Recent Discoveries at Giza Plateau
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Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15:2, 2005
Location of the Old Kingdom Pyramids in Egypt Miroslav Bârta The principal factors influencing the location of the Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt are reconsidered. The decisive factors influencing their distribution over an area of c. eighty kilometres were essentially of economic, géomorphologie, socio-political and unavoidably also of religious nature. Primary importance is to be attributed to the existence of the Old Kingdom capital of Egypt, Memphis, which was a central place with regard to the Old Kingdom pyramid fields. Its economic potential and primacy in the largely redistribution- driven state economy sustained construction of the vast majority of the pyramid complexes in its vicinity. The location of the remaining number of the Old Kingdom pyramids, including many of the largest ever built, is explained using primarily archaeological evidence. It is claimed that the major factors influencing their location lie in the sphere of general trends governing ancient Egyptian society of the period. For millennia, megaliths and monumental arts were pyramids see Edwards 1993; Fakhry 1961; Hawass commissioned by the local chieftains and later by the 2003; Lehner 1997; Stadelmann 1985; 1990; Vallogia kings of Egypt. The ideological reasons connected 2001; Verner 2002; Dodson 2003). The reasons that may with the construction and symbolism of the pyra be put forward to explain their location and arrange mids were manifold, and in most cases obvious: the ment are numerous but may be divided into two basic manifestation of power, status and supremacy over groups: practical and religious. It will be argued that the territory and population, the connection with the whereas the general pattern in the distribution of the sacred world and the unlimited authority of the rulers pyramid sites may be due mainly to practical reasons, (O'Connor & Silverman 1995). -
4 Days Tour to Alexandria and Siwa Oasis from Cairo
MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] 4 days tour to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo Type Run Duration Pick up Private Every Day 4 days-3 nights 06:00 A.M We offer 4 days tour package to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo, Vist Alexandria attractions overnight in Alexandria. Visit El Alamein on the way to Siwa oasis, discover Siwa oasis Inclusions: Exclusions: All Transfers by Private A/C Latest Personal expenses and extras at model Vehicle the hotels or tours 1-night hotel accommodations in Entry visa Alexandria Alcoholic drinks An expert tour guide will start from Any other item non-mentioned Cairo above 1-night hotel accommodations on Tips a Half board basis Lunch at Local restaurant or Picnic Prices Quoted Per Person in U.S.D Lunch Water and Snacks Single occupancy 990 $ Required Entry fees Double and Triple occupancy 630 Taxes and Services $ 1 night in the Camp on half board basis Rate is fixed all year round (Except Mid-Year school vacations, Xmas, New Year &Easter) Children Policy : Children from 0 to 5.99 Years Free Child from 6 to 11 years old Pay 50% of the adult rate sharing parent`s room Note: The Program Can be extended to be 5 days 4 Nights with 75 $ Per Person Extra Itinerary: page 1 / 12 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] We offer 4 days tour package to Alexandria and Siwa oasis from Cairo, Vist Alexandria attractions overnight in Alexandria. Visit El Alamein on the way to Siwa oasis Visit the Fortress at Shali, Cleopatra`s Bath, The temple of the Oracle, Gebel, and Mawta, and the great sand sea with 4x4 and, know more about Siwa oasis with your Private tour guide page 2 / 12 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Days Table First Day :Day 1-Cairo-Alexandria Start your private tour to Alexandria from Cairo, starts at 7:00 am with Pickup from your hotel by our Egyptologist, and transfer by Private A/C Vehicle to Alexandria, The distance is 220 k/m Northwest of Cairo. -
Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands
Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 2375-9402, USA February 2017, Volume 3, No. 1-2, pp. 1-10 Doi: 10.15341/mast(2375-9402)/01.03.2017/001 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2017 www.academicstar.us Added Value from Industries, Introduced in Villages, Oases and Reclaimed Lands Hamed Ibrahim El-Mously1, 2 1. Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams, Egypt 2. Egyptian Society for Endogenous Development of Local Communities, Egypt Abstract: A considerable portion of the agricultural resources are being treated as valueless waste! This leads to the loss of sustainable resources as a comparative advantage and the associated opportunity of sustainable development. This can be attributed to the narrowness of the angle, by which we are accustomed to view these renewable resources, as well as the absence of the appropriate means to turn this waste to wealth. The first aspect is associated with the level of the R&D activities. The role of the researchers is, proceeding from the understanding and valorization of the traditional technical heritage of use of these resources, to issue a contemporary edition for the use of these resources, to rediscover them as a material base for the satisfaction of human needs: on the local, national and international levels. The second aspect is associated with industry. Industry here is understood in broad terms as these activities, conducted under defined conditions to transform the state, shape or properties of the agricultural resources to satisfy a certain criterion or requirement along a predetermined path of transformation to a final product. Proceeding from this definition industry includes a wide spectrum of activities including: sorting (to various sizes or quality levels), packaging, drying, freezing, pressing, squeezing, filtering, threshing, baling, etc. -
The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert
The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-O Prepared in cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development The Corrosive Well Waters of Egypt's Western Desert By FRANK E. CLARKE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-O Prepared in Cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1979 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Clarke, Frank Eldridge, 1913 The corrosive well waters of Egypt's western desert. (Contributions to the hydrology of Africa and the Mediterranean region) (Geological Survey water-supply paper; 1757-0) "Prepared in cooperation with the Arab Republic of Egypt, under the aus pices of the United States Agency for International Development." Bibliography: p. Includes index Supt. of Docs. no. : I 19.16 : 1757-0 1. Corrosion resistant materials. 2. Water, Underground Egypt. 3. Water quality Egypt. 4. Wells Egypt Corrosion. 5. Pumping machinery Cor rosion. I. United States. Agency for International Development. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper; 1757-0. TA418.75.C58 627'.52 79-607011 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government -
Giza Plateau Mapping Project. Mark Lehner
GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT Mark Lehner Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA) Season 2017: The Old and the New This year AERA team members busied themselves with the old and very new in research. I had the opportunity to return to some of my earliest work at the Sphinx, thanks to a grant from the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) for the Sphinx Digital Database. This project will digitize, conserve, and make available as open source the archive from the 1979–1983 ARCE Sphinx Project, for which Dr. James Allen was project director and I was field director. My work at the Sphinx started three years earlier, in 1977, with Dr. Zahi Hawass, so that makes it exactly forty years ago.1 Search for Khufu We launched a new initiative, directed by Mohsen Kamel and Ali Witsell, to explore the older layers of the Heit el-Ghurab (“Wall of the Crow,” HeG) site. In some areas we have seen an older, different layout below what we have so far mapped, which dates to Khafre and Men- kaure. We believe that the older phase settlement and infrastructure, which was razed and rebuilt, served Khufu’s building of the Great Pyramid. The discovery in 2013, and publication this year, of the Journal of Merer2 piques our interest all the more in the early phase of Heit el-Ghurab. Pierre Tallet and a team from the Sorbonne and the French Institute in Cairo discovered the inscribed papyri at Wadi el-Jarf on the west- ern Red Sea Coast, in a port facility used only in the time of Khufu. -
Globalization in the Periphery: Arabization and the Changing Status of Siwi Berber in the Oasis of Siwa
Sociolinguistic ISSN: 1750-8649 (print) Studies ISSN: 1750-8657 (online) Article Globalization in the periphery: Arabization and the changing status of Siwi Berber in the oasis of Siwa Valentina Serreli Abstract New media and communication technologies, heritage tourism and new reproductions of local identity are forms of globalization characteristic of the peripheries (Wang, Spotti, Juffermans, Kroon, Cornips and Blommaert, 2014:30). This article discusses some effects of globalization in a peripheral area of Egypt, where relative isolation delayed Arabization and favoured the maintenance of the indigenous Berber language, called Siwi. Globali- zation materialized in important socioeconomic changes that affected the linguistic attitudes and practices of the oasis dwellers. Following Milroy’s (1980) social network approach and Gumperz’ (1982) further elaboration, it is argued that such variation is not related to socioeconomic changes directly but connected to the structural variation of the community’s social network they provoked. Based on qualitative attitudinal data collected through interviews and participant observation, the study shows that although Egyptian Arabic is widespread and acquires prestige, Siwi not only remains a strong marker of group solidarity but is also becoming a symbol of the Siwan identity. KEYWORDS: SIWI BERBER, EGYPTIAN ARABIC, MINORITY LANGUAGE, GLOBALIZATION, MULTILINGUALISM, SIWA OASIS (EGYPT) Affiliation University of Bayreuth, Germany email: [email protected] SOLS VOL 12.2 2018 231–250 https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.35565 © 2019, EQUINOX PUBLISHING 232 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES 1 Introduction This article discusses the changing sociolinguistic status of Siwi and Arabic in the Egyptian oasis of Siwa, arguing that such variation follows the change in the structure of the community’s social network provoked by the advent of globalization. -
Egypt – Contents (Chapter)
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd “All you’ve got to do is decide to go and the hardest part is over. So go!” TONY WHEELER, COFOUNDER – LONELY PLANET Get the right guides for your trip PAGE PLAN YOUR PLANNING TOOL KIT 2 Photos, itineraries, lists and suggestions YOUR TRIP to help you put together your perfect trip Welcome to Egypt .......... 2 17 Top Experiences ........ 6 Welcome to Need to Know ................. 14 Egypt What’s New ..................... 16 If You Like... ..................... 17 COUNTRY & CITYCITY • The original originnal Month by Month ............. 21 • Comprehensive • Adventurous Itineraries ........................ 24 Pyramids & More metropolis is packed with soaring mina- rets, and medieval schools and mosques, With sand-covered tombs, austere pyra- some of the greatest architecture of medi- mids and towering Pharaonic temples, 6 eval Islam. At the same time, Egypt’s native Egypt brings out the explorer in all of us. Christians, the Copts, have carried on their Visit the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, where traditions that in many respects – such as Tutankhamun’s tomb was unearthed, and the church’s liturgical language and the see the glittering À nds in the Egyptian Mu- traditional calendar – link back to the time Cruising the Nile ............. 27 seum in Cairo. Hop oՖ a Nile boat to visit a of the pharaohs. Tap into the history in re- waterside temple, or trek into the desert to mote monasteries and ancient churches. À nd the traces of Roman trading outposts. You never know – your donkey might stum- Beaches & Beyond ble across yet another À nd, just as many previous discoveries were made. -
Ewa Wipszycka Resources and Economic Activities of the Egyptian Monastic Communities (4Th-8Th Century)
Ewa Wipszycka Resources and economic activities of the Egyptian monastic communities (4th-8th century) The Journal of Juristic Papyrology 41, 159-263 2011 159_263 Wipszycka po kor_OK_105 str.qct:009-020 DERDA 8/28/12 9:44 PM Page 159 The Journal of Juristic Papyrology vol. xli (2011), pp. 159–263 Ewa Wipszycka RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE EGYPTIAN MONASTIC COMMUNITIES (4TH–8TH CENTURY)* his is not my first article with terms ‘monastic communities’ and 1 T‘economy’ in the title. Therefore, I should begin with an explanation of the scope of this text to give the reader an idea of its content. It focus- es on aspects of monastic economy that I have not yet discussed in detail. Lengthy passages concern the baking of bread in monasteries and her- mitages, as well as pottery production. I devoted a lot of space to the sub- * Abbreviations: The apophthegms in alphabetical order (those of the so-called Alphabetikon or Geron- tikon) are cited as follows: after the name of the monk to which the tradition attributes the given apophthegm I give two numbers: the first one is the number in the group of apophthegms in which that monk is the central figure and the second one (in paren theses) is the number of the apophthegm in the whole collection (e.g. Antony 1[1]). Edition of the alphabetical collection: J. B. Cotelerius (1677), reprint in Patrologia Graeca 65 (71–440); English translation I used: Benedicta Ward, The Sayings of the Desert Fathers. The Alphabet- ical Collection, Kalamazoo 1975. o B - Vita Bohairica – edition: L. -
Egypt State of Environment Report 2008
Egypt State of Environment Report Egypt State of Environment Report 2008 1 Egypt State of Environment Report 2 Egypt State of Environment Report Acknowledgment I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to all who contributed in producing this report whether from the Ministry,s staff, other ministries, institutions or experts who contributed to the preparation of various parts of this report as well as their distinguished efforts to finalize it. Particular thanks go to Prof. Dr Mustafa Kamal Tolba, president of the International Center for Environment and Development; Whom EEAA Board of Directors is honored with his membership; as well as for his valuable recommendations and supervision in the development of this report . May God be our Guide,,, Minister of State for Environmental Affairs Eng. Maged George Elias 7 Egypt State of Environment Report 8 Egypt State of Environment Report Foreword It gives me great pleasure to foreword State of Environment Report -2008 of the Arab Republic of Egypt, which is issued for the fifth year successively as a significant step of the political environmental commitment of Government of Egypt “GoE”. This comes in the framework of law no.4 /1994 on Environment and its amendment law no.9/2009, which stipulates in its Chapter Two on developing an annual State of Environment Report to be submitted to the president of the Republic and the Cabinet with a copy lodged in the People’s Assembly ; as well as keenness of Egypt’s political leadership to integrate environmental dimension in all fields to achieve sustainable development , which springs from its belief that protecting the environment has become a necessary requirement to protect People’s health and increased production through the optimum utilization of resources . -
The Pleiades: the Celestial Herd of Ancient Timekeepers
The Pleiades: the celestial herd of ancient timekeepers. Amelia Sparavigna Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy Abstract In the ancient Egypt seven goddesses, represented by seven cows, composed the celestial herd that provides the nourishment to her worshippers. This herd is observed in the sky as a group of stars, the Pleiades, close to Aldebaran, the main star in the Taurus constellation. For many ancient populations, Pleiades were relevant stars and their rising was marked as a special time of the year. In this paper, we will discuss the presence of these stars in ancient cultures. Moreover, we will report some results of archeoastronomy on the role for timekeeping of these stars, results which show that for hunter-gatherers at Palaeolithic times, they were linked to the seasonal cycles of aurochs. 1. Introduction Archeoastronomy studies astronomical practices and related mythologies of the ancient cultures, to understand how past peoples observed and used the celestial phenomena and what was the role played by the sky in their cultures. This discipline is then a branch of the cultural astronomy, an interdisciplinary field that relates astronomical phenomena to current and ancient cultures. It must then be distinguished from the history of astronomy, because astronomy is a culturally specific concept and ancient peoples may have been related to the sky in different way [1,2]. Archeoastronomy is considered as a quite new interdisciplinary science, rooted in the Stonehenge studies of 1960s by the astronomer Gerald Hawkins, who tested Stonehenge alignments by computer, and concluded that these stones marked key dates in the megalithic calendar [3]. -
Akhet Khufu : Archaeo-Astronomical Hints at a Common Project of the Two Main Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
Akhet Khufu : archaeo-astronomical hints at a common project of the two main pyramids of Giza, Egypt. Giulio Magli Dipartimento di Matematica del Politecnico di Milano P.le Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. e-mail [email protected] The architectural complexes composed by the two main pyramids of Giza together with their temples are investigated from an inter-disciplinary point of view, taking into account their astronomical alignments as well as their relationships with the visible landscape. Combining already known facts together with new clues, the work strongly supports the idea that the two complexes were conceived as parts of a common project. 1. Introduction The Giza Plateau overlooks today’s city of Cairo, Egypt. Here, in a short period of time (certainly comprised between 2600 and 2450 b.C.) during the so called Old Kingdom , the expert workmen and architects of the pharaohs of the IV Egyptian Dynasty constructed for their rulers two pyramids which are, still today, among the most remarkable achievements of the whole human history. We shall call these pyramids Giza 1 and Giza 2; with side lengths of 230.3 and 215 meters, and heights of 146.6 and 143.5 meters respectively, Giza 1 and Giza 2 are by far greater than the third famous pyramid present on the Plateau, the tomb of the pharaoh Menkaure. This pyramid indeed hardly reaches 65 meters in height and is, therefore, much smaller also of the three pyramids constructed about 100 years before by the pharaoh Snefru in the sites of Meidum and Dahshur, south of Giza, all of which reach an height of more than 90 meters. -
Giza and the Pyramids, Veteran Hosni Mubarak
An aeroplane flies over the pyramids and Sphinx on the Giza Plateau near Cairo. ARCHAEOLOGY The wonder of the pyramids Andrew Robinson enjoys a volume rounding up research on the complex at Giza, Egypt. n Giza and the Pyramids, veteran Hosni Mubarak. After AERAGRAM 16(2), 8–14; 2015), the tomb’s Egyptologists Mark Lehner and Zahi Mubarak fell from four sides, each a little more than 230 metres Hawass cite an Arab proverb: “Man power during the long, vary by at most just 18.3 centimetres. Ifears time, but time fears the pyramids.” It’s Arab Spring that year, Lehner and Hawass reject the idea that a reminder that the great Egyptian complex Hawass resigned, amid armies of Egyptian slaves constructed the on the Giza Plateau has endured for some controversy. pyramids, as the classical Greek historian four and a half millennia — the last monu- The Giza complex Herodotus suggested. They do, however, ment standing of that classical-era must-see invites speculation embrace the concept that the innovative list, the Seven Wonders of the World. and debate. Its three administrative and social organization Lehner and Hawass have produced an pyramids are the Giza and the demanded by the enormous task of build- astonishingly comprehensive study of the tombs of pharaohs Pyramids ing the complex were key factors in creating excavations and scientific investigations Khufu, Khafre and MARK LEHNER & ZAHI Egyptian civilization. CREATIVE GEOGRAPHIC L. STANFIELD/NATL JAMES that have, over two centuries, uncovered Menkaure, also known HAWASS The authors are also in accord over a the engineering techniques, religious and as Cheops, Chephren Thames & Hudson: theory regarding the purpose of the Giza cultural significance and other aspects of and Mycerinus, 2017.