional meth­ ods of measuring the salinity but are not reliable for these lagoonal waters beyond - 0.1 °/oo even though salinities are greater than 30 °/oo. Apparently, this is a consequence of non-oceanic ionic ratios.

NUTRIENTS

Prior Lo the occurrence of the extended dry period, the nutrient levels were often above typical oceanic values as seen in Figures f> and 6 but their ratios were close to the desired nitrogen to phosphorus ratio. During the dry period, the nutrients became depleted with the nitrogen disappearing first. Since the return of the rains, the nutrient values have returned to measurable levels but far below the predrought values. Average values range around 0. 05 - 0. 08 ppm for nitrate and 0. 08 - 0.18 ppm for orthophosphatc.

OTHER PARAMETERS

Observed values for the chlorinity and sulfate are close to those expected for waters with the measured salinity value. The pH usually falls within the typical oceanic range of 7.8 - 8. 3. Dissolved oxygen values vary with the temperature and an average value is about 5 ppm;

8-11 PUMP

12 Volts D.C. Discharge

" x 3* Plastic Hose

S"I/2" x 16-25' Plastic Hose

3/4"x 3" Nipple

Intake Intake

3/4"x3" x 3 NippleMiDDl«A Cross

r 3/4 x 12" Nipple ¥ Lead Filled

Figure I. Schematic of Depth Sampler.

8-12

Salinity Salinity

0/00

01

9

o"

«4»

Q

0) 0)

3

5*

a. a.

3

ro

CD

-* c

8

Salinity Salinity 0/00 State Road 518 O —— - ———o 7/17/69 D ——————— a 7/31/69

.A 7/17/70

10 20 30 40 Distance in Miles

Figure 3. Banana River Salinity Variations

8-14 o

<^

o>

01 ro

^

<^

(^

w

M ::

i

g —

c C

rs> (T>

ro

O>

ro ->!

j ft

r< c

o n

r

c

0/00

-

o &>

-1

f

———

i

|

re

0*

Salinity

———

i |

fO

|N>

——

1

rg

LI

-j

Zl

*"« 5.

05 c CD

5* ©

-^.

c 3

C/3 a.

cO

Bank

6.6

for for

Nitrate-Nitrogen

East East

IK.

ppm ppm

2/10/70 2/10/70

Data Data

Station Station

at at

Values Values

Station

4 4

Transverse Transverse

3 3

Nitrate-Nitrogen. Nitrate-Nitrogen.

5. 5.

Figure Figure

14

12

H*

an 00 00

Bank

Orfhophosphafe

for

Easf Easf

2/10/70

ppm- ppm-

Data Data

IN.

Station Station

at at

Values Values

Sfations

4 4

Transverse Transverse

3 3

G.Orthophosphate G.Orthophosphate

Figure Figure

12

14 UL