The Role of Filter Feeders in the Restoration of the Indian River Lagoon
Slow Bivalves at Work: the role of filter feeders in the restoration of the Indian River Lagoon
Dr. Susan Laramore, FAU HBOI
Emily Dark, FDEP Dr. Todd Osborne UF Jeff Beal, FWC MESS Dr. Jose Nunez UF Dr. Melanie Parker FWRI Dr. Jessica Lunt SMS Leroy Creswell UF Anne Birch TNC Pure Shellfishness
Beck et al. 2011 The IRL Shellfish Cultchure Mosquito Lagoon Indian River Lagoon
• 156-mile estuary Banana River • 3 distinct waterbodies • 5 inlets Indian River Lagoon • Temperate/subtropical • Site-specific micro-climates Futch 1967 ?
? ?
Buzzeli et al. 2013
Salewski and Proffitt 2016 Hysteresis-HABs
Pyrodinium bahamense Takayama tasmanica
IRL across from Turkey Creek; 9/20/13; photo by T. Miller Banana River; 8/28/13; photo by D. Scheidt
3 4 ecl Aureoumbra lagunensisv Other?
5 6
py s
chl
7 8 Mouth Banana Creek; 9/6/13; photo by T. Miller IRL east shore by 528 Cswy; 9/6/13; photo by T. Miller ecl Nuc bb
gg n
Southern IRL created vs. natural reefs • Created reefs similar for shell height/live cover in 1 year • Invertebrate biomass/species assemblages/abundances unique • Snapping shrimp sound production as proxy for invert populations; similar except when salinity declines
Parker and Geiger 2012 Oyster Reefs of Sebastian/St. Lucie/Loxahatchee Rivers and Lake Worth Lagoon • Significant differences among estuaries for shell height (live, relic), live cover, reef size/density • Significant dynamic changes within estuaries over time (volume)
Net gain 2006-2011
Net loss 2006-2011
Sebastian Reef 470 Gambordella et al. 2007 Oyster Health North at the organismal scale?
Central
South Goals and Objectives • Conduct the first lagoon-wide oyster (organismal) health survey • Compare natural and restored reefs over latitude (three regions) • Compare natural and restored reefs over seasons Summer; Fall; Winter/Spring (2016-17)
• Intertidal reefs only • Collected 26-30 adult (>=48mm) oysters Hypotheses
• Ho: null hypothesis of no difference between natural vs. restored reefs • Ho: null hypothesis of no difference among regions (latitude) • Ho: null hypothesis of no difference among seasons Methods • Morphometrics (length, height, shell weight, meat weight) • Physiological condition (Howard et al. 2004) • Health of digestive system (Mackin scale) • Sex determination • Presence of abnormalities, predators, pests/parasites (mud blisters, pea crabs, boring sponge, Nematopsis spp., Tylocephalum spp., Bucephalus spp., trematodes) • Prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) • Presence of Bonamia sp. • Randomly chosen • 3 natural • 3 restored (8-10yrs) • Paired • 3 natural • 4 restored (1.5-4yrs)
=Restored =Natural • Paired • 3 natural • 2 restored (7-8yrs)
=Restored =Natural Size Frequency
A B
Kruskal Wallis; Mann Whitney U Tests nMDS Entire Oyster Dataset Factors PERMANOVA Results
• Entire dataset: most factors and interactions significant* (latitude) • Analyzed by Latitude
o Season North*, Central*, South*
o Reef Type North*, Central*, South*
o Season x Reef Type Central* . Pairwise interactions among restored reefs by season * and between natural and restored reefs* ANOSIM Results
• Analyzed by Latitude
o Season North*, Central*, South*
o Reef Type N.S.
o Season x Reef Type Central* Principle Coordinates Analysis-Central
2 principle axes: • Season 63%/52% • Reef Type 67%/50% • SeasonxReef 2.5-50% Physiological Condition (Howard et al. 2004)
A B C A B C 3
2
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
Kruskal Wallis; Mann Whitney U Tests Seasonal Sex Ratios in C. virginica in the IRL 100
90
80
70
60
50
40 Sex Ratio (%) Ratio Sex 30
20
10
0
South-N South-N South-R South-R South-N South-R
North-R North-N North-R North-N North-N North-R
Central-R Central-N Central-R Central-N Central-R Central-N Hermaphrodite Summer Fall Indeterminate Spring Males Females Seasonal Digestive Tubule Atrophy in
4 C. Virginica in the IRL 4 3.5 Summer 3 Fall
2 2.5 Spring
2
0 1.5
1
0.5
0 North-N North-R Central-N Central-R South-N South-R Average Digestuve Tubule Atrophy Tubule Digestuve Average Region Dermo (Perkinsus sp.) Prevalence Dermo (Perkinsus sp.) Intensity 5
Light/Moderate
0 Bonamia sp. (Haplosporiid) Study Summary • Latitude (region) important • Season important • Natural and restored reefs similar except in Central region • Morphometrics = physiological condition • Disease/parasites/pests/sex less important • Confounding factors o Reef age o Restoration/creation technique Reef Temperature
Salinity, recruitment, other hydrologic effects…. Seagrass mapped cover (1943Restoring-2013) and average transect a length (1994-2014) 80,000 macrophyte-based 250 70,000 200 60,000 system
50,000 Booth and Heck 2009 150
40,000
100
30,000 Total Transect Length (m) Length Transect Total Total Seagrass Cover (acres) Cover Seagrass Total 20,000 50 10,000
0 0
1943 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Seagrass Acres Avg Transect length IRLNEP CCMP 2018 Draft
• Develop a filter feeder management plan • Functional reefs as defined by Performance Measures • HSI models for site selection • Relationship with seagrass goals • Segmented approach IRL Hard Clam Harvest Landings 1960-2000
Arnold et al. 2002 IRL Hard Clam Restoration
• Survey extant population • Collect resilient brood stock • Assess physiology/genetics • Culture and outplant • Fate track Hopeful Monsters Cocoa Oysters ~15 gallons/day Clams ~4 gallons/day CanaveralQuestions National Seashore Oysters ~ 18 gallons/day Mytella ~33 gallons/day St Lucie River Oysters 9-15 gallons/day Ischadium 9?-15 !gallons/day Jacksonville Ischadium 6-19 gallons/day Mytella 12-31 gallons/day Perna 16-20 gallons/day Lucinids?