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Uluslararasi Güvenlik Bağlaminda Uzay Güvenliği Ve Abd Ulusal Güvenlik Politikalarinin Uzay Güvenliğine Etkisi

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Uluslararasi Güvenlik Bağlaminda Uzay Güvenliği Ve Abd Ulusal Güvenlik Politikalarinin Uzay Güvenliğine Etkisi ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK BAĞLAMINDA UZAY GÜVENLİĞİ VE ABD ULUSAL GÜVENLİK POLİTİKALARININ UZAY GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİSİ DANIŞMAN: DOÇ.DR. ALİ POYRAZ GÜRSON ÖĞRETİM GÖREVLİSİ SERAP GÜRSEL ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER DOKTORA 1 İçindekiler Tablosu GİRİŞ ....................................................................................................................................... 6 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: METODOLOJİK KURAMSAL VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ........ 13 1. METODOLOJİK ÇERÇEVE ........................................................................................ 13 a) Araştırmanın Problemi ............................................................................................... 14 b) Araştırmanın Amacı ................................................................................................... 15 c) Araştırmanın Varsayımları ......................................................................................... 15 d) Araştırmanın Sınırlılıkları ve Yöntem ....................................................................... 17 e) Araştırmanın Hipotezi ................................................................................................ 18 f) Araştırmanın Soruları ................................................................................................. 20 2. KURAMSAL VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE ............................................................. 21 a) Klasik Uluslararası Güvenlik Paradigması ................................................................ 24 b) Değişen Uluslararası Güvenlik Kavramı ................................................................... 29 c) Uzay Güvenliğinin Kavramsal ve Kuramsal Altyapısı .............................................. 35 i. Uzay Güvenliğinin Kavramsal Altyapısı ............................................................ 36 ii. Uzay Güvenliğinin Kuramsal Altyapısı ............................................................. 62 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM: UZAY ÇALIŞMALARININ TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ ............................ 73 1. SOĞUK SAVAŞ ÖNCESİ UZAY ÇALIŞMALARI .................................................... 74 a. Sovyet Uzay Programının Kökleri ............................................................................. 74 b. ABD Uzay Programının Kökleri ................................................................................ 78 2. SOĞUK SAVAŞIN İLK ZAMANLARINDA UZAY ÇALIŞMALARI ...................... 82 a. Sputnik ve ABD Tepkisi ............................................................................................ 83 b. Uluslararası Sahnede Rekabet .................................................................................... 86 c. Uzay Çalışmalarının ABD Başkanlık Yarışına Etkisi ............................................... 90 d. ABD-Sovyet İşbirliğinin Gelişmesi ........................................................................... 93 3. SOĞUK SAVAŞTA İŞBİRLİĞİ VE ASKERİ KISITLAMALARIN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI (1962-1975)............................................................................................................................ 96 a. Uzayda Nükleer Testlerin Olumsuz Sonuçlarının Farkedilmesi ................................ 97 b. Küba Füze Krizi ......................................................................................................... 99 c. ABD ve SSCB’de Yeni Yönetimler ......................................................................... 101 d. Sovyet Uzay Programı ............................................................................................. 103 e. Dış Uzay Anlaşması (1967) ..................................................................................... 105 f. 1969’da Ay’a İniş .................................................................................................... 109 g. Uzay Çalışmalarında Yumuşama Döneminin Etkisi ................................................ 112 4. SOĞUK SAVAŞTA UZAY GÜVENLİĞİ PROBLEMLERİ ..................................... 114 a. ABD-SSCB Uzay Çalışmaları ve İşbirliği Çabaları ................................................ 115 b. Ronald Reagan Döneminde Uzayda Askeri Liderlik Politikası ............................... 119 2 c. İkinci Reagan Döneminde Uzay Politikası .............................................................. 123 d. Uzay Hakkında Yeni Sovyet Düşüncesi .................................................................. 125 e. George H. W. Bush Yönetimi ve Sovyetlerin Dağılmasının Uzay Çalışmalarına Etkisi ................................................................................................................................ 127 5. SOĞUK SAVAŞ SONRASI DÖNEMDE UZAY ÇALIŞMALARINDA BELİRSİZLİK 129 a. Bush Dönemi Yeni Yaklaşımlar .............................................................................. 130 b. Clinton Yönetiminin Uzay Politikası ....................................................................... 132 c. Rusya ile Uzay İşbirliği ve Ortak Girişimler ........................................................... 135 6. YENİLENMİŞ ABD UZAY MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİ 2001-2008 ...................................... 139 a. Bush Yönetimince SDI Politikasına Dönüş ............................................................. 141 b. Çin’in Uzayda Yükselişi ve Etkileri ........................................................................ 143 7. 2009-2019 ARASINDA ULUSLARARASI NORMLARI GENİŞLETMEK ............ 151 a. Obama Yönetimi Dönemi Uzay Güvenliği .............................................................. 151 b. Uzay’ın Yeni Uluslararası Boyutu ........................................................................... 154 c. Trump Dönemi Uzay Güvenliği .............................................................................. 156 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM: UZAY GÜVENLİĞİNİN SAĞLANMASIYLA İLGİLİ ULUSLARARASI ÇABALAR ........................................................................................... 158 1. Uzay Güvenliğiyle İlgili Hukuki Düzenlemeler .......................................................... 158 a) İkili ve Çok taraflı Anlaşmalar ................................................................................. 161 i. Ay ve Diğer Gök Cisimleri Dahil, Uzayın Keşif ve Kullanılmasında Devletin Faaliyetlerini Yöneten İlkeler Hakkındaki Antlaşma (1967) (Dış Uzay Ant.) ...... 161 ii. Astronotların Kurtarılması, Astronotların ve Uzaya Fırlatılmış Olan Araçların Geri Verilmeleri Hakkında Antlaşma (1968) (Kurtarma Ant.) ........... 165 iii. Uzay Cisimlerinin Verdiği Zarardan Dolayı Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hakkında Sözleşme (1972) (Sorumluluk Söz.) ........................................................ 165 iv. Uzaya Fırlatılan Cisimlerin Tescili Hakkında Sözleşme (1975) (Tescil Söz.) 166 v. Devletlerin Aydaki Faaliyetlerini ve Diğer Göksel Organları Yöneten Anlaşma (1979) ........................................................................................................... 167 vi. Uzayla İlgili Uluslararası Davranış Kuralları Oluşturma Çabaları ............. 167 vii. Şeffaflık Sağlayıcı ve Güven Arttırıcı Önlemler (TCBM) .......................... 170 b) BM Genel Kurul Kararları ....................................................................................... 173 c) BM Uzay Kurumları ................................................................................................ 176 i. BM COPUOS ..................................................................................................... 177 ii. CD ........................................................................................................................ 180 iii. ITU .................................................................................................................. 182 2. Silahsızlanma Çalışmaları ............................................................................................ 184 3. Uzayda Durum Farkındalığı Çalışmaları ..................................................................... 194 4. Çift Yönlü Kullanım .................................................................................................... 200 3 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM: ABD ULUSAL POLİTİKALARINDA UZAY GÜVENLİĞİNİN ANALİZİ ............................................................................................................................. 211 1. 1957’ye Kadar Uzay Güvenliği ................................................................................... 211 a. Harry S. Truman Dönemi (1945-1953) .................................................................... 211 b. Dwight D. Eisenhower Dönemi (1953-1961) (1957’ye kadar)................................ 212 2. 1957-1975 Arası Dönemde Uzay Güvenliği ................................................................ 213 a. Dwight D. Eisenhower Dönemi (1953-1961) (1957’den itibaren) .......................... 215 b. John F. Kennedy Dönemi (1961-1963) .................................................................... 219 c. Lyndon B. Johnson Dönemi (1963-1969) ................................................................ 223 d. Richard Nixon Dönemi (1969-1974) ....................................................................... 226 e. Gerald Ford Dönemi (1974-1977) (1975’e kadar) ................................................... 228 3. 1975-1991 Arası Dönemde Uzay Güvenliği ................................................................ 228 a. Gerald Ford Dönemi (1974-1977) (1975’den itibaren) ........................................... 229 b. Jimmy Carter Dönemi (1977-1981) ......................................................................... 229 c. Ronald
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