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Home , Hegumen, Holy city, Holy Land, New Jerusalem Monastery, Palestine (region)

Russia and the

■ Orthodox Missions in

■ Complete Works of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society

■ Cultural and Economic Ties between and the Palestine

■ Travel Accounts and Khozdeniia

All titles available at: www.idc.nl

National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg Russia and the Holy Land

The Holy Land has a special place in the cultural, intellectual, and political history of Russia. This collection presents a Russian tradition of its perception, comprehension, and exploration, as well as the history of the presence of Russia and Russians in the Holy Land. For more than a thousand years, the Russian Orthodox has been involved with apostolic and missionary ministry. This publication comprises various Orthodox missionary materials, such as spiritual monographs, missionary periodicals, travel accounts, archaeological sources, maps, and illustrations. IDC Publishers makes this indispensable source available to scholars in various disciplines: Slavic studies, History and Theology.

The and Journeys tourists. Accounts of journeys to the Holy Land were left by famous The first to the Holy City of explorers of the Orient, writers, and dates to the very early period statesmen, such as D.V. Dashkov, of Russian . The initiator of A.N. Murav’ev, A.S. Norov, holy pilgrimage was hegumen Daniil, V.K. Kaminskii, A. Dmitrievskii, and who visited “the Holy Sepulchre” at the A.A. Vasil’ev. dawn of the . Many people – commoners and clergymen, the wealthy The ’ descriptions of the Holy and the poor, the educated and the Land and the travelers’ accounts are the uneducated – joined one of the most important historical source for the numerous journeys to the Holy Land. studies of the spiritual life of the Their numbers steadily increased, Russian people, and of the cultural ties reaching a peak at the end of the between Russia and the , the nineteenth century. The journeys historical geography of Palestine and to Palestine (khozhdeniia) were led by, Jerusalem, and church . among others, hegumen Daniil (1104- 1107), Agrephenii (1470s), Ignathii Smol’nianin (late Religious Component of State 1400s), Hierodeacon Zosima from the Ideology Troitse-Sergiev (1419-1422), the celibate Varsonophii (1456, The Russian land, united under the 1461-1462), and V.G. Grigorovich- power of , had a religious- Barskii (1723-1747). As a consequence symbolic image of itself as a new of the frequent religious trips, the center incarnation of the Christian Kingdom, of Slavic culture was formed in the the extension of the Roman and the Laura of the Reverend Sabba the Byzantine empires, and Moscow as the

Blessed (+532) near Jerusalem. Later, it Third after the fall of Otchet o russkikh sooruzheniiakh, vozdvigaemykh Constantinople. Transforming Russia became the main departure point for v Ierusalime. Sanktpeterburg, 1862. Russians setting off on a pilgrimage into the center of the Orthodox world through the Holy Land. became Russian state policy after the Romanov dynasty came to the throne. Journey”) by Daniil is the first of the In the middle of the seventeenth Travel accounts writings in this genre. Many copies century, the aspiration to form a unified have survived and it has been translated ecclesiastic space for the whole The Russian pilgrims describe in their into several foreign languages. It stands Orthodox world led to the reforms of accounts the trip itself, their out among the descriptions of that time Patriarch Nikon, during which the impressions, the Holy Places, the for its accuracy, detail, and brilliant differences between the religious rites Christian monuments, the divine literary merit, and served as an example of the Greek and of the Russian Church service, the nature of Palestine, and the for subsequent writings. In due course, were eliminated. Nikon sent the economic activities of the people, as khozhdeniia acquired a more pragmatic and scribe Arsenii Sukhanov to Mount well as the biblical and apocryphal character, as a result of a new type of Athos and Palestine to obtain old Greek legends, and the political events they traveler who had both commercial and manuscripts, he corrected the divine witnessed. Readings of the khozhdeniia diplomatic aims (Triphon Korobeinikov, service books, and in 1656 he founded accounts were very popular among the Vasilii Pozniakov, Vasilii Gagara, the New Jerusalem monastery on the people, and played an important role in Arsenii Sukhanov, Iona Malen’kii, etc.). banks of the Istra river as the symbolic spreading knowledge about, for In the nineteenth/early twentieth and architectural duplicate of the Holy example, religion, geography, centuries, the research journeys were City. ethnography, and history. The famous rather frequent: the Holy Land had Zhitie i Khozhdenie (“Life and become a destination for secular During the reign of Catherine II ability to honorably serve Russia’s supervision, churches were built in (1762-1796), the “Greek” theme interests in the . Among the , on the , in Ein- became the main priority of Russian successors of Porfirii were such Karem, and in Gethsemane. He was foreign policy. Such policy had always outstanding personalities as Bishop also actively involved in the had a certain ideological content: the Kyril (Naumov), a famous theologian excavations that uncovered the countries of Oriental Christianity were and Rector of the Ecclesiastic Academy Threshold of Judgement Gate. By the perceived by the Russian Empire as an in Kiev, Leonid of the First World War, there was a extension of its own world, and (Kavelin) and Anthonin (Kapustin), considerable amount of Russian therefore they needed its protection and who contributed to the Byzantine and property in Palestine: eleven churches, patronage. This matter became who Paleoslavonic studies, seventeen hotels, seven , a especially tense in the nineteenth Archimandrite Cyprian (Kern), hotel in Jerusalem, four out-patients’ century, when the conflict over the patrologist and pastorologist and clinics, etc. The Russian church in patronage of the Holy places was one of Metropolitan Nikodemos (Rotov). All Jerusalem was the largest piece of the main factors which led to the of them left an abundance of materials property in the town. Since 1856 the outbreak of the . on, and about the study of, the history transportation of pilgrims to the Holy and the antiquities of the Holy Land. Land, and their settlement there, had In 1858, a separate Russian Consulate The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in been effected by the Russian Society of was established in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem functioned until the 1917 Steam Navigation and Trade (Russkoe Palestine Committee (1859-1864), Revolution, when its activities were obshchestvo parohodstva i torgovli, which was headed by Grand Duke suspended. ROPIT). Constantine Nikolaevich, was established to receive donations and to This collection deals with the activities help pilgrims. In 1864, the Committee Russian Achievement of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in was replaced by the Palestine Jerusalem, and with the history of its Commission, which was attached to the The results of the missionary activities relations with other government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and whose were appreciable: lots of land was private institutions and organizations. It remit was to improve the life of bought, and many temples, monasteries, includes official and reference editions, pilgrims. hotels for pilgrims, and educational and the research and religious works of the medical institutions were built. At the heads of the missions, and biographical This collection provides the opportunity same time, the Mission promoted the material. to study in great detail both the spread of education among the local intellectual sources of the emerging Arab inhabitants, and established a state ideology and the centuries-old network of Russian schools. To list but The Imperial Orthodox Palestine history of the religious-ethnic self- a few of Father Antonin’s Society identification of the Russians of very achievements: purchases of land in different social strata – the common (including the Oak of Mambre), The Orthodox Palestine Society (later, people, the , state officials, and the summit of the Mount of Olives, the Imperial Orthodox Palestine scholars – as well their attitudes toward property in Jaffa, gardens in , Society; Imperatorskoe Pravoslavnoe the problem of the Orthodoxy in the and a plot of land in on the Palestinskoe Obshchestvo, IPPO) was Orient. shores of the Sea of , Under his established in 1882. It was chaired by

The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission In 1847, six centuries after the “discovery” of the Holy Land, the Holy Synod decided to send the first Russian Ecclesiastical Mission to Jerusalem. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the official Mission in Palestine became part of the state policy of Russia. Its purpose was to offer Russian pilgrims spiritual supervision, provide assistance, and sponsor charitable and educational work among the Orthodox Arab population of Palestine and , and to carry out the divine service in Church Slavonic. The Mission was guided by Archimandrite (later Bishop) Porfirii (Uspenskii), the outstanding scholar, archaeologist, and traveler. Bishop Porfirii was the first in a long line of most distinguished -presbyters, who were famous not only for their excellent education and ability to combine church service with academic work, but also for their Zhivopisnye vidy Sviatykh miest Palestiny. S.-Peterburg, 1853.

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich until subsidized by the government, its main The Beginning of Academic Studies his assassination by terrorists in 1905, income came from donations received of the Holy Land when his widow Elizaveta Fedorovna in churches and cemeteries, and from The original Russian schools of Oriental took over. Its foundation was the result contributions from members of the and Byzantine studies were founded in of the efforts of one man, Vasilii royal family and individual patrons. the second half of the nineteenth Nikolaevich Khitrovo (1834-1903), The Society had its own eparchial century. Representatives of such were nobleman and ministerial official. The departments, and carried out an active members of the IPPO, of the idea of establishing the Society had enormous amount of educational and Obschestvo Lubitelei drebnei come to Khitrovo during his first visit humanitarian work. The Orthodox pis’mennosti (Society of Ancient to Palestine as a . He was so received free medical aid in Written Language Lovers), and of other stirred by the deplorable living hospitals and outpatients’ clinics in research institutions. The heads of the conditions of Russian pilgrims and the Jerusalem, , and Nazareth. ecclesiastical missions, starting with dismal state of the local Orthodox Graduates from Russian schools formed father Porphirii (Uspenskii), willingly inhabitants, that he devoted the rest of the nucleus of the rising group of Arab engaged in . his life to strengthening the Orthodoxy intellectuals. After the 1917 Revolution, Researchers focused special attention on positions in the Near East. Khitrovo the Palestine Society became a research the collections of medieval manuscripts published many articles and reviews on institution. of the Athos monasteries in , the the Palestine studies and on the cloistral collections in Palestine, the problems associated with the Society’s This collection includes numerous collections of manuscripts in activities. The aim of the Society was to sources on the history of the Society as Constantinople, and especially those of promote the Russian pilgrimage, to well as biographical material on its the Sinay cloister of Saint Catherine. strengthen the Orthodoxy among the officials, in particular V.N. Khitrovo. It Among the researchers of the treasuries local inhabitants, and to study the contains all the Society’s editions: of manuscripts were Archimandrite country, its antiquities, and its sacred Pravoslavnii Palestinskii sbornik, Porphirii (Uspenskii) – who had the places. The Society was the most Chteniia o Sviatoi Zemle, Soobscheniia honor of discovering the famous Sinay important instrument of Russian cultural and Otchety. Codex of the Bible – and such policy in the Near East. Although it was outstanding Russian scholars as A.S. Norov, A.Kh. Vostokov, N.F. Krasnosel’tsev, and A.A. Dmitrievskii. The research heritage of the Society was realized in 63 editions of Pravoslavniy Palestinskiy Sbornik (PPS), published in 1881-1917; they are represented with exhaustive completeness in this collection. Both the research works, which are dedicated to the history and the culture of the peoples of the Near East, and the historical sources and the literary monuments were published in the PPS editions. The history of the Orthodox divine service and liturgics was a special theme of research. Besides the research works, this series consists of Greek, Slavonic, Georgian, and descriptions of Palestine, descriptions of Christian sacred places in Palestine, Russian and foreign khozhdeniia, hagiography, and so on.

Images of the Holy Land The reconstruction of images of the Holy Land in that flourished in the 17th century is a characteristic feature of the cultural heritage of the Orthodox Mission in Palestine. Patriarch Nikon (+1681) created a replica of Jerusalem and its surroundings (known from Evangelic texts), which was situated near Moscow on the banks of the Istra river. This replica was a symbol of the most successful attempts to embody the 3RUILU¯±8VSHQVN¯±9RVWRNNKULVW¯DQVN¯±(JLSHWL6LQD±YLG\ … [Saint Petersburg], 1857. reminiscences of biblical events. The dimensions, structure, and layout of the The National Library of Russia published by the Orthodox Palestine Voskresenskii cathedral, which was in Society, ecclesiastic academies, and the center of the monastery, resembled The National Library of Russia was many private publishers in Russia. established at the end of the those of the Temple of the Holy th “Russia and the Holy Land” is part of a Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The city of 18 century. Today, it is one of the vast collection of the National Library Sinay was the source of numerous biggest libraries in the world: it of Russia. It contains monographs, artefacts, descriptions of which entered possesses over 30 million items. periodicals, maps, and illustrations. the paleographic and The National Library of Russia Among the monographs are the Holy Land. The illustrated occupies ten large buildings in biographies, bibliographies, and manuscripts of monastic libraries in St. Petersburg. It is more than just a religious, political, economic, Palestine and Sinay were studied by library: it is a cultural center with archaeological, geographic materials A.S. Norov, A.Kh. Vostokov, concert halls, information centers, and related to the Russian Missions in the N.F. Krasnoseltsev, A.A. Dmitrievskii, its own publishing house. Holy Land. and V.N. Beneshevich. The library is famous for its collections of liturgical writings and descriptions of numerous sacred journeys, which were

Organization of the collection For the present publication the titles have been arranged in eleven subject groups. Some titles do appear in more than one subject group. 1. Bibliography: 11 titles 2. Periodicals: 6 titles 3. Personal sources: 23 titles 4. Fine arts, cartography and photography: 13 titles 5. World religions in the Holy Land: 6 titles 6. The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Palestine: 42 titles 7. The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and its publications: 64 titles 8. The pilgrimages and journeys to the Holy Land: 105 titles 9. The Holy Land in the Russian theological literature, and liturgics: 15 titles 10. Academic studies of the Holy Land: 22 titles 11. Reference books and guide books: 14 titles

General information Scope 216 titles Number of fiche 2563 Size of fiche 105 x 148 mm. Film type Positive silver halide Reduction ratio Varies depending on the size of the original Internal Eye-legible headers on every fiche indicating the author, finding aids abbreviated title, place and date of printing of each item Cover illustration from: , arkhimandrit Bibliographic Bibliographic records for all titles ordered are supplied ®HUXVDOLPVNL±. 2SLVDQLH6YLDWDJR%R]K¯LDJUDGD information in AACR2/MARC21 format with the microfiches ®HUXVDO¯PD… [Moscow, 1815?]

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HISTORY OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES An extensive selection of monographs and serials concerning the history of orthodox churches in Russia and .

§ 312 titles § 22,007 microfiche § Texts mostly in Russian, but some in French and German

HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE HOLY LAND The works listed in this catalogue include many texts and archaeological publications which have long been unobtainable, most of them relating to the period before the . Many are primary documents. Others are a selection of valuable groups of studies relating to Christian archaeology and architecture, works on Christian topography, historical periodicals and valuable bibliographies.

§ 184 monographs and 33 serials § 15,032 microfiches § Texts in German, French, English, Latin, Italian.

COUNCIL FOR WORLD MISSION ARCHIVES 1795-1950 School of Oriental and African Studies, London The Archives of the Council for World Mission (incorporating the archives of the London Missionary Society) are among the oldest archives on missionary work, with files of correspondence and travel reports dating back to the eighteenth century. The special value of these archives lies in the wealth of unpublished historical source material pertaining to colonial countries of , , and . One of the rare treasures, for instance, is the collection of 115 original letters - with a considerable number of insertions - written by Livingstone, together with copies of letters sent to him.

§ 25,571 microfiche § Including printed guide (15 pp.) and 34 detailed inventories on microfiche § Organized by geographical and subdivided according to record type (e.g., letters, minutes, etc.)

603.2000 no. 1178