Pakkesalg I Det Norske TV-Markedet

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Pakkesalg I Det Norske TV-Markedet Pakkesalg i det norske TV-markedet - I hvilken grad blir pakkesalg benyttet i dagens norske TV-marked og kan dette forklares ut ifra økonomisk teori om pakkesalg? - Hva er konsekvensene av denne salgsformen og bør den reguleres? av Torje Hougsrud Andreassen Masteroppgave Masteroppgaven er levert for å fullføre graden Master i samfunnsøkonomi Universitetet i Bergen, Institutt for økonomi September 2010 Sammendrag Sammendrag Salg av TV-kanaler i pakker er svært utbredt i både Norge og internasjonalt, en praksis som har vært svært omdiskutert og som mange har sterke meninger om. Pakkesalg er en salgsstrategi som kan være svært gunstig for selgeren dersom forholdene ligger til rette for det. Teorien rundt velferdseffektene av pakkesalg er imidlertid tvetydig og varierer sterkt med hvilke forutsetninger en legger til grunn. Jeg har valgt å fokusere i stor grad på hvordan pakkesalg kan brukes som et effektivt verktøy for prisdiskriminering, en praksis som reduserer konsumentoverskuddet betraktelig, men som også kan være svært gunstig for produsentene og samfunnet. Grunnen til dette litt ensidige fokuset er at jeg sitter med et inntrykk av at dette trolig kan forklare en stor del av dagens markedsstruktur i TV-markedet. Jeg har imidlertid også tatt med andre sider av pakkesalg, blant annet de mer tradisjonelle argumentene som ofte dukker opp i diskusjoner rundt hvorfor bedrifter velger å selge produkter i pakker. Gjennom undersøkelser av dagens TV-marked har jeg forsøkt å kartlegge hvordan distributørene pakker kanalene sine og hvilke kanaler som inngår i de ulike pakkene. Jeg har også gjort en generell konkurranseanalyse av markedet for å vurdere hvorvidt det er et velfungerende marked og samtidig gjøre meg opp en formening om hvor markedet er på vei. Jeg finner at konkurransen er moderat, spesielt grunnet høye byttekostnader og innelåsingseffekter. Samtidig er markedet også i stor endring som følge av Riks-TV sin inntreden og fremveksten av nett-tv. Dette gjør at konkurransen trolig vil utvikle seg i en positiv retning i tiden fremover og dette reduserer behovet for en regulering. Jeg finner at pakkesalgsstrukturen i dagens TV-marked trolig ikke er spesielt skadelig for samfunnet, men at konsumentene på kort sikt nok ville kommet godt ut av et forbud mot salgsformen. En regulering vil imidlertid trolig føre til et stort inntektstap for TV-industrien og dette vil gå utover tilbudet og utviklingen i markedet på lang sikt. Kostnadene ved å tilrettelegge for enkeltkanalvalg er etter min mening overdrevne, men kanalene vil som følge av en regulering trolig bruke unødvendig mye ressurser på annonsering. Dette, sammen med reduserte distribusjonsinntekter, kan føre til at medietilbudet som følge av en regulering blir smalere på lang sikt, spesielt for barn, unge. Jeg kommer dermed frem til at en regulering til rent enkeltkanalvalg ikke er å foretrekke ettersom effektene er usikre og markedet utvikler seg i en positiv retning. iii Innhold Innhold Forord .........................................................................................................................................ii Sammendrag..............................................................................................................................iii Innhold ......................................................................................................................................iv Liste over tabeller....................................................................................................................... v Liste over figurer.......................................................................................................................vi 1. Innledning........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Det norske TV-markedet.................................................................................................... 3 2.1. TV-markedet i et historisk perspektiv........................................................................ 3 2.2. Nordmenns TV-vaner i dag og markedets hovedtrekk .............................................. 6 2.3. Markedsstruktur ......................................................................................................... 8 2.4. Særegenheter ved TV-markedet............................................................................... 13 3. Konkurransen i det norske TV-markedet ......................................................................... 21 3.1. Konkurranse internt på distribusjonsplattformene ................................................... 21 3.2. Konkurranse mellom plattformene........................................................................... 27 3.3. Andre momenter som kan påvirke konkurransen .................................................... 36 3.4. Oppsummering......................................................................................................... 41 4. Regulering ........................................................................................................................ 43 4.1. Mediepolitiske målsetninger .................................................................................... 43 4.2. Er en regulering teknisk gjennomførbart?................................................................ 44 4.3. Hvordan skal en regulering for enkeltkanalvalg se ut? ............................................ 45 5. Teori om pakkesalg .......................................................................................................... 46 5.1. Hva er pakkesalg? .................................................................................................... 46 5.2. Kostnads- og effektivitetsgevinster ved pakkesalg .................................................. 50 5.3. Pakkesalg som et verktøy for prisdiskriminering..................................................... 52 5.4. En pakkesalgsmodell med n goder........................................................................... 57 5.5. En modell med oppstrøms og nedstrøms konkurranse............................................. 58 6. Teori for pakkesalg anvendt på dagens TV-marked ........................................................ 58 6.1. Hvorfor tilbyr alle distributørene grunnpakker? ...................................................... 58 6.2. Hvorfor selges premiumkanaler utenfor grunnpakkene?......................................... 58 6.3. Hvorfor tilbys det familiepakker og temapakker?.................................................... 58 6.4. Hvorfor tilbys noen få nisjekanaler kun enkeltvis?.................................................. 58 6.5. Hvorfor tilbyr Riks-TV kanaler enkeltvis? .............................................................. 58 6.6. Oppsummering......................................................................................................... 58 7. Konsekvenser av en regulering ........................................................................................ 58 7.1. Effekt av regulering for omsetning .......................................................................... 58 7.2. Empiriske analyser ................................................................................................... 58 7.3. Konsekvenser for distributørene .............................................................................. 58 7.4. Konsekvenser for kanalene ...................................................................................... 58 7.5. Effekter for konsumentene....................................................................................... 58 7.6. Andre momenter....................................................................................................... 58 8. Konklusjon ..................................................................................................................... 115 9. Appendiks....................................................................................................................... 119 9.1. Bevis for påstander rundt kontraktsutformingene.................................................. 119 9.2. Mediepolitiske målsetninger forklart mer i detalj .................................................. 127 9.3. Bevis for at All you can eat-prising kan være gunstig for lave marginalkostnader. .... 128 10. Referanser................................................................................................................... 131 iv Liste over tabeller Liste over tabeller Tabell 2-1: Seertall 2008, 2009................................................................................................ 10 Tabell 3-1: Teoretisk dekningsgrad og markedsandeler i abonnenttall i utgangen av 2009.... 27 Tabell 3-2: Sammenlikning av distributører. ........................................................................... 30 Tabell 3-3: Grunnpakkeinnhold hos de største distributørene. ................................................ 33 Tabell 3-4: Byttekostnader....................................................................................................... 38 Tabell 5-1: Betalingsvillighet for produkt X, Y, prispakken (X + Y) og produktpakken (X Y) .................................................................................................................................................. 52 Tabell 5-2: Optimale priser og konsekvenser for produsenter, konsumenter og samfunnet som helhet. ......................................................................................................................................
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