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Water Resources Brevard County, Florida

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Water Resources Brevard County, Florida STATE OF FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION DIVISION OF GEOLOGY FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert O. Vernon, Director REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 28 WATER RESOURCES OF BREVARD COUNTY, FLORIDA By D. W. Brown, W. E. Kenner, J. W. Crooks, and J. B. Foster U. S. Geological Survey Prepared by the UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY in cooperation with the CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT the U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS and the. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TALLAHASSEE 1962 /AJ.z7s FLORIDA STATE BOA ~"• OF CONSERVATION FARRIS BRYANT Governor TOM ADAMS J. EDWIN LARSON Secretary of State Treasurer THOMAS D. BAILEY RICHARD ERVIN Stperintendent of Public Instruction Attorney General RAY E. GREEN DOYLE CONNER Comptroller Commissioner of Agriculture W. RANDOLPH HODGES Director . ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Qfo'ida Ge)oloqicaf 5 urvej January 11, 1962 Honorable Farris Bryant, Chairman Florida State Board of Conservation Tallahassee, Florida Dear Governor Bryant: The Florida Geological Survey is pleased to publish as Report of In- vestigations No. 28, a comprehensive study of the water resources of Brevard County. This report was prepared by Messrs. D. W. Brown, W. E. Kenner, J. W. Crooks, and J. B. Foster, of the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District; U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers; and the Florida Geological Survey. This is a very timely study, since the development of adequate supplies of fresh water and the prevention and alleviation of flooding are the principal water problems in Brevard County. The rapid expansion of popu- lation and the development of new industries associated with the space effort have made large demands for increased supplies of fresh water, particularly in the Atlantic Coastal Ridge area on Merritt Island and in the barrier beach area. Flooding continues to be a problem in the St. Johns River Valley. It would appear that nonartesian water is suitable for most demands, after it has been treated for the removal of iron color and for the reduction of hardness. For the most part, the mineralization of the artesian water in the area prevents its use as a public water supply in the area east of the St. Johns River, with the exception of the southeastern corner of the county and two small areas north and west of Titusville. Respectfully submitted, Robert O. Vernon, Director Division of Geology iii Completed manuscript received December 1, 1961 Published by the Florida Geological Survey H. & W. B. Drew Company Jacksonville, Florida January 11, 1962 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ........... ....................... ............ ............................................. 2 Previous investigations .......................................................... 3 Present investigation .................................... .............................................. 4 Acknowledgments ....................................................................... ..................... 5 Well-numbering system ......................................... ...................... ...... 6 Geography ................................. .......................... 7 Location ........ .......... ......... .. ........... .. ...................................... 7 Physical features ...................................................................... ...................... 7 St. Johns River valley ................................................................... 7 Atlantic Coastal Ridge ........................... .... .................... 9 Barrier islands area .............................................. 10 Terraces ................... .......... ....................... 11 C limate ........................................ .. .......................................................... 11 Population ............................................................................................................. 12 G eology ................................................... .................................................................. 13 T est drilling ..........................................................................................................14 Formations ......................................... ................................................................. 17 Avon Park Limestone ........................................... ................... 18 O cala Group ................................................................. ........................ 19 Hawthorn Formation ................................. ........... ................. 20 Upper Miocene or Pliocene deposits ..................................................... 21 Pleistocene and Recent deposits .......................... ... ........................ 21 Geologic structure ........................ .................................................. 21 Geologic history ............. ................... .... ......................... 24 'Hydrology ..................................... ....................................... 25 Chemical quality of natural waters ---........................................................ [29 Water-quality criteria ................................................................ ............... 31 Surface water ............................................................. 36 Scope of streamflow records ................................... ................................. 36 Stream and lake characteristics ....................... ... ................ 36 St. Johns River basin ...... ................. .. .................. ............................. 36 Flow and stage ..................... ........... ...................... 40 Chemical quality ............................................................... ........................ 44 Indian River basin ................................................................... 59 Flow and stage .................... ....... ..... ........................ 60 Chemical quality .................................................. .......................... 66 Ground water ................... ............................................- ........... 6 7 Artesian water .................................................. ... ............................................ 9 Fluctuation in artesian pressure ............................................................ 71 Piezometric surface ............ ..................... ..............-.......................... 71 Areas of flow............................................... .............. ......... ........... 74 Recharge ........................................ ...................................................... D ischarge ............................................. ................. ......................... ( Irrigation supplies ................................................. ......... ... (7. Hydrologic properties of artesian aquifer ..................................... 78 Pumping tests .................... .- .................. ................... 78 Specific capacity .......... ................ -- ... ................................................ 78 V Chemical quality of artesian ground water .................................................. Salt-water contamination ................................................................ ....-. Construction of artesian wells .................................................................. \8 Nonartesian water ............................ ................................................. -85 Shape and slope of the water table .................................... ............ 86 Fluctuations of water table ..................................... ................... 88 Recharge ................................................. ................. ..................... 89 Discharge -.........-.................................... .....-- ...............................91 Storage of water in the nonartesian aquifer .....................---............- . 92 Chemical quality of nonartesian ground water .............................................. 94 Construction of wells .................................... ................................... 95 Municipal use ..................... ........ ......................................................... 96 Future program . ... .......... ....................... .......... .... 9...7...97 Summary and conclusions ............................-..--...--------------------- .....-------- . 99 References .. -............................. ........... ....... ................................... 102 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Well-numbering system .......................................... .......................... ...... 1 2. Peninsula of Florida showing Brevard County ...................................... 8 3. Brevard County showing topographic contours ................................... facing 10 4. Brevard County showing Pleistocene marine terraces ...................... facing 12 5. Precipitation records at Titusville and Merritt Island, Florida.................. 12 6. Brevard County showing the location of test wells and Atlantic Coastal Ridge ...................................................................................................... facing 14 7. Sketch showing construction of and geologic formations penetrated by observation well 822-051-1 ................................................... ....................... 16
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