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Introduction, Specificity and Establishment of Tetranychus Lintearius for Biological Control of Gorse in Chile

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Introduction, Specificity and Establishment of Tetranychus Lintearius for Biological Control of Gorse in Chile XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds Introduction, specificity and establishment of Tetranychus lintearius for biological control of gorse in Chile H. Norambuena INIA-Carillanca, Casilla 58-D, Temuco, Chile During the late 1990s, the gorse spider mite, Tetranychus lintearius, was introduced into Chile for the biological control of Ulex europaeus (gorse). To obtain approval for release, the mite was subjected to host-specificity testing. The target and 11 test plants species were exposed to the mite in no-choice and choice tests. Mite development, oviposition and frass deposition were assessed. Mite development through a next generation occurred on gorse only. Gorse was highly preferred compared to the test plant species in all the assays (P < 0.001). Spider mite frass proved to be a reliable parameter, indicat- ing feeding (acceptability) to evaluate specificity. High specificity shown for the mite lead to its release between 1997 and 2000 at sites between the 37° and 42°S, and since then, it has established at 90% of the sites. After 9 years, the mite populations increased more than 1000-fold at many sites and spread up to 20 km in 3 years. Mite colonization, dispersal and plant damage were stronger in dry relative to humid areas. This is the first time that a spider mite has been introduced, subjected to host specificity tests and established in Chile and in South America. Were ineffective agents selected for the biological control of skeletonweed in North America? A post-release analysis L.K. Parsons,1 L.M. Collison,2 J.D. Milan,1 B.L. Harmon,1 G. Newcombe,3 J. Gaskin4 and M. Schwarzländer1 1University of Idaho, Department of Plant Soil and Entomological Sciences, Moscow ID 83844-2339, USA 2Willamette University, Department of Biology, 900 State Street, Salem, OR 97301, USA 3University of Idaho, Department of Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844-2339, USA 4USDA-ARS, Sidney, MT 59270, USA Three agents were released for the biological control of rush skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea L., in North America between 1975 and 1977. Although all three species are widely established, weed densi- ties are increasing. Aside from anecdotal reports, there is little quantitative information on the efficacy of the biological control agents or factors that limit population size or impact. Thus, the question of whether ineffective agents were selected or effective agents are hampered by unpredicted environmen- tal factors remains unanswered. We studied attack rates for the rush skeletonweed gall mite, Aceria chondrillae Canestrini (Acari: Eriophyidae), and the rush skeletonweed rust, Puccinia chondrillina Bubak and Sydenham. We found that, despite the potential for rapid population growth of both agents, winter mortality for the gall mite was higher than 90% in two consecutive years, and the rust was attacked by the mycoparasite Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) Eriksson. In addition, there was host-plant re- sistance to at least the rust. Under favourable environmental conditions (mild winter climates and absence of the mycoparasite), both agents impair rush skeletonweed in North America. We argue that the gall mite and the rust fungus are effective biocontrol agents but that their efficacy is hampered by the heterogeneity of habitats invaded and the diversity of rush skeletonweed genotypes introduced in North America. 640.
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