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Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Chlamydophila Felis Prevalence Chlamydophila Felis Prevalence
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE / IZVORNI ZNANSTVENI ČLANAK A preliminary study of Chlamydophila felis prevalence among domestic cats in the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County in Croatia Gordana Gregurić Gračner*, Ksenija Vlahović, Alenka Dovč, Brigita Slavec, Ljiljana Bedrica, S. Žužul and D. Gračner Introduction Feline chlamydiosis is a disease in do- Rampazzo et al. (2003) investigated mestic cats caused by Chlamydophila felis the prevalence of Cp. felis and feline (Cp. felis), which is primarily a pathogen herpesvirus in cats with conjunctivitis by of the conjunctiva and nasal mucosa using a conventional polymerase chain rather than a pulmonary pathogen. It is reaction (PCR), and discovered that 14 capable of causing acute to chronic con- out of 70 (20%) cats with conjunctivitis junctivitis, with blepharospasm, chem- were positive only on Cp. felis and mixed osis and congestion, a serous to mucop- infections with herpesvirus were present urulent ocular discharge, and rhinitis in 5 of 70 (7%) cats. (Hoover et al., 1978; Sykes, 2005). C. Helps et al. (2005) took oropharyngeal 1 psittaci infection in kittens produces fe- and conjunctival swabs from 1101 cats ver, lethargy, lameness, and reduction and by using a PCR determined Cp. felis in weight gain (Terwee at al., 1998). Ac- in 10% of the 558 swab samples of cats cording to the literature, chlamydiosis with URDT and in 3% of the 558 swab in cats can be treated successfully by samples of cats without URDT. administering potentiated amoxicillin Low et al. (2007) investigated 55 cats for 30 days, which can result in a com- with conjunctivitis, 39 healthy cats and plete clinical recovery with no evidence 32 cats with a history of conjunctivitis of a recurrence for six months (Sturgess that been resolved for at least 3 months. -
Development of the Equine Hindgut Microbiome in Semi-Feral and Domestic Conventionally-Managed Foals Meredith K
Tavenner et al. Animal Microbiome (2020) 2:43 Animal Microbiome https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-020-00060-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Development of the equine hindgut microbiome in semi-feral and domestic conventionally-managed foals Meredith K. Tavenner1, Sue M. McDonnell2 and Amy S. Biddle1* Abstract Background: Early development of the gut microbiome is an essential part of neonate health in animals. It is unclear whether the acquisition of gut microbes is different between domesticated animals and their wild counterparts. In this study, fecal samples from ten domestic conventionally managed (DCM) Standardbred and ten semi-feral managed (SFM) Shetland-type pony foals and dams were compared using 16S rRNA sequencing to identify differences in the development of the foal hindgut microbiome related to time and management. Results: Gut microbiome diversity of dams was lower than foals overall and within groups, and foals from both groups at Week 1 had less diverse gut microbiomes than subsequent weeks. The core microbiomes of SFM dams and foals had more taxa overall, and greater numbers of taxa within species groups when compared to DCM dams and foals. The gut microbiomes of SFM foals demonstrated enhanced diversity of key groups: Verrucomicrobia (RFP12), Ruminococcaceae, Fusobacterium spp., and Bacteroides spp., based on age and management. Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus spp. and other Lactobacillaceae genera were enriched only in DCM foals, specifically during their second and third week of life. Predicted microbiome functions estimated computationally suggested that SFM foals had higher mean sequence counts for taxa contributing to the digestion of lipids, simple and complex carbohydrates, and protein. -
Product Description EN Bactoreal® Kit Chlamydiaceae
Product Description BactoReal® Kit Chlamydiaceae For research only, not for diagnostic use BactoReal® Kit Chlamydiaceae Order no. Reactions Pathogen Internal positive control DVEB03113 100 FAM channel Cy5 channel DVEB03153 50 FAM channel Cy5 channel DVEB03111 100 FAM channel VIC/HEX channel DVEB03151 50 FAM channel VIC/HEX channel Kit contents: Detection assay for Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species Detection assay for internal positive control (control of amplification) DNA reaction mix (contains uracil-N glycosylase, UNG) Positive control for Chlamydiaceae Water Background: The Chlamydiaceae family currently includes two genera and one candidate genus: genus Chlamydia (including the species Chlamydia muridarum, Chlamydia suis, Chlamydia trachomatis), genus Chlamydophila (including the species Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila caviae Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci), and candidatus Clavochlamydia. All Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that cause diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Description: BactoReal® Kit Chlamydiaceae is based on the amplification and detection of the 23S rRNA gene of C. muridarum, C. suis, C. trachomatis, C. abortus, C. caviae, C. felis, C. pecorum, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci using real-time PCR. It allows the rapid and sensitive detection of the 23S rRNA gene of Chlamydiaceae from DNA samples purified from different sample material (e.g. with the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit). For subtyping please contact ingenetix. PCR-platforms: BactoReal® Kit Chlamydiaceae is developed and validated for the ABI PRISM® 7500 instrument (Life Technologies), LightCycler® 480 (Roche) and Mx3005P® QPCR System (Agilent), but is also suitable for other real-time PCR instruments. Sensitivity and specificity: BactoReal® Kit Chlamydiaceae detects at least 10 copies/reaction. -
Potential Role of Microbiome in Oncogenesis, Outcome Prediction
Oral Oncology 99 (2019) 104453 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Oral Oncology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oraloncology Review Potential role of microbiome in oncogenesis, outcome prediction and therapeutic targeting for head and neck cancer T ⁎ Ester Orlandia,b, , Nicola Alessandro Iacovellib, Vincenzo Tombolinic, Tiziana Rancatid, Antonella Polimenie, Loris De Ceccof, Riccardo Valdagnia,d,g, Francesca De Felicec a Department of Radiotherapy 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy b Department of Radiotherapy 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy c Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy d Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy e Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy f Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy g Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In the last decade, human microbiome research is rapidly growing involving several fields of clinical medicine Head and neck cancer and population health. Although the microbiome seems to be linked to all sorts of diseases, cancer has the Biomarkers biggest potential to be investigated. Microbiome Following the publication of the National Institute of Health - Human Microbiome Project (NIH-HMP), the Microbiota link between Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) and microbiome seems to be a fast-moving field in research area. Oncogenesis However, robust evidence-based literature is still quite scarce. Nevertheless the relationship between oral mi- Radiotherapy Immunotherapy crobiome and HNC could have important consequences for prevention and early detection of this type of tumors. -
Annotations of the Otus with the Lowest P-Values for SR Samples at 0 and 4H Fermentation Time Points
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Food & Function. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Table S1. Taxonomic annotations: Annotations of the OTUs with the lowest p-values for SR samples at 0 and 4h fermentation time points. TAXA ID PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES 4452633 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Clostridiaceae unclassified unclassified 191399 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae unclassified unclassified 4256470 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides 97otu97833 179291 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Faecalibacterium prausnitzii 192046 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales unclassified unclassified unclassified 4315974 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Streptococcus 97otu66887 4343627 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides fragilis 760967 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella 97otu12794 4475758 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Veillonella unclassified 566976 Bacteroidetes Gammapro Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides unclassified teobacteria 328617 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides uniformis 16054 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus 97otu97520 SR: sun-dried raisins. Table S2. Taxonomic annotations: Annotations of the OTUs with the lowest p-values for SR samples at 0 and 8h fermentation time points. TAXA ID PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES 194443 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales -
Gut Microbiota Differs in Composition and Functionality Between Children
Diabetes Care Volume 41, November 2018 2385 Gut Microbiota Differs in Isabel Leiva-Gea,1 Lidia Sanchez-Alcoholado,´ 2 Composition and Functionality Beatriz Mart´ın-Tejedor,1 Daniel Castellano-Castillo,2,3 Between Children With Type 1 Isabel Moreno-Indias,2,3 Antonio Urda-Cardona,1 Diabetes and MODY2 and Healthy Francisco J. Tinahones,2,3 Jose´ Carlos Fernandez-Garc´ ´ıa,2,3 and Control Subjects: A Case-Control Mar´ıa Isabel Queipo-Ortuno~ 2,3 Study Diabetes Care 2018;41:2385–2395 | https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-0253 OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is associated with compositional differences in gut microbiota. To date, no microbiome studies have been performed in maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2), a monogenic cause of diabetes. Gut microbiota of type 1 diabetes, MODY2, and healthy control subjects was compared. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY/COMPLICATIONS RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a case-control study in 15 children with type 1 diabetes, 15 children with MODY2, and 13 healthy children. Metabolic control and potential factors mod- ifying gut microbiota were controlled. Microbiome composition was determined by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. 1Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Materno- Infantil, Malaga,´ Spain RESULTS 2Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Compared with healthy control subjects, type 1 diabetes was associated with a Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research significantly lower microbiota diversity, a significantly higher relative abundance of Institute of Malaga,´ Virgen de la Victoria Uni- Bacteroides Ruminococcus Veillonella Blautia Streptococcus versityHospital,Universidad de Malaga,M´ alaga,´ , , , , and genera, and a Spain lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and 3Centro de Investigacion´ BiomedicaenRed(CIBER)´ Lachnospira. -
3. Jedna Z Krvných Skupín Systému AB0; 4. Skr. Bukálny. B – Symbo
B – 1. symbol pre bel; 2. chem. značka prvku →bór; 3. jedna z krvných skupín systému AB0; 4. skr. bukálny. B – symbol pre hustotu magnetického toku. B. – skr. pre →Bacillus. B-ALP – skr. angl. bone alcalic phosphatase kostná alkalická fosfatáza. B-bunky – 1. syn. -bunky Langerhansových ostrovčekov; →pankreas; 2. syn. B-lymfocyty; →lymfocyty. B-komplex – multivitamínový prípravok vitamínov B. B-lymfocyty – [B podľa Fabriciovej burzy, imunol. orgánu vtákov] B bunky, druh lymfocytov, kt. sa zúčastňuje na humorálnej imunite (tvorbe protilátok) a niekt. ďalších imunitných funkciách. Povrchové molekuly sú CD 19,20. Receptorom pre antigén je membránový imunoglobulín. B-reťazec – jeden z polypeptidových reťazcov →inzulínu. B-vírus – 1. vírus →hepatitídy B.; 2. vírus zo skupiny Cercopithecine herpes virus 1. B-vlákna →nerv. b – skr. 1. pre barn; 2. skr. angl. born narodený; 3. skr. báza (genet. označenie dĺţky sekvencie nukleotidov, napr. 50 b = sekvencia 50 nukleotidov). b-vlna – pozit. kmit s vyskou amplitúdou v →elektroretinograme nasledujúci po vlne a, prejav komplexnej aktivity vrstvy bipolárnych buniek. – - – predpona označujúca 1. staršie označenie druhého atómu uhlíka v reťazci, na kt. sa pripája hlavná funkčná skupina, napr. kys. -hydroxymaslová správ. kys. 3-hydroxymaslová; 2. špecifická rotácia opticky aktívnej látky, napr. -D-glukóza; 3. orientácia exocyklického atómu al. skupiny, napr. cholest-5-en-3--ol; 4. plazmatický proteín, kt. migruje v elektroforéze v pruhu - lipoproteín; 5. člen série príbuzných chem. látok, najmä série stereoizomérov, izomérov, polymérov al. alotroických foriem, napr. -karotén; 6. -lúč. B2 – staršie označenie pre CD21. B4 – staršie označenie pre CD 19. B19 virus – ľudský parvovírus z čeľade Parvoviridae, značne rozšírený, vyvolávajúci obvykle inaparentné infekcie. -
Bacteroides Gingivalis, and Bacteroides Endodontalis in a New Genus, Porphyromonas H
INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1988, p. 128-131 Vol. 38, No. 1 0020-7713/88/010128-04$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1988, International Union of Microbiological Societies Proposal for Reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus , Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis in a New Genus, Porphyromonas H. N. SHAH1* AND M. D. COLLINS’ Department of Oral Microbiology, London Hospital Medical College, London El 2AD,l and Division of Microbiology, AFRC Institute of Food Research, Shinfeld, Reading RG2 9AT,= United Kingdom The asaccharolytic, pigmented Bacteroides, Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacte- roides endodontalis, form a group of relatively homogeneous species which differ markedly in biochemical and chemical properties from the type species of Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis (Castellani and Chalmers), such that they should not be retained within this genus. Therefore, we propose that Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Holdeman and Moore) Finegold and Barnes, Bacteroides gingivalis Coykendhll, Kaczmarek and Slots, and Bacteroides endodontalis van Steenbergen, van Winkelhoff, Mayrand, Grenier and de Graaff be reclassified in a new genus, Porphyromonas, as Porphyromonas asaccharolytica comb. nov., Porphyromonas gingivalis comb. nov., and Porphyromonas endodontalis comb. nov., respectively. In Bergey ’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th quite unrelated to the type species of the genus Bacteroides, ed. (12), the asaccharolytic, pigmented Bacteroides were Bacteroides fragilis. All of the asaccharolytic, pigmented regarded as a single homogeneous taxon, Bacteroides mela- bacteroides accumulate major levels of protoheme rather ninogenicus subsp. asaccharolyticus. As the clinical signif- than protoporphyrin when cells are cultured on blood agar icance of these microorganisms in oral cavities was recog- (3,25, 27). The three species are nonfermentative and utilize nized, extensive taxonomic studies were carried out. -
974-Form.Pdf
California Association for Medical Laboratory Technology Distance Learning Program ANAEROBIC BACTERIOLOGY FOR THE CLINICAL LABORATORY by James I. Mangels, MA, CLS, MT(ASCP) Consultant Microbiology Consulting Services Santa Rosa, CA Course Number: DL-974 3.0 CE/Contact Hour Level of Difficulty: Intermediate © California Association for Medical Laboratory Technology. Permission to reprint any part of these materials, other than for credit from CAMLT, must be obtained in writing from the CAMLT Executive Office. CAMLT is approved by the California Department of Health Services as a CA CLS Accrediting Agency (#0021) and this course is is approved by ASCLS for the P.A.C.E. ® Program (#519) 1895 Mowry Ave, Suite 112 Fremont, CA 94538-1766 Phone: 510-792-4441 FAX: 510-792-3045 Notification of Distance Learning Deadline All continuing education units required to renew your license must be earned no later than the expiration date printed on your license. If some of your units are made up of Distance Learning courses, please allow yourself enough time to retake the test in the event you do not pass on the first attempt. CAMLT urges you to earn your CE units early!. CAMLT Distance Learning Course # DL-974 1 © California Association for Medical Laboratory Technology Outline A. Introduction B. What are anaerobic bacteria? Concepts of anaerobic bacteriology C. Why do we need to identify anaerobes? D. Normal indigenous anaerobic flora; the incidence of anaerobes at various body sites E. Anaerobic infections; most common anaerobic infections F. Specimen collection and transport; acceptance and rejection criteria G. Processing of clinical specimens 1. Microscopic examination 2. -
Protein Secretion Systems in Fusobacterium Nucleatum
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1713 (2005) 92 – 112 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/bba Protein secretion systems in Fusobacterium nucleatum: Genomic identification of Type 4 piliation and complete Type V pathways brings new insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis Mickae¨l Desvauxa,b, Arshad Khana, Scott A. Beatsona, Anthony Scott-Tuckera, Ian R. Hendersona,* aThe Institute for Biomedical Research (IBR), The University of Birmingham-The Medical School, Division of Immunity and Infection, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK bInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Unite´ de Recherche 370, Equipe Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Gene`s Champanelle, France Received 23 February 2005; received in revised form 11 April 2005; accepted 2 May 2005 Available online 8 June 2005 Abstract Recent genomic analyses of the two sequenced strains F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii ATCC 49256 suggested that the major protein secretion systems were absent. However, such a paucity of protein secretion systems is incongruous with F. nucleatum pathogenesis. Moreover, the presence of one or more such systems has been described for every other Gram- negative organism sequenced to date. In this investigation, the question of protein secretion in F. nucleatum was revisited. In the current study, the absence in F. nucleatum of a twin-arginine translocation system (TC #2.A.64.), a Type III secretion system (TC #3.A.6.), a Type IV secretion system (TC #3.A.7.) and a chaperone/usher pathway (TC #1.B.11.) was confirmed. -
Insight in the Biology of Chlamydia-Related Bacteria
+ MODEL Microbes and Infection xx (2017) 1e9 www.elsevier.com/locate/micinf Insight in the biology of Chlamydia-related bacteria Firuza Bayramova, Nicolas Jacquier, Gilbert Greub* Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Centre and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland Received 26 September 2017; accepted 21 November 2017 Available online ▪▪▪ Abstract The Chlamydiales order is composed of obligate intracellular bacteria and includes the Chlamydiaceae family and several family-level lineages called Chlamydia-related bacteria. In this review we will highlight the conserved and distinct biological features between these two groups. We will show how a better characterization of Chlamydia-related bacteria may increase our understanding on the Chlamydiales order evolution, and may help identifying new therapeutic targets to treat chlamydial infections. © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Institut Pasteur. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Keywords: Chlamydiae; Chlamydia-related bacteria; Phylogeny; Chlamydial division 1. Introduction Data indicate that most of the members of this order might be pathogenic for humans and/or animals [4,18e23, The Chlamydiales order, composed of Gram-negative 11,12,24,16].TheChlamydiaceae are currently the best obligate intracellular bacteria, shares a unique biphasic described family of the Chlamydiales order [25]. The Chla- developmental cycle. The order includes important pathogens mydiaceae family is composed of 11 species including three of humans and animals. The order Chlamydiales includes the major human and several animal pathogens. Chlamydiaceae family and several family-level lineages Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually collectively called Chlamydia-related bacteria.