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Herman Neubronner Van Der Tuuk and Nineteenth-Century Language Study in Southeast Asia·

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Herman Neubronner Van Der Tuuk and Nineteenth-Century Language Study in Southeast Asia· Kekal A badi 21 (2) 2002 HERMAN NEUBRONNER VAN DER TUUK AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY LANGUAGE STUDY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA· Dr.Kees Groeneboer Academic Advisor of the Dutch Language Union, and affiliated with the University of Indonesia in Depok and the Erasmus Dutch Language Center in Jakarta, Indonesia Abstract: This article describes the life and works of Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk one of the greatest scholars and linguists of the nineteenth century, well known for hi~ works on Batak, Malay, Javanese, Lampong and Balinese languages. Abstrak: Artikel ini memperihalkan riwayat hidup dan hasil penulisan Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk, salah seorang ilmuwan dan pakar bahasa yang terkena/ dengan penulisan di da/am bahasa Batak, Melayu, Jawa, Lampong dan Bali pada abad ke-19. At the beginning of 2002 the Royal Institute of orphanage in Malacca. Herman's mother was Linguistics and Anthropology in Leiden born in Malacca as the daughter of vac official published a book which I edited entitled Een Johann Anton Neubronner from Frankfurt am vorst onder de taalge/eerden: Herman Main in Germany and Catharina Koek, born in Neubronner van der Tuuk, afgevaardigde voor Malacca. Herman was given the family name Indie van het Nederfandsch Bijbelgenootschap of his mother as a middle name. Information 1847-1873 (A Prince Among Linguists: Herman on the family can be found in the National Neubronnervan der Tuuk, Representative of the Archives of Malaysia, where the birth certificate Dutch Bible Society for the East Indies 1847- of Herman and the marriage licence of his 1873). This volume of sources i~cludes an parents are deposited. integral publication of the letters written by ~an der Tuuk to his employer, the Dutch Bible After Malacca was exchanged for the British Society. These are supplemented with lett~rs colony of Bengkulu in 1825 as a result of the to friends and colleagues as well as a Wide Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the family left sampling of his publications. The ~olume as a Malacca for Surabaya, and Herman grew up whole gives a good picture of the life and work there surrounded by speakers of Dutch, Malay, of Van der Tuuk, who can be considered one of Javanese, as well as Madurese. In 1836 he was the greatest linguists of the nineteenth century, sent to the Netherlands for his secondary thanks to his work on Batak, Malay, Javanese, education. He began studying law in Groningen Lampong, and Balinese. I would like to tell a in 1840, earned his first degree little more about this unusual person, who was (kandidaatsexamen) in 1843, but did not already a legendary figure in his lifetime - a complete his studies. At that time he was great scholar but also a contrary, already spending more time studying unconventional, bold, and eccentric charac.ter languages, especially Arabic and Persian. This who launched vigorous attacks on everything prompted his move to Leiden in 1846, where that displeased him in his time. he also learned Sanskrit. While there he made a thorough study of Malay as well, and at the Van der Tuuk was born on February 23, 1824 young age of twenty-two published a book in Malacca at that time still a Dutch colony. review in which he demonstrated his familiarity He was the ~Idest son of Sefridus van der.Tu~k with all the relevant literature about and in the Malay language. At the end of 1847 he was and Louise Neubronner, who e~e married In Malacca on January 27, 1823. HIs father h.ad recommended to the Dutch Bible Society for the translation of the Bible into Batak and was been a notary In the Netherlands before moving to the East Indies in 1820 He began. as a appointed - at age twenty-three - 'language member of the Court of Justice in B~tavla, but representative' for the Batak Lands in Middle Sumatra. Following some preparation in Europe In 1821 was appointed fiscal ~aglstrate for e left for the East Indies, and In September revenue offenses and president of the K I Lumpur on September 2nd, 2002. This lecture IS based on the introduction to the book Een •A lecture It Unr:drsltl alays, u~a rman Neubronner van aer Tuuk, afgeva8digde voor Indie van het Nederlandsch vorst ondpf de taalge/eerdenB e npubliCat16door Kees Groeneboer (Leiden. KITLV Press, 2002) B~ ..,000 $Ch P 1847-1873. ronne 7 KekaJ Abad! 21 (2) 2002 1849 arrived in Batavia. As the west monsoon Bataks, the exploitation and suppression by made it impossible for him to travel on the Batak chiefs, and the heavy labour exacted immediately to West Sumatra, he occupied from the Bataks by the colonial government. himself with the Malay language in Batavia and He complained about practical problems, such wrote a treatise on what he called as the difficulties in getting cash from his Centralization Malay - the High Malay spoken account in a remote place like Barus, the by educated Malaysians around the Straits of scarcity of good Batak writers, and the lack of Malacca. good servants (which meant that he was poorly cared for and his house was always a 'pigsty'), In May 1850 he contracted a serious skin the high cost of living in Sumatra compared to disease. The sweating and sulfur therapies Java, the murderous climate, and the vermin nearly drove him mad, and a long that forced him to completely rewrite his hospitalization followed. He was released from manuscripts several times. He also complained hospital only in October of that year and had about the lack of intellectual conversation and to spend a few more months convalescing in about having to live unmarried and in solitude. Buitenzorg (now Bogor), where he immersed himself in Sundanese. Finally, in January 1851 For the Bataks the house of Si Pan Dor Tuk, he set out by boat for Padang, and from there or Raja Tuk, as he was called, was always travelled further north to Tapanuli. He first open, and he talked with them all day long, settled in Sibolga, but did not find the place jotting down notes that he transcribed in the particularly suitable for his language study evening. He always made use of Batak owing to the great influence of Malay. He informants, whom he also hired to copy therefore moved on to the northern coastal town manuscripts and record stories. He also asked of Barus, where the population had largely them to check his translations to see whether converted to Islam but was of Batak origin and they made sense. Although he was often spoke Batak. annoyed at what he called the laziness, filth, and greed of the Bataks, he did everything to In 1852 he travelled to Mandheling in the part win their confidence. of the Batak Lands that was under Dutch rule. A good part of the long journey to the main He worked energetically at the tasks assigned locality, Padang Sidempuan, he made on foot. him. First he made a translation of a Bible Everywhere he went he noted down words, storybook. By way of experiment he then had recorded songs and stories, and copied pustaha a small section of this book lithographed in (books made of tree bark). Amsterdam and distributed in the Batak Lands. Never before had anything been published in In 1853 he undertook an expedition to Silindung Batak. The people expressed their appreciation in the Batak Lands, still independent at the of the beautiful booklet, but because the time. This brought him to the shore of Lake content was strange and surprising to them, it Toba,which was considered holy and had never aroused their suspicions, and they did not want before been seen by a European. The journey to accept it. Van der Tuuk complained about almost proved fatal for him, however. On the the problems he encountered in his translation way back, according to his own report, he was work owing to the un-Batak content of the Bible. twice in danger of being eaten up by the Bataks, He also saw little point in producing a Bible and the expedition became more like a flight translation as long as the Batak language had to safety. Apparently he had quite a scare, for not been standardized and introduced as a he never ventured into the Batak interior again. classroom and administrative language. Only then would the contact with the people become From Barus Van der Tuuk corresponded more direct and it would be possible to regularly with the Dutch Bible Society. Besides counteract the further spread of Malay. The news about his life and work, his letters problem, however, was that the European civil contained more general information about the servants and members of the military had no situation in the Batak Lands. He wrote, for knowledge whatsoever of the indigenous example, about the spread of Islam, the advance languages and consequently introduced 'jabber of Malay, and the neglect of Batak; and he gave Malay' all over the colony. Van der Tuuk proved advice to the mission, which in his opinion, himself a defender of the regional languages could exert a civilizing influence on the Bataks against Malay, which in his view was having a and counter the rise of Islam. He expressed detrimental effect on almost all the Indonesian his annoyance at the superstitions of the languages, causing them to change radically 8 Kekal Abadi 21 (2) 2002 in a short time. He was afraid that in just fifty Pinang in Riau to compile a Malay-Dutch years no one would understand his Bible dictionary. Riau Malay would also become the translations, a prediction that did come true.
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