Prey Specialization in Ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius Rondensis, a Potential Biological Control of Matsucoccus Feytaudi Tese Apresen

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Prey Specialization in Ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius Rondensis, a Potential Biological Control of Matsucoccus Feytaudi Tese Apresen Prey specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis, a potential biological control of Matsucoccus feytaudi Tese apresentada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais Catarina de Azevedo Tavares Orientadora: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Co-orientador: Doutor Hervé Jactel JÚRI: Presidente: Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor Alain Roques Investigador Coordenador Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique, France Doutor Hervé Jactel Investigador Coordenador Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique, France Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Professora Auxiliar com agregação Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor António Onofre Costa Miranda Soares Professor Auxiliar Universidade dos Açores Doutor José Carlos Franco Santos Silva Professor Auxiliar Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Zvi Mendel Professor Volcani Center, Israel LISBOA 2014 Prey specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis, a potential biological control of Matsucoccus feytaudi Tese apresentada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais Catarina de Azevedo Tavares Orientadora: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Co-orientador: Doutor Hervé Jactel JÚRI: Presidente: Reitor da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor Alain Roques Investigador Coordenador Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique, France Doutor Hervé Jactel Investigador Coordenador Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique, France Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Professora Auxiliar com agregação Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor António Onofre Costa Miranda Soares Professor Auxiliar Universidade dos Açores Doutor José Carlos Franco Santos Silva Professor Auxiliar Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Zvi Mendel Professor Volcani Center, Israel LISBOA 2014 Specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis case. Ao meu Pai. Specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis case. Agradecimentos Antes de mais gostaria de agradecer aos meus dois orientadores: À Professora Manuela Branco por me ter acompanhado ao longo destes anos, pela sua fé no meu projecto e por ter estado sempre presente para todas as questões e dúvidas por mim colocadas. E por todos os fins-de-semana em que trabalhou na minha tese. Ao Dr. Hervé Jactel por me ter recebido no seu laboratório, por todas as sugestões ao longo do percurso e pelo incentivo constante. A todos os mentores e investigadores que surgiram ao longo deste percurso, me ajudaram e apoiaram e tanto contribuíram para este trabalho: ao Dr. Alain Roques que me recebeu no seu laboratório e orientou uma parte do meu trabalho, à Béatrice Courtial e à Inge Van Halder, que me ajudaram no dia a dia de um laboratório novo num país estranho e tomaram conta das minhas experiências quando eu não pude, e ao Dr. Carlos Lopez sem o qual eu não teria conseguido escrever o capítulo 4. Aos meus colegas de laboratório com quem partilhei o campo, as gargalhadas e também as angústias: Liliana Vilas-Boas, Susana Rocha, André Garcia e Ana Luís Vale. Aos meus amigos, principalmente aqueles que se ofereceram para ir comigo ao campo. Ao Sérgio, que só conheceu este projecto a meio, mas que esteve comigo até a última linha ser escrita. À minha família, que me apoiou desde o início e que esteve sempre aqui: a minha Mãe, o meu irmão Pedro e a minha irmã Leonor. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, através da bolsa SFRH/BD/60323/2009 e pelo Ministério Francês da Agricultura e o Conselho Regional da Córsega. Specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis case. Index Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Resumo .......................................................................................................................................... 2 I. Introduction................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Importance of the Coccinellidae ........................................................................................ 4 1.2. Iberorhyzobius rondensis and Matsucoccus feytaudi ...................................................... 11 1.3. Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.4. References ........................................................................................................................ 15 II. A case of ecological specialization in ladybirds: Iberorhyzobius rondensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), potential biocontrol agent of Matsucoccus feytaudi (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 24 2.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.3. Material and Methods...................................................................................................... 27 2.4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 37 2.6. Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ 42 2.7. References ........................................................................................................................ 42 III. Reproductive synchronization of a ladybird with its prey: evidence for prey specialization on a predator of Matsucoccus feytaudi ........................................................................................... 48 3.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 49 3.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.3. Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 51 3.4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 57 3.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 62 3.6. Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 65 3.7. References ........................................................................................................................ 65 IV. Phylogeography of the ladybird Iberorhyzobius rondensis, a potential biological control agent of the invasive pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi ...................................................... 70 4.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 71 4.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 72 4.3. Material and Methods...................................................................................................... 74 4.4. Results .............................................................................................................................. 78 4.5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 81 4.6. References ........................................................................................................................ 85 V.Validation of the genus Iberorhyzobius using molecular methods.......................................... 91 5.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 92 5.2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 93 5.3. Material and Methods...................................................................................................... 94 5.4. Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 96 5.5. References ........................................................................................................................ 99 VI. A systematic review of prey specialization in ladybirds ...................................................... 102 6.1. Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 103 6.2. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 104 6.3. Material & Methods ....................................................................................................... 107 6.4. Results ...........................................................................................................................
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