LIST O F AU TH O RITI ES CONSULTED

‘ ’

Pu nabi M l ans bv H . j u s a m Cap tain amilton The Gazetteers of the P unj ab and North

Western F ro ntier Province .

8 1 IQ 19 31 Censu s Repor t 1 9 I, 190 , “and .

’ ‘ ’ Tod s Raj asth an . DS ’ ‘ ’ H n. Th o m pson s istory o f I d ia

’ ‘ ’ t ne s H . no Elph i s istory of Indi a 7

’ ‘ ’ ind le s V Mc G r Ancien t Ind ia "6 A ’ ‘ and U ars H and books an Raj puts , nJats J G l ossary of the Tr ibes a d Ca stes of the

na W F Pu j nb and North estern rontier Provi ce .

‘ ’ The Gypsi es o f Ind ia by Macke ri tch ie .

‘A H i st ory of th e 1Asi a ’

by N . Elias and

PRINT ED B Y : MU H AMMAD S AEED S H EI KH AT A CCU R AT E PR I NTE RS

ND U BL ISAED BY IM FOR B K H L A P H T H E OO O U S E , A H OR E . Th e aim in pro du ci ug th i s

book i s to p u t i nto a n easi ly accessib le

form and as much in form ati v e as p oss i

ble concerning the history , custo m s etc of t h e p eop le o f Punj ab who h ave

s h embraced I sl am . Thi book gives t e origin and hisntory o f almost all t h e imp or t an t P u jab i Tribes .

P ublisher CONTENTS

Chap ter I

P ab Mu alman unj i s s .

Chap ter II

S ke tch o f the History of t he na Pu j b .

Chap ter 111 f History o Isl am.

Chap t er I V

Cus toms and Ceremonies of t he

P ni Mu salman u j ab s .

Ch ap t er V Di stri bu tion of Tribes —S hort ns P M Accou t of unj abi usa lman

Tri bes .

Chap ter VI

A Bre if Account of Cis Ind us P n athans a d Tribes p eculi ar to F P Hazara D istrict N W. . and ,

ak in to Pathans . PUNJABI MUSALMANS

Chap ter I

ans The term Punjabi Mu salm roughly describes those Muslim Classes and Tribes which are to be found in F P that p orti o n of the Punjab and North West rontier ro vince which lies between the Indus and the S utlej Rivers to the South of the main H imalayan Range . This includes P H azara District , p ortion of Jammu and oonch (Kash

H . mir territo ry ) , and the ill Tracts of Rawalp indi District

P u na f i M u sa l m n no a s . nD i r Ma i i v i 2 . F o u s o s j b

l ans Punjabi Mu sa m may be classed under four main heads

. ( i ) l . Raj puts

i . ( i) 2 . Jats

ii i 3 . ( ) . Gujars

v 4 . (i ) . Others

P 3 . The history of the unjab until the commence n in . 1 ment of the Muhammadan i vasions A D . 001 i s

r fragmentary and incomp lete , interrup ted by long p e iods of which we have no definite record . Certain incidents stand out as reco rded facts a nd establish historica l land

a marks . Between these , nations , races and dyn sties ap p ear and disapp ear , leaving but faint traces of thei r existence to be u nravelled by the Archaeological exp erts from their coins and inscrip tions on stone and brass .

o P na i Mu a l 4 nf u m anr b r i T i s . O gi j b s e . Most Punjabi Musalman tribes trace their origin to M period s p rior to the uhammadan invasions , others claim fanciful or mythical ancestors , while the remainder are satisfied that they came into the country with the M . uhammadan conquerors The traditions of their past are , as ‘ ’ a rule , handed down by the tribal miras is who record in song the exp loits of their heroes . These bard s keep the tribal genealogical tree , the roots of which extend back to some legendary hero : in so me cases even to

Adam .

In the absence of more satisfactory record s we h ave t generally to accep t these statements , where hey are not a t variance with the opinion of eth nologic al authorities .

In chapter V there is a short account of each tribe , based on these sou rces o f information . Only those tribes

s - or u b tribes are d e alt with which are of some intere s t .

Below is t he description of the four main divisions mentioned in p aragra ph 2 . 5 R A J PU T S 1 A a n f a t . R r O i i no 0 y r g jp u s l I

‘ ’ n 1 h a s All Raj puts claim Aryan origin a d this cla m been accepted a s correct by m os x ethnological a uthorities .

- Their common birth dates back , however , to so remote

‘ now R u t , a describes races a , past that the term j p

- c laima e f , , which are most dis similar . The e fects of time tn and political v icissitudes have wrought great changes 1 W the various branches of the race . e now find the Raj puts

R a th an of j pu a differ greatly from the Raj puts of South ern Punjab and these again from the Raj puts of the P North West portion of that p rovince . I n unjab thenre a are many types of the race , distinguished from one other by their mora l and p hysica l characteristics , and v p ossessing , in arying degrees , the qualities which make good soldiers .

The Aryan descent of all Rajp uts cannot be said to have been establish ed beyond disp ute , and it is p robable

th e Sc th ian‘ r that some , at least , of Rajput tribes are of y o H n P u origin . It seems likely that most of the unjabi Musal man Raj puts are sprung from this source , fo r they belong “ — ” “ A nic lar . chiefly to the g u or Fire born tribes These are generally considered to have been Scythian warriors who assisted the Brah mans in the ir final struggle with the

‘ B udd hists , and were admitted into the ra nks of the twice ’ H born as a reward for their services to ind uism . The

‘ ’ - d is tin ntitle Fire born was bestowed o n them in order to g ish them from the original Raj put races which claim ” descent from the Sun and Moon .

The word Raj puts is derived as follows The Aryans h aving settled down in the lands they

had won from the Dravid ians , the aboriginal race, v n l imp roved in ci iliz ation and by a p rocess of atural se ec tion grad ually resolved themselves into three classes

l B arkm an ( ) The , or p riestly class .

2 . Ks hat ri a t . e ( ) The y , , Raj p ut or governing and M and military caste , comp osed of the aharajas

their warrior kinsmen and comp anions , who se

d uty it was to fight , rule and administer

j ustice , and protect the community in general .

.

3 Vais i a i a ( ) The y , or trading and agr cultur l caste ,

now rep resented by the Bunnia . 4

R a u a S i a l G r a e jp t oc d .

R a u t The jp therefore re presented the aristocracy , and the word imp lies this d isti nction to this day . So much s o is the case that Raj put in the Punjab has come to

a me n a social grade rather than an ethnological t erm .

The decennial censuses show h o w many tribes e nd eav ou r to substantiate their claim to high social p osition by

‘ ’ returning themselves as Raj put , numbers of whom have h J a t no title to that distinctio n. Others ave fallen to status owing to their non - observance of those social l aws recognised as necessary for the retentio n o f their p osition as Ra u M J a t j p ts . any tribes have both a Rajp u t and a a nd branch , while others rank a s Raj p uts in one district

Jats in another . nS o clearly is th i s social p ositi o n of the R aj p u t reco i se d g , that it is common to find men add ing the word Rajp ut b to the name of their tribe , even when the tri enis wel l known to have no claim whatever to Rajp u t origi it imp lies that the man considers himself to be of Rajp ut status .

P r i d e o f R ace o r T r i b

P nM The u jabi usalman Raj p ut as a Rajp ut has what

“ ’ may b e called a p ride of tribe of which he is most

ance tenacious and which he maintains by strict ad h e r to

h is H e the rules which gov ern marriage customs . does not look o n himself as a Raj put first and then a s a

Gaklzar J nua a A a a w n na s , or a j or , but member of one of

S a/z u R a u t th ese tribes first , and then as or as j p which

h i o a is b m t ce rtain . entitles social p ositio n It his tri e which d istinguishes him and of which he is a p roud . member . This is a feeling which it is important to foster H e will not give his women in marriage to members of i n any tribe which is regarded as lower the social scale than his own . As a rule he will not undertake menial

e . labour , u nl ss driven thereto by stress of circumstances Those Punjabi Musalman trib es which have become lax in the observa nce of these social laws h av e inevitably fallen from the rank of Raj p ut to that of Jat .

T h e A r i t c ra t h e R a u t s o cy of jp .

The Punjabi Musal man Raj p uts belong to the aristo P cracy of the unjab , and though a few other tribes con

sider themselves their equals , there are , with the exception

S a ads Gakhhars of the y and the , none that rank above them .

C ne r o v s nI i t o a m o s l .

The general conversion of the Muslim Raj puts from H induism is su pp osed to have taken p lace towards the 13t h 14 end of the or early i n the th century A . D . The Muslim conquests undoubtedly accelerated this cha nge M m of religion , but the p reaching of several renowned usli P Saints , especially Bawa Farid of ak pattan and Syed Ali

H i veri L j (Data Gunj Bakhsh) of ahore , whose eloquence d rew large numbers to hear them , help ed considerably to this end .

a nR r o m t h e r a o n a t f S e p t i o f t h e H i d u jp u

Mu s al m a n R a jp u t . Prior to the Muslim co nquests the whol e of the Punjab and Northern India was ruled by the Rajp ut

d e issive anou c K . ns r p rinces The battles of Tha e u , j and

n119 3 . . Benares fought by Muhammad Ghori i A D n 6 R at h ors u w agai st the Rajp uts and , broke p their p o er ff and their e ective combination . A great immigration of Rajp uts into Marwar and Northern and Western Rajputana

then followed , and in that quarter they became the ruling

race there they retained their indep endence and religion , and the final separation between the two branches ( H ind u M and uslim) was then comp lete .

Military service is looked on by the best Punjabi M ‘ M ’ uslim Rajp uts i n their true etier , and all the best i i known fam lies have given the r sons to the Army .

J A T S

O n r i i g .

The origin of the p eop le known as Jats in the North

W P J ats E estern unjab , and as ast and South of the Sutlej , has been the subject of much learned discussion by nd v i v v eth nological authorities , ( a ery d vergent iews ha e

o t been exp ressed . N degree of certain y has been reached , J ats s and what the are , or whence they ca me , is till an historica l p roblem which t remains t o elucidated by

ch eaol o ical ar g or other antiquarian research .

o n e c t u re s a s o r nof a t s C O j t i gi J .

J a ts n The have been ide tified by one writer with the E m gyp sies of urop e , another akes t heir original h ome in the Mesop otamian marshes , others again consider them to

J atii Getae be the descendants of the , and other Scythian w I races , hich entered ndia about the beginning of the

Christian era . Recent op inion , however , leads to the

no at J aat conjecture that at time has there been a J or race

is b as d istinct from the Raj put race . It proba le that both have sp ung from the same Ayran stock . a n t Si ifie s S o ci al S t a u s J g t . W J hatever the origin of the term at may be , it now W P n signifies in the North estern unjab a n occupatio or

R a u ts degree of social status , rather than a tribe or race . jp rep resent the highest social grade while J a ts may be con s id ered to rank next to them .

The term J at is also used to describe an occupation in one locality it means the cultivator or “Jat Zamindar

- v in another it is applied to th e camel dri er , and elsewhere to cattle graziers . Jats are essentially tillers of the soil and as cultivators they superior to Rajp uts .

D o R a t s e nt . Ja t Cl ai m t jp u e c

In fact; most Jat tribes trace their origin from Rajp ut

‘ e status , and ascribe their fall in social rank to the m sa l lianof o ce s me Rajp ut p rince or princess with a p erson of l ih r l o e . a a n g rade To y d0wn common a cestry for all Punjabi Musalman Jat s and to descri be them as d istino ‘ e ac i s e tiv r e , warranted by n ither hi storical facts , tribal

e nor e i l gends , distinctiv ph ysiognomy . The major ty of the tradition s of the Jat tribes in the Punjab p oint to their being recent arrivals in the land of their ad op tion .

l

‘ S t a bili t for t h e A r m y y .

From a recruiting p oint of v iew J ats vary consider ably according to the locality in which they are found . W ’ in hile one d istrict they are not good , in a nother they ‘ M are well wort hy of consideration . The uslim Jats of E P i i the astern unjab and the distr cts bordering o n t , are W a very different p eople to the Jats of the North est , M and these again from the Jats of ultan . 8

o ft e r d o R a u s a s n P t . J t t o b e r e fe e jp t

There are Jat tribes which i n every way , physique , r spi it and manliness , are to be p refered as soldiers to

others of Raj put status .

n r no no f a H t Me t i i i J t s s o y .

S ubsequent to the first Muhammadan inva sions we

find the Jats frequently mentioned in history . In 1024 M f A . D . ahmud of Ghazni had great di ficulty in over

a ts o S ind J coming the f , a nd he is said to have finally M red uced them after a naval engagement near ultan ,

. w presumably on the Chenab It is p robable , ho ever , that the word J a t has been used in a very loose sense by

a . 1658 the historians who rel tes this event I n A . D . the Jats app ear a s valuable allies to Aurangzeb in the troubled times that followed the dep osition of

Ja ts Shah Jehan . Babar mentions the of the Salt Range in his memoirs .

h s i u e o f a t s G o o d P y q J .

In the area where water is scarce , the Jats are a pastoral p eop le owning in o ne p lace cattle, i n another P n camels . The op ening of the great u jab canals has effected them greatly and now they are well-to -do culti

vat rs . o Their occup ations , especially in localities where v ff they have led a p astoral life , ha e a ected their physique

v e i m en fa ourably ; they are , as a rule, h avy th ckest with

a good chests . Their mental equipment is also now p p reciable due to their p aying attention to Education .

s i o no I l a C e r t m n . o v s I t is uncertain when the Jats and Gujars of the

Punjab embraced Islam , but when Baber in vaded India in 9

e 1525 A . D . he found that in the Salt Range they had be n

anu as J b subdued by the Awans , j and other Raj p ut tri es , which had adopted the Muslim religion ; we m ay con

M . P n c l u d e therefore that they were uslim s u jabi

J ats e Musalma n have b en , and still are , democratic in

their tribal arrangements . P U N JnA B I M U S A L M A N G U J A R S r i i O g .

While the J at ii and Get ae were moving into India from t he Kandahar valley , another Scythia n tribe called t e Yuck-Chi h , whose modern rep resentatives are the

u ars G j , had established themselves i n Kabul , Kashmir and P the Northern unjab , where their settlements may be traced in the names of p laces and districts such as Guj ranwala 3rd and Gujrat . Before the end of the century a p ortion o f Yuch- Chi had beg u n to move Southward and were shortly afterwards separated from their Northern brethren

v etae J a ts by the ad ance of the G or from the Bolan .

A s has before been noticed , the distinction between

Jats , Gujars and Rajputs is probably social rather than

T A r o - ethnic . hose families of the y Scythian stock whom m the tide of fortune raised to p olitical i p ortance , became a l R jputs , a most by virtue of their rise , and their descend a nts have retained the title with the p rivileges by o bserving the rules by which the higher are distinguished from the lower castes in H ind u scale of p recedence by refusing to intermarry with families of inferior rank by rigidly abstaining from widow-marriage and by refrain ing from menial and degrading occupations . Those who transgressed these rules fell from their high estate and

J ats were reduced , some to the grade of or cu ltivators ,

Gu ar herds man. others to that of j or 10

G r a r a m i r u j E p e . Indian history also mentions an obscure tribe known

ur aras n as the G j who appare tly flourished in the North West for the short period about the 3rd or 4th century

A . D . One authority fixes as Gurjara Em pire , with its cap ital at Kanauj and embracing nearly the wh ole of

N 840 Bh o a l . orthern India , about A . D . under j This I H u n. t tribe is su pp osed to be of Scythian or origin Gu ar Gu ra t seems more tha n p robable that the words j , j and Guj ara t are deri ved fro m th is source . B ut the origin in history of the G uj aras is so obscure t hat no definite statement can be made on the subject .

G u a r s a P a o r a P o l e l e . j , s t p The Gujars as a race have always been recognised as o a a past ral peop le , and the l rger p ortion of them occu py themselves with the herding of cattle , sheep a nd

. i n goats They are found throughout the Punjab some localities they belo g to the resident p op ulation and

f land combine cultivation o with the herding of cattle , in

r othe s they are p urely nomadic . As already mentioned the Punjabi Musalman Gujars were p robably converted M to the uslim faith d uring the 15th Century A . D . The

P M t h e unjabi usalman Gujar is a patient tiller of soil , P and his p hysique is good . As in the case of unjabi Musa lman Jats it is imp ossible to describe the charac t ris t ics e of all Pu nj abi Mu salman Gujars as being alike . h Both vary wit the locality in which we find them , and

ocu atio n the p which they follow . The ed ucation standard

of this tribe i s now raising .

O T H E R T R I B E S

P Mu alm ans Among unjabi s there are certain tribes 11

which claim to be of o ther origin than that of Rajp ut .

Jat or Gujar . Those may be classed as Foreign tribes a s there advent i nto India is of com paratively recent date . They came with th e Muslim conquerers and have always

l n . been Mu sa ma s by religion

no f n I a s o S i d nv i . A r a b The Arabs were the first Muslim conquerers 01

India ; they a pp eared in Sind d uring 8th century A D . M having landed at a p oint near the site of odern Karachi .

They overcame the B rahmans and , leaving a g arrison

u . behind , marched p the Right bank of Ind us Defeating

nrou t e fi Brahman armies e they nally cap tured Multan .

No Punjabi Musalman tribes a ppear to claim descent from these Arabs , though it may be that with these

' v S a aas Koreshis ad entures came the first y and . k h nnd G a k a r s . A wa s a Ma hmud of Gazni was the next Muslim Conquerer

1001 . of India ( A Several tribes , notably the

and akkh ars G Awans claim to have come with h im , through it is d iffi eu lt to reconcile their statements with historical record s of the time .

u rk s an d Mu h l T g u s . Both Timur and Babar brought Turks and Mughals with them . From the latter a number of tribes claim to be descended , a nd it is now the fashion for many P unjabi

M m v M usalman tribes to call the sel es ughals . Among

Kh at tars Kassars these are the , , Ghebas and others . Of Turks the but few remain , a single tribe in H azara being v the sole rep resentati e .

P e r n si a s .

The G akkh ars are the only tribe which claims 12

D Persian origin . If we except arius who sent an ex

ditionI P C . e 500 . p to ndia about B , the only ersian monarch who invaded India was Nadir Shah in 1739

. . H e a A D came and went , but leaving n o g rriso n and P no ersian rule .

S a a d s o r s nd h K e h i s a S e ikh s y , .

Sa ad s Ko re sh is The y and are Arabs , the former being d P ’ the irect descendants of the rop het s tribe , the ancient “ guardian of the Kaaba at Mecca . Both tribes have m h any branches , whic claim to have come into India at ff di erent p eriods .

S h i k h s e . The only caste which includes miscellaneous converts is the Sheikh which is really a title of respect and was

a a p plied originally to the Arab spi rt u l guides .

These tribes have little to distinguish them from in P n the ordinary u jabi Musalma n Rajp ut ; excep t rare instances (especially among true Mo gh als) their p hysiognomy and characteristics are those of the p eople among whom they lies .

o f th e m A further account will be found in Cha pter V .

a h a n P s t . H i W I nhabiting azara Distr ct , North est Frontier P rovince . and the banks of the Indu s in Attock a nd Mianwali Districts are p urely Pathan tribes and tribes P allied to athans .

I These tribes are fully dealt with in Cha pter V .

14 to have formed a Satrap y of the Persian Empire of D b arius , and later it may have een included in the E i Achaemenian mp re of that country .

Many centuries before this the Aryans are su pposed to have entered India from the North West . They came in succeeding hordes which followed each other a t great intervals of time .

Until recently the app roximate date of those imm ig

rations was fixed at between and B . C . , but “ Pandit H ari Kishan Kaul , in h is Rep ort on the Census of has antedated the Aryan invasion by

years , and fixes the date of the first Aryan movement a s

’

00 . being not later than 5 0 B C . This learned writer s

’ B o u rns t erna conclusions are based o n C o u n t j j s ” “ H n an Th eog y o f the indus , and are further strengthe ed by certain dates , fixed astrologically , i n the Vedas .

That ancient Bactrian documents called t h e ” n ist an W . D ab found in Kashmir by Sir Jo es gives a H list of B actrian kings , who were indus whose first king ’ reigned in Bactria , years before A lexander s exp ed i tion to India . And what would thus p rove that India n l z w v was linked ith Bactria , and e joyed a sp lendid ci i i a

. tion B . C . /or nearly years ago

W v i e know ery l ttle of the Aryans , and all we do H know has gathered from the ancient ind u documents , the Rig Veda .

We learn that the Aryan s overcam e the aboriginal tribes , whom they d rove before them as they penetrated into the country .

h D rav dians These aborigines ave been named i 15

m i nothing is , however, known a bout the , and their or gin is hid in the mists of a ntiquit y . The wild and semi

S onthals Bhi ls wild tribes of India , such as a nd the and others , a re su pp osed to be their descendants .

D ra v ns It is p robable that a large portion of the idia

- x became subjects of Aryans , and a n inter mi ture of blood v may ha e taken p lace .

Each successive swar m of the Aryans pushed t heir p redecessors further into India , East a nd South .

The Aryans fo unded the H ind u religio n and divided themselves into three great branches o r castes — B rahm ans — Kush tri as Va i s i as The the y a nd the y , which rep resented the Priestly caste , the Ruling or

Figh ting caste and the Trading or working caste .

The country was divided into p rincip alities , under

‘

fi er nt . d i e rulers who waged war on one another

H ind uism was the religion of the country , and the

4th . Brah mans . paramount , until the Century B C when

Gautam a ch ane . a g came , the B uddha , commenced his

B u hism teaching , d increased rap idly , rose to its zenith — 722 1 — C . under Asoka 2 3 B . and remained the p op ular religion for over 600years .

32 7 . In B C . Alexander the Grea t appeared o n the

. H is scene Army entered India in two columns , the first followed the Kabul river into the Peshawar valley and established itself on the right bank of the Indus near Attock , where a bridge to spa n the river was com m nc d e e . Alexander led the second column through the moun 16

ns P t ai o u country north of the eshawar velly and the Yusufz ai plains : the brave tribes of these bills were over

come and the flank of the grea t Army made secure .

Crossing the Indus, Alexander entered the kingdom of m bh i A , who reigned over the territories lying between

that river and the Jhelum , and who had already tendered M his submission . The acedonia n s were guests rather

’ than conquerers while at Taxila , the cap ital of A m bhi s

. ind en kingdom Taxila has been tified with the ruin

- ki- mounds near Shah Dheri in the Rawalpindi district , and extensive excavations are now in progress on the

former site of this city , under the direction of the

e m Archaeological d p art ent .

acc n o u t o f A very complete Taxila , its institutions , e religion and l arning has been recorded by Aryan , the ’ historian of Alexander s campaign . The brillian t exp loits which followed and their te rmination in the death of P Alexander while in ersia , are too well k nown to need

further record here .

ff m The e ects of the ca p aign were but tran sitory , and

th e P f histo ry of the unjab was una fected by them . The

’ r m i cal n an B ah chronicles do not even me tion Alexander s name , though his fame is established throughout Muslim

As ia . The Macedonian garrisons were d riven out of the 324 co u ntry or submerged by B . C .

’ All the time of Alexa nder s visit the Pu njab ap pears to h ave been under the rule of three kings , the names

h i P ans A m b Mou sik o , orus and have come down to us .

ur as Th e Mo y dy nasty , which consolidated these terri i w P tor es under one throne, and hich ruled the unjab 17

( as well as a great p ortion of I ndia) , came i n with

Chandra Gupta in 32 1 B . C . and lasted for about 90

B u d h h ist years . The great king Asoka , belonged to this

n t h e line , a d has left lasting monuments of his p iety in edicts , named after him , and found throughout India .

r ans P arthias Bact i Kushan Then followed the , , and dynasties , which bring us into the third century of our era . The Bactrian s had attained a connsiderable degree o f Greek civilizat ion , a nd their ruli g classes w e r e

e Macedonian and Greek . Their princes a pp a r to have M n ruled the P unjab from the fall of the aurya dynasty

. C . n until abou t the end of the second century B , whe the Pa rthians came on the scene .

The P arthians came from the country to the South

o f east the Casp ian Sea , and are described a s a nation of fierce horsemen . They were followed in the first

Kush an century A . D . by the em perors , who belonged t o

uch - ch that section of a peo p le known a s the Y i .

K n The best known of these em perors was a ish ka n , whose emp ire i cluded Bactria , Afghanistan , Kashmir P . Kan is and Eastern Turkista n as well as the unjab h ka, eno u r ed d like Asoka , c g B u dhism , and his name a s celebrated in Ch ina and Tibet a s that of Ashoka in

. H is P n Burma and Ceylon capital was at eshawar, the

P r h a u u s ra 2 d . u . n . b en known as p Century A D has e

as fi xed being the p eriod in which this monarch reigned .

3rd and 4th i D D uring th e centur es A . . the h istory

P n d . of nthe u jab i s shroude in obscurity The Gup ta in a G dy asty , commenc g with a second Chandr upta, 18

2 3 0 . D . P a b appeared in the south , about A , but the unj t seem i t does o to have come under s sway . n'

The -White H uns entered the Punjab early in the 6t h cent r ri y a nd remained in p ower until about the year 530

. D . was t w A Their cap ital Sakala , now iden ified ith

Sial ico t , and their best known kings were Tarama na a nd

Mih i ra u l a r g , of whom the latter over an Kashmir

H ans H ans Who These were akin to those other ,

v ed t he ' e s t E rO a nd s " r a nead t e r: m a g f a gofil u pg ; p h i ter far

a d . f r n w o nns h e a nenm t nide t he a i

n a e ~ a e ar rc . T he we re h uncouth ess of t heir . pp 1 > y b a race . , o

' ‘ M n x h o o lia ne i m h eek s e t c nk n: the g p with the h g bone su

’ 1 h c eyes and snub h m o s ist or o f a ) . (T o ps n y Indi

W -L i ns a e ith them were associated ome obscure m nn r , a

eo e le r a a p known as t h e G u j . ' i r

. T h o t h . o r t h . H u ns d id not ugh e p we of e

“ ' e A n“ a th y left th eir mar k on t h e d ad d ed new e lem e n i t t o n. l no f the p o p u at io India (Thomp so ) One

‘ l clains f R a u ta nam H m a of the R oya o j p the unas , y possibly

a l be their descendants , a nd sma l Raj put tribe in the P n 15 w as H u n u jab kno n .

‘ The Gurjara are su pposed by some to be the a n ecs

-l n— tors of the Gujars and have left their name Guj ar j P r a : Th e dDa all Khan , Gujrat , Guj anwa la and Gujar t 5 ‘ ’ - a a n c h e b t hé Yas o dh rm o f the H un s was ac omplis d y ,

“ 1 a whose name o nly has come d own to u s . A g p of about

ETh i s 100 years follows this obscure event . p eriod B ud hh is m lost its p lace as the po p ular religion of the

H u i ts country , and the Brahmans again raised ind ism in f rmer osition and themselves to p ower . This change o p 1 d and was not brought about by peaceful metho s alone , 19 h e A ni cular F - Ra u t s t g or ire born jp tribes are said to have owed their admission into the fold for the help they

s u er gave to the Brahmans d uring their struggle for p macy . — — H 630 A . . P b a r . After the uns D The unja , a e s to ; , p p _

R rince s r ' wh o h ave come under the rule of petty ajp ut p ,

o u t p arcelled the country into small independent states , 8 of which . early in the th century , the most im p ortant

G a ni a t had their ca p ital at Garh j (Rawalp indi) , Si lko ,

H as m L . . o f K h j r a and ahore The indu kings , prob bly

9 t h ce nt . u r wh e ruled a part of it until the end of the y , ti

W P h am the North est unjab west of the river J enlum , c e under the Brahman rulers of Kabul , know as Shahi

Sa bu t t a in as t h e kings . It w these kings whom g , first of

v nt d as nwid M . the Gh az a ( uslim) y overcame

7 12 . . n in In A D Islam made its first ap p eara ce the country w ith Arab conquerors of Sind h .

‘ ncl y Mu h a mm ad A u e n The rabs Bin Kasim, a cousi ‘ t n. o the Governe of the rovince Babylonia, u der f p ,the n . t ir fo c nt e ona i he gi r ryne r modern Karachi A port on p f verl nd l e r c n w ve a n ca e i e t h remainder e, p y ed by m g a wh e O H d Arab fleet. vercoming the ind u K”ings they marche u t h th e l nnd e t du i a fi d p ight bank of , nally establishe “ M heA i am 1 u a . T n lt n ab soldiers re ed 11 W e e M i nd Sindh , h re they form d il tary colonies a settled W n he m n . down in per a ent occup ancy he the powers of t “ d and t he Pro v inmal o Khalif of Baghda of G vernor F m nt . d e nd d ecline , the loca l rulers b came i epende ro

' ‘ in i nat 879 re . e an about the year A D there wer S ult s g g T ’ . h m s r n M o o ne is t o Mansura and ultan ( p y of I dia) d ent Their p ower did not however , last long , a nd their a v made little or no change in th e religion of the country. 20

Sabu kta in h az nw G a id s g , the first of the , added Kabu l

P ai al and eshawar , to his dominions , a nd defeated J p , L am h an9 8 i L 8 . H e K ng of ahore , at g in A . D was m 8 D . so nM 98 A . succeeded by his , ah ud of Ghazni , in , and followed the Muslim conquerors of I nd ia . Mahmud 17 is said to have undertaken campaigns against India .

’ M m Jai al ah ud s first great battle was against p , who had ff su ered defeat a t the hands of his father in 9 88 A . D . Th e fight is beli eved to have taken p lace on the Chach p H I Gakkhars lain near azro o n the nd us . The , at that

b 111 time a very powerful race , who held all the y country Ma r a lla l from the g p ass to the Jhe um , made an impetuous

’ change with men on Mahmud s camp and almost d d t h e o f Jai a l eci ed fate of the day in favour p , but

M a ahm ud averted disaster a nd won the b ttle . In the 1009 ' . M . Ra ut c o nl ed e rac yea r A D ahmud met the jp y A nand l a s o n Jai al under p , the of p , a t Bhatinda , and for the second time the Gakkhars were nearly succeeding in

’ t urnin th e nal s A a d . n g scale in favour of Raj p uts when p elep hant , which had been wo unded , bolted from the field , and the H ind us conclud ing that their leader was fleeing ,

M . gave away . ahmud thus won his second great victory

Ma M hmud was succeeded by his son uhammad , who u t was early dep o sed by Masud , another son , and p to 103 M death in 0 A . D . asud emulated his father with

but poor success , and lost most of the territory he had won : Ghazni a nd a portion of the Punjab alone remained .

h az nw 115 5 The G a id s were expelled from Ghazn i in

Al a-u d - o f t h e m r A . D . by din Ghori , and the last took efuge i nL e M a ahore wher he was ca ptured by uha mm d Ghori

in1185 A . . D

M -ud - d in uhammad Ghori , also known as Shahab

22

Taimur the Tartar (a Moghal) entered India in 139 8

D H e A . . crossed the Indus at Attock and marched on

no D elhi , meeting with o pp osition on the way . Delhi was taken after a battle fought under its walls . Taimur D h remained in elhi only a fortnight , and d uring is return w H nu aged a war against the i d s of the H imalayan val leys .

1 26 w 412 5 . F 1 . as rm nant rom to A D there no pe a

P na p ower ruling in India , and the u jab pp ears to have c been held by Vi eroys , nominally under the authority of m i . the k ng of Delhi , but in reality ore or less indep endent

l ‘ ’ l S a ad l . l 44 . l u A D the y , Khizr Khan , Governor of

1 s eZed 111111511 , i the throne and established a line known as

ads vih o we re t h e L odhis t h e S ay f y followed by , and Afghan

‘ ‘ ‘

145 1 1526 . . Th e t h ird k th clan , from to A D ing of is

‘ re a s i e e e f f anno s c tnth A h ble t q f n dynasty gave g g and one “ nr wa h b f . of them who , s th en . w Gover o o t e Punja Invited

’ t nd r r s ' n s h ir i t e e e r e vanc 3 the Moghul Babar , g s ep i a f d t g

‘ o . n1 (Thomp s n)

a f a inde r T aim u r c Bab r, sixth scent f om s advan ed on

i n 1526 . . el P D hi , and at anipat , April A D fought one of t he d ecissive battles of the world a nd gained a great

H e e t : vi ctory . el cted to s ay in the country and with him commenced the line of the grea t Moghal Emperors“ J

i M 1 1 7 . Unt l the declin e of the oghal p ower in 7O A. D b t h e v the Punja was under form of a settled Go ernment , ’ “ ” anA kbar s d in reign formed one of the fifteen Subahs e or p rovinc s , under a Viceroy .

nvasio o f m i . n The year 1739 A D . is emorable for the t . x d was b Nadir Shah . That such an e p e ition p ossi le showsl 23 the state of decay and weakness to which the Moghal

wa . s n p ower had fallen Another battle fough t near Kar al , a and Delhi was sacked for the third time . Nadir Sh h

o Pa rs ia m e s mo n to k awa y with him to an i m n e a u t of

fa mbu s P ac booty , which included the e ock throne a nd the

Koh- -nu r i .

' ' ’ ’ ‘ h l s f h l ent ra n During this p eriod , wit the o s o l c l co trol

th e P b ‘ h b n from Delhi , unja seems to ave roke away from authority and t t o have formed -a system of small states

e tt w m flo l i ne en» own d by p e y tribes , which ere ore r ess d p

' ‘ n; “ T h ere z we re Gakkha s -in"h i do nr betwee n de t the r the ll u t y

Mar alla Jah ms i w ns 1 and A a the g p ass and the Jhelum , the fi Sta/s of Jh a t h e Kharral s i n the A Salt Range the , e pgm of nd oh M w , e r o f ontgomery, a t ers who a ppointed th i nchie s

wn. e fo M t t s n and med their o revenues a g rem ined i this a state unt l t heS ikhs rose to ower and a ssert ed their i p L S ikh S ard rs e authority from ah ore . a wer placed as

s u S i kh Governor a nd , backed p by troop s , took over the revenue

w u e fi This was not accom p lished itho t sev re ghting ,

nuas Gakkhars J a a nd some of the tribes , notably the and j gave the S ikhs infinite trouble .

F ro m the latter half of the 18 t h century the North

’ S ikh m o and o ai d w u d r s rehi rié West Pu njab as n e do ini n , it until the country was taken o ver by the British after t he‘ 4 seco nd S ikh war in 18 9 .

' ‘ - - ' This short sketch of the h istory of the P unjab s holas

‘ ' ’ - ’ m t he v e t of t he eo fes that , from earliest ti es , mo em n p p t heN r We t comfl into the Punjab has been from o th s . Until p arat ively recent times almost each century has been t he — ans B u s ac n H arrival of new races Ary , tria s , Scythians , n 24

d ff and many others , i ering widely in race , i n culture and physiognomy , have entered the P unjab some ha ve

remained a nd some passed on further east and south . It is impossible that there ha s been no intermingling of blood x ffi and it becomes e ceedingly di cult to fix . with any degree of accuracy , the origin of most of th e tribes which we now

ab Mus alm ans uni . call P j

T here has, however , been also another current of P n immigration into the u jab which this account c annot nH show , viz from Raj puta a and ind ustan i nto the southern

P s and e astern p arts of the unjab, and is i olated instances , even further north . The details of this second m ovement are most obscure

w r . ManP u a h and its causes not easily exp lained The j ,

hanRa uts nd Chau a jp app ear to have been those which were most effected by it . The best k nown of these movements -u d - o ccu red in the reign of A la din , of the Khalj i dynasty

t h e Kharrals Ti wanas ( 1296 when ancestors of the , , haddars P Ghebas and C , emigrated from the rovinces of P H industan to the unjab .

n Ra u Some retained their status and ame of jp t while others became Ja ts , but the tribes which have resulted from this second movemen t are p robably of p urer Rajp ut P Mu salmans ant d la descent than the other unjabi who

n. claim the same origi

salm an P nMu s e d evid e ou h d i Th g , u jabi have be n nto in u J four ma sections , Raj p ts ats Gujars and other

m no t be tribes , in another chap ter , it ust concluded that this division is ethnologically correct . Chap ter I II

H ISTO RY OF ISLAM

o Mu h a m m a d B e P e a u onh i m B i r t h f ( ce p )

u Muhammad (Be peace p on him) , the founder of the M 570 Musalman religion , was born at ecca in the year

H is Koresh . A . D . parents belonged to the tribe The sanctity of the Kores h dates from nearly two centuries M m before the birth of uham ad (Be p eace u pon h im ), at which period the tribe acquired the guardianship of the “ ” “ Kaaba at Mecca . The Kaaba is said to have been

built by p rop het Abrah am , and from remote antiquity ,

and had been a centre of p ilgrimage worship for all the tribes of Arabia .

Th e Arabs at this time were stee ped in Idolatry and ff their religion was decre pit and e ete . Muhammad (Be p eace u p on him) received light from heavens and declared

is that he a p rop het , commissioned by the only GOD ,

ut to p down the idolatry , a nd restore the religion of

H e Abraham . told about the Day of Judgment when everyone will appear before the Creator of the World and

o ods s n will be rewarded for his g and p unished for his i s . M t The eccans were annoyed wi h this announcement , for the Gods denounced by Muhammad (Be peace up on him) were their holy things and their attachment to the traditional worship of their fathers wa s the greater since the p rosperity of their town rested u pon the sanctity of “ the Kaaba , which , besides being a great centre of pilgrimage , was also a trading mart for all the tribes of

Arabia . 26

During the next few years Muhammad (be peace u pon him) endured every species of insult and persecution , M at the hands of the p eop le of ecca . H e fin ally decided

M fl ed Y at h re b to abandon ecca and to , whose inhabitants h ad taken kindly to the new doctrine . This flight or " " H ijra took p lace in 622 A . D . and has become the era m of Islam . I t arks the establishment of a new religion n m desti ed to be one of the ost p owerful influences of

t h Y ath r b civilization e world has ever known . e was hence “ ” M - u n- forth named the city of the Prop het adinat Nabi a M or shortly M dina . uhammad (be peace up on him) was M elected chief magistrate of adina . By wise decisions and the creation of law a nd justice where p reviously only M violence existed , the peop le of ad ina became his grea t lovers a nd devotees .

A fter a series of victories which he was granted from m as Al ighty , he advanced to Mecca where he entered a

. W M victorious hile entering in Mecca , uhammad (be peace up on him) declared that there should be no blood ~

H e shed . took p ains to p reserve the sanctity of the city ,

and . confirmed all its rights a nd p rivileges Besides the “ e x ce t , abolishing of idols , every sanctuary , p the Kaaba “ ” wa sd es t ro yed . Kaaba was declared there cognised centre

of Islam .

h After that , the faith of Islam ra pidly sp read throug 63 . a out Arabia I n 2 A D . t the time of the death of Muhammad (Be p eace u p on him) the Arabia was ful l

of true Muslims . Within s ix years of his death Islam

s eard P p over Syria , ersia a nd Egypt , which was in fact due to the sincere efforts of the true believers of thne Prop het . Islam was meant to throw light of civilizatio on the whole world and this light was sp read over a great 2 7 part of the world by the followers of Muhammad (Be p eace u pon him) who u nderstood the reality and impor u tance of Islam . Rome , Africa and Sp ain were introd ced with the Islamic civilization , and within a century the true Muslimshad p ushed their conquests into the heart of F v rance . All Europ e would p robably have been o erru n t h e M by the soldiers of the Crescent , had no t uslims stopped their advancement .

O n t h e death of Muhammad (be peace u pon h im) ” H azrat Abu Bakr was app ointed Khalifa the Amir- u l 34 alm nH 6 . . Mu s ee . azrat Abu Bakr died in A D and was H H succeeded by azra t Omar the Great . azrat Omar the 1 6 4 . Great died in A . D and . was succeeded by H azrat

. H am n i u t 656 . Osman azrat Osman faced y in A D . H ’ in which he lost h is life . On azrat Osman s assassination

H Khali H azrat Ali was elected f unconditionally . e ,

Mo awi eh h owever , met with much op p osition from y , a follower of his p redecessor , who compelled him to come to terms . This led to a consp iracy among his own m p artisans , three of who murdered him at the doors of a mosque . A great mausoleum was afterwards erected t over his tomb , which became the si e of the town of

M . eshed , one of the holiest shrines of the Shiah p ilgrims H ’ 661 A D On azrat Ali s death in . . his eldest son Imam H e h assan was el cted to the Khalifate , but e resigned offi ce

' Moawi eh n v o in fa our of y , condition that he should re

’

. Moawi eh sume it on the latter s demise y , however , who H wished his son Y azid to succeed him , caused assan to be Y e murdered by his wife . azid succ eded his father , a nd the Omayyad dynasty was thus firmly established in the

Khalifate .

U p to this time the office of K halifa was elective and 28

Mo awi eh t he d emocratic , but y , wh ilst retaining form of election , made it in reality hered itary .

in With the accession of Mo awiye h the Omayyad came H to p ower , and from this time , the feud between the ashmi (the Ko re sh tribe to which Muhammad (be peace u pon him) belonged and the Omayyad , which originated two centuries before the birth of the Pro phet (be peace u pon him) a nd had been p assed on from generation to genera

e tion , receiv d fresh imp ulse .

H so n Imam ussain , the second of Khalifa Ali , has never d Y M acknowledge the title of azid , and when the uslims of Mesop otamia invited him to rele ase them from the

Omayyad , he p roceeded to Iraq , accom panied by his

an d family a few retainers , to p lace himself at the head of H the former . O n the way , at Kerbala , Imam ussain was overtaken by an Omayyad army and , after a heroic

a n h is all struggle l sti g four days , he and following were slaughtered , save the women and a child named Ali .

This took p lace on the l ot h of Muharram in the year

680 i s . D A . It in Commemoration of this event that the

Shi ahs P P of akistan , India and ersia observe the first ten days of the Muharram a s a period of mourning .

Thus within Islam , from earliest times , there have

H a . been two faction , the sh mites and the Omayyad The

H ashm ites - S hiahs are to day , generally rep resented by the ,

S unnis and the Omayyad by the .

The Shiah s believe in the absolute sanctity of the D es

cen . d ant s H of azrat Ali They maintain that on the death of Prop het Muhammad (be peace upon him) t h e offi ce of H Khalif is ve s ted by divine right in azrat Ali , and after

30

H azrat Ali (the first Imam)

H th e 2nd m assan ( Ima ) H usain (the 3rd Imam)

Z -u l - - Ali II , ain Abid di n (4th)

Muhammad Bakar (5 th)

Jah r Sadiq (6th)

Ismail Musa Kazim (7t h)

Al i III Naqi (8th )

Muhammad Taqi (9 th )

Ali IV ( l oth)

H a ssan Askari ( 11th )

Muhammad Abdul Qasim or nImam Mahd i (12th) h m Ja r, the sixth Ima , ominated Ismail , his eldest

’ son , but on the latter s p remature death he declared that x ’ Mu sa was his heir to the e clusion of Ismail s children .

The claims of Ismail were supp orted by one party

Shiah h among the despite the declaration of Ja r , and th u s was founded the Is mail sect who held that the last 3 1

b I visi le Imam was smail , after whom commenced the

succession of concealed Imams .

The other p arty , the Imamites , support the claims of M 12th M usa , a nd believes that the Imam , uhammad Abdu l v Qasim , is still alive that he wanders o er the earth and is

- destined to re appear .

Shiahs and S unnis have minor differences is their f n manner of of eri g prayers a nd performing ablution . ff a The p rincip al d i erence being th t S unnis , when praying , m v cross the ar s o er the breast , while Shiahs , keep the arms straight by the sides .

Another sect which may be mentioned is that of the

Wahabis d M W , founde by uhammad Ibn Abdul ahab . This sect are very p uritanical and rejec ted all trad itiona l

’ teaching excep t that of the Prop het s (be peace upon h im) companions . They prohibit p ilgrimages to shrines o r tombs , and in other respects try to restore Islam to its p ristine p urity . They are extremely fond of advocating ‘ ’ H infi l Jihad or oly wars against d e s .

P Mu salmans u The great majority o f unjabi are S nnis . DOCTRINE

Koran H The is the oly book of Islam , embodying d n the or ers of Almighty and the teachi g and precepts of the Prop het (be p eace up on him) The work is written in p rose , and apart from its religious importance , is a model of literary elegance , and a perfect storeho use onf the p urest and most classical Arabic . The name give

‘ ’ ‘ ' to this religion is Islam , signifying safety or salvation

Mu salm ans M its adherents being called either , uslims , M omins . or 32

The cardinal p rinciple of Islam is a belief in the Unity of God and th e accep tance of Muhammad (be peace “ up on him) as the messenger of God . The central

i o n o r o s ti p p which regulates the structure of Islam , is that

there is fear in Nature , and the object of Islam is to free i n . s m a m an from fear It fear that d ominates . The

a essential n ture of man consists in will , not intellect or ’ u nderstanding . That a man s fate is written on h is fore ” H head is entirely of indu origin . (Extract from a lecture M by Dr . Sh . uhammad Iqbal) .

Koran The inculcates belief in the immortality of the

’ m res o sibili t h is d a soul , a n s moral p y for life on earth , a y

of j udgment , and in the hereafter a reward of existence

arasid e in p , or a p unishment .

M n The uslim creed e joins p rayer , charity , truthfulness

industry and thrift , j ustice , devotion and humanity to

animals .

Periodical fasting as an excercise in subjugation of

the senses , and p urification before p rayer are p rescribed . A s regards the former “ but h e amongst you who shall be ailing or on a journey (shall fast) an equal number of

other days , and they that are able to keep it (and do not) shall make atonement by mainta ining a poor man R e

as garding the latter , p urification , the hands , face a nd feet

the parts most likely to be soiled , is intended . Conditions may exist , however , which may render ablutions impossible v and a soldier in the field , a tra eller in the desert , the

o f denizens a wintry land , and others similarly situated , m ay dispense with ablution before p rayer . 33

H a jj .

To keep a live the feeling of brotherhood and to p erpe tuate the memory of the sacred sp ot where the great M i message wa s delivered , uslims are directed if c rcum M i . stances p ermit , to make a p ilgr mage to ecca (The Hajj)

iv A man may marry one , two , three or four w es “ ” i p rovided he can deal wit h them equity . Divorce s allowed .

E - nvy and misch ief making , pride and va nity , are alike condemned , a nd comp ulsion in religion is strictly

i i . forbid den . Drink ng ntoxicants is reprehended

RE LIGIOUS OBSERVAN CES AND FESTIVA LS

T h e Kh u t b a h .

The kh utbah is the oration or sermon delivered every

Id hl F it r Id -u l-Z uh a F riday and on the and the , after the

- m id day p rayer .

Zik t

“ Z ikr is the religious ceremony or act of devotion ” p ractice d by the various religious orders of Fakirs and ” “ ” Z ikrs e dervishes . are either recit d aloud or in a lo w “ ” v oice or mentally . The most common form o f Z ikr is

- a recital of the ni nety nine names of God , and for those v i who recite them ha e their reward n paradise .

T h T a h e s bi .

The Tasbih consists of ninety- nine beads and is use d to i - faci litate the repetition of the n nety nine names of God . “ ” i Z ikr In addit on to the already mentioned , there are 34

e four others ven more generally used . They are used a s “ ” o f o exclamations j y and surprise , such as Subhan Allah “ ”“ H o llines s A lh am - - L be to do illa , Thanks , be to

” “ ”“ ' o d L a- -il - - G , ilaha lal lahu , There is no diety but God “ ”“ - Allah Akbar , God is Great

The repe t itio n of two of these sentences a h undred me n n ti s , morni g a nd eve ing ensures forgiveness for all a veni l s ins .

I m a m s Mau l v ie s o Mu l l a , r s .

l Each Mus11d has its Ima m , who eads the daily in M p rayers and is recei pt of the revenues of the asjid , while the Mo u l vies and Mullahs are the teachers of the

F s aith , and correspond , more or les , to the doctors of in div ity .

’ The religion of Islam comp rises two essentia ls Ima n “ ” “

t . or implici faith , and Din o r practical religion

The foundations of the Islam a re five in number

1. The recital of the Kalima or creed .

'

2 . The observance of the Namaz or S ula i . e .

the five p rescribed periods of p ra yer .

3 . The observance of the Roza or thirty dav s

fast Ramzan .

4. Z The bestowal akat or alms .

5 . The performa nce of the H aj j or p ilgrimage to

hdecca .

Of thesethe Kalima is by far t h e most imp ortant .

It. consists of repeating the foll owing Arabic se n tence 35 correct as follows L a- ilaha-Illallah o Muhammad - u r ” “

a . M Rasul All h There is no God but God , and uhammad i M is h s messenger It is i n fact , the uslim co nfession of to t faith , and has be rep eated when anyone is converted o

Islam .

a m a z o r fiv e e r i o d s o f r a e r N p p y .

“ Namaz is the name given to the five p eriods of p rayer which a dev out Musalman is required to observe — ’ ert o d s 2 o cloo k daily . The p rescribed p are day break , in f i the afternoon , before sunset , a ter sunset and on retir ng to rest .

d R k a T a khir ani t .

‘ T e Ni at h regular form of p rayer begins with the yy . “ ” rec1ted u iam n or introduction which is in the Q or sta d ing p osition , the right hand p laced on the left and the eyes

- looking to the ground in self abasement . Next follows ” “ h the F ate a i . e. the recital of the first chap ter of the

’ - - n o a k h r i R k u K ran , after which come T i and the “ a kh i -i -S i d a h T r j , the former repeated while making a n inclinatio n of the head and body and p lacing the hand s “ ” Si da up on the knees , and the latter in the attitude of j h uc or prostration , in which the forehead is made to to h s in the ground . Then raising the head and body and ink g backward on the heels and p lacing the hands o n the thighs , ” “ ” the worshipp er says the T akbir-i-Jalsa in the Q alam “ Takbir ta or standing p osition as before . A in the s nding “ ” p osition completes each Rikat or form of p rayer .

Each Takbir consists of a number of p ious ejacula “ ” tions repeated several times su ch a s A llah . A kbar “ G od is Great . 36

“ h e A n a l l T z a o r C t o P r a yer .

Namaz may be said i n p rivate or in company , or in t h e M asjid . The latter is co nsidered the most meritorious “ e n and must be proce ded by the Aza or ca ll to prayer “M 11 recited by the uezzin . A prayers must be made in th e direction of Kaaba .

“ T h e R o z a o r t h i r t d a s a s t y y f .

The 1 oza or thirty d ays fast take place in the month a of R mzan . The Ramzan acc o rd ing to Christian ca lendar a in c . . ch nges a bout a p eriod of ten days each year , g , if l oth it commences on the day of September in one year, it will commence about the 3 l st of August inthe following

Th e year , and so on . fast is strictly observed from sun rise t o sunset daily the fast does not commence in the Muslim world until the new moon is seen and t h e news “ telegraphed in each country by the Ima ms of the Jam mia ” Masjid or by the concerned dep artment of a Musli m State .

If the sky is overcast a nd the moon not visible , the fast commences on the c om pletion of thirty days from the beginning of the p revious month . The fast of the Ramzan

M t he should be kept by every usalma n excep t sick , the aged and woman who are either pregna nt or n ursing their child ren . Soldiers on service a nd travellers are also ex emp t . In the case of a sick person or a travel ler , the fast should be kep t as soon as circumstances permit .

“ k a n. Z a at o r l m s gi v i g

The term Zakat literally means p urification I t is now the name given to the legal alms which every devo ut Musalman is enjoined by the Koran to bestow up on the ” “ h p oor or to devote for religio us purposes . Zakat s ould

38

p revalent in the Upper Punjab where every single person v P ir is supp osed to ha e a or p receptor , who initiates him

' i nto th e secret s of divine worship and guides h im in his

Spiritual p rogress . No one can insp ire confidence as a truthful or straightforward man until he has done “ ’ ” ffi m P r Bal at (a liated hi self) to some i . Once this is “ ” M nu F i r done, the urid (discip le) depe d s p on the for helping him through all his diffi culties a nd having him

P i rs absolved of all his sins . are a class separate from the

p riest or Mulla ; Sayad s are generally selected .

Gh az i z

nfi Those w ho engage in war against i d els are ca lle d

z Ghaz i , and their reward is distinctly indicated in the following quotations from the Koran : God hath indeed

p romised p aradise to every one, but God hath p referred ” “ those that fight for the faith . And , Those who figh t in

’ defence of Go d s t rue religion God will n ot suffer their ” works t o p erish .

S h ah id

Th e title of Shahid or martyr is given to any one

' who dies as a sold ier for the faith ; accidentally at the hand s of another ; from the p lague or by drowning ; by the acci dentanl fall of a wall ; by burning ; from hunger ; through refusi g to eat unlawful food ; and while performing the

pilgrimage to Mecca .

F a kir or D arwe s h e s .

u t h The word Faqir means p oor , i t is sed in e sense n ” “ ne i i of o poor the sight of God rather than one n need of worldly assistance D arwesh is applied to those 39

. n who have no worldly ambitions Both terms are ge erally v t i used for those who lead religious li es . Those who at a n ” “ ” i Pir Wa i to a h gh degree o f sancntity a re called and l s , while t hose who attai the high est ran k are called “Ghaus

A nl ge s .

Koran. Belief in angels is enjoined by the O f these

’ the four most important are Gabriel who is God s

Mi chael who is the rotector o the J ews messenger, p f , I srafil who will sound the last trum p at the final resur rection of the dead , and Azrael the angel of d eath . v Besides the a bo e , there are a few angels to whom special “ ” Mu a i i functions are allotted . The qq b t are recorders

1 t n of good and ev l a nd are perpetually engaged noting

’ M ank ir down a man s actions whether good or evil a nd

Naki r s v are two angel , whose business it is to inter iew

ss a n a e rt i every man in his grave , and the genuineness of his faith in Al lah and H is Prop het Muhammad (be peace up on him) .

D e v il a nns d G n i .

Iblis Shaitan The devil is known as or , a nd is con sid ered to be fallen angel turned out of paradise because

J inns he refused to do homage to Adam . are really the old house hold god s worship ped before Islam in many — J i s v . . nn parts of the world are of two kinds good and e il

v . The former extremely hand some , the latter rep ulsi ely ugly

s o f I a m P ro p h e t sl .

i re o nnise d The s x p rop hets (besides others) c g by Islam M M a are Adam , Noah , Abraham, oses , Jesus and uh mmad 40

’

(be peace on all these) . Each of these i s supposed to e have bee n entrusted with sp cial mission , and to have new w i brou ght la for the guidance of mankind wh ch successively abrogated those that p receded them . The

ran v d Ko contain e erything worthy of record containe in

KoranShari v all pre ious works . It is called f, the noble

ran. Ko

F OO D

A Muslim (in theory) cannot object to feed with a “ ” Christian so long as the food he eats is halal . A ny objection to d o so must arise from ignorance .

i nt h e s l a u h t e r of nimal s for d R u l es regard g g a foo .

n’ M i i No a imal s flesh is lawful food to a usl m unless t “ ” has been h alaled i . e . slaughtered in the manners p re

in v iz . b scribed the Koran , , y drawing a knife across the

- throat , and cutting the wind p ip e , the carotid arteries , and r th e gullet , repeating at the same t ime the wo ds “ “ n Bismillah Allah Akbar In the ame of the Almighty ” n A clea God . animal so slaughtered becomes lawful

ans . food for Mu salm

Th e following creatures are H ilal or lawful

v 1. Animals that are clo enfooted and chew the

not a . cud and are be sts of p rey i i 2 . Bird s that do not se ze their p rey with the r k claws or wound them with their bills, but pic

u p food with their beaks .

i th v . 3 . F sh at ha e scales

Loc . 4. usts 4l

‘ “ H orse-fle sh and fish fduhd d ead are

’ s generally co nsidered u nclean . Swine s fle h is held in . u tter FESTIVALS

r T h e Is l a mi c yea .

' n i A na c u t o t e iv c o f. h p rinc pal fest als of Islam ma y

‘ " a ro ria el be w w I a c pp p t y prefaced ith , a list of the t elve sl mi ’ ' m T w lv u - Mu s lma . h a ns onths e t e e l nar divisions into which d e e a l ivid theiryear, ar s fol ows 1 M a . uharr m Raja b

' ' a 8 . 2 . a a S f r . Shab n

- - l 9 . 3 . Rabi u awal Ramzan - l- 4. b u a l O h a l Ra i khir, or . S Wa

' R bi-u s- l Z u l auda h a sani l . Q

— - 5 . u 2 H Jamad i l awal 1 . Zul ajj a ad i - - 6. Jam us sani or Jamad i-u l-akhir

’

T h e l d ul F i t ar .

3 - - r n ; The l d u t F i t or breaking o the fast form s the con " " ‘ " c l u s1 n is el o n a of the Ramaza I t h d on the first d y of l l n the mont h of Shawa ; immediate y after conclusio of t he"R oza On this day after m aking p rop itiatory o ffer n a se i nci l g to the p oor , the people s mble in the p ri pa nd a mosque or Musj id p roceed to the Idgah , a spec ia l

Khat eeb r s place of worship , and there the or p riest ead the

ou b r b v' en7 a v e e et l 8 . . ser ice . The p rayers sh ld ead or m " usually . At the closenof the service the members of t he a a d e ra e o n congregation s lute mb c each ther , and retur ' th e n ing to their homes , spend rest of the day in feasti g and merriment . 42

T h - l - o h a or B a - d e Id u Z kr I .

‘ [d - u l- oha B akr d O n of The Z or i is held the ninth m d H a the onth calle Zul ajja . The festiv l is said to commemorate Abraham ’ s willingness to sacrifice his son

i e l Ismail it s the great st Islamic festival , and is ce ebrated M most ma g nificently . A t this feast every uslim who i s i n . . p ossession of the regulated means , i e seven tolas of gold o r money equivalent to that,besides a hou se

n a ei and fur iture , is bound to s crifice ther a ram w Th c o G d . , or , or female camel in the name of o is a nhe a d t sacrifice is gener lly called Kurbani , flesh of n ' the Kurba i is divided into three p ortions , one is reser ve d for the sacrifice r hi mself : a second is given in alms

o to the po r a nd indigent , the third is bestowed among v n relati es and frie d s .

The sacrifice of a cow or camel is held to be ' equ iva T he len t to that as seven goats or rams . specia l reason ’ given for the sacrifice is that tho se wh o o lfe r u p the ' anim l a will find them in readiness to assist them over t h e u si rat p l or bridge which sep arates heaven and hell , over whic h all mankind Wi ll have to cross on the resur

' “ rect o nd a e T h e i y . righteous will pass over it with ase ,

' swif ness o f wc e and with the t lightning but the i k d will miss their footing , and fall head long into hell .

Mu h arra m

Th e Muharram commence on the first o f the month

~ o f t h at name and is continued for ten days . The period is o bserved by the Shiah s to commemorate the martyr

d o f H az ra t Im am H Im am om , , Ali , and of assa n and

Ashura H ussain . The is also held sacred by Sunnis as it 43

E ve and also commemorates the birth of Adam and the

' v ne ll . e creation of h ea , h , and the human race ' n M e ce h . on u ammad (be p a u pon him) e joined his

' followers th e observa nce of ten customs d uring the

. a . l B thing “

- Wearing Fine app arel .

A ll inSu rm a . py g to the eyes

4 n. a . F sti g

P . 5 . rayers

u Cooking more food th an sua l for the p oors .

’

. M w e e n 7 aking p eace ith on s enemi s , or establishi g

i t among o thers .

lvi a Mo u e s . 8 . Associating with p ious or le rn ed

. i r 9 Tak ng comp assion on o p hans , and

1 m . 0, Bestowing al s

The ceremonies of the Muharram vary greatly in iff r l d e ent p laces, but the fo lowing are the main feat ures observed by Shiahs . A few days before the Muharram

‘ a A sh urkh ana a p lace is p rep ared called as Imambar , or

ce it fi in nthe ntre of which is a p , in which res are kindled at ight . Across those fires the p eop le fence with sticks and swords , a nd while dancing round them , call out “ ” Ya Ali H a H ai "H ai "R i l Shah ssan , Shah uss n dost ah o O "No l H n h Ali b e assan Noble Hussai Alas , are r e friend stays "etc . These cries ep eat d until the m i x . e n p eople reach the h ghest p itch of e cite ent Th y the i ne i v a w form themsel es a circl and beat the r bre sts , hile the Moul vies read e xtracts from the Rowz at ul Shahad at or Book of Martyr s . t he JMu h arratm b e a re On the _seve, nth , day of ann rs nd ' I tat ns c s n rese a re ad conveyed in p ro e sio a rep n io m e

’ 1 u ain of the marria e of Kasim who marr ed mam bl ss s IQ l 5 ‘ g ‘ d ne of t e Ka la. aughter O th morning h battle of rbe in l w t h t o his i . m hich e lat er st l fe Co memoration , that is M r c rri cal led ehndi . On the eighth day a spea is a ed

’ "H us i 5 ab ou t in the morning to re presennt Imam sa n head v nnd a a which was carried on the poi t of j eli , innthe v en e ening there are p rocessions of m carrying ba ners l na t l- e rese t i o nZ fi e f and p of Jannah the embl m o Imam ’ h a ss i c b r . n u a ns e le ate d H d charger On the ni t y it con e l udes with illumination and p rocessions o f tabut s or Taz ias which are supp osed to be mod els of Imam

’ H s sams m b u t o at Kerbela . They generall y consist o f a a bamboo frame work covered over with tinsel and llum coloured pa per , inside whicnh a re two miniature a s or nd e e t ho n e H a tombs , i te ed to r pr s t se of Imam ssan and

‘ - - T h t - h d H . Sh a at ka ussain e last or, ten h day is the roz , ‘ ’

. u S Z or d ay of martyrdom On it , p to p . m . the ul Jannah and all the taz ias are conveyed in state from the

‘ ’ a f l im mba as to some Selected place . This héhfip etes the om n c e m moratio .

: ‘ " The Shah-1-Barat the n ht o f r d It is

‘ s h n int e n ob erved du r g eve ingof fifte e t f the ; m o a ah anS al c l L s , nth of Sh h , d so e e Ami ghty ii ‘ t hat n ight re is ac o are to , g mpf per 'i ‘ fo m the c i se e nu m r in ojt s e r Som M slims f ‘ g g a e u o Sh ahiBa rat Si o ni f ften call the the r ghit o " m po ‘ w r . it ua r and hl Q d fl a

1- o the3 27t l1; ’ nu t w l i

Chapter IV

CUSTOMS AND CE REMONIES OF TH E PU NJABI

MU SALMANS .

1 e remo nr l no bri t h . a . C i es e ti g t

nd When a child is born t he Moul vi is sent for a ’ n‘ lre h u tters the call to p rayer (bang or azan) i t c ild s ear , ’ few ild receivinall . g a s m p resent After a days the ch s hair 15 cut and a name is given it and p resents are made t o h e i v . a re t e t he midw fe , m oul i and menials The usages sam 1 1ns are re o c on the birth of both boys and girls , but the j g much greater on the birth of the former .

s n 2 Ci rc mci io . . u

n t karna med su nat Kh a na Circumcision ( or ) is perfor u 8 12 a na w m s ar p to or years of ge by the i when s eet ea t e

na n. . distributed and the i receives as mall p rese nt of mo ey

Ma rri 3 . a e g .

“ a r n e cco i t o m i e t and Marriag g Isla s a sacram n no t

l f nn’ u ct o r v merely a social i o a matter of con enience . M a i P nb Although nthe us lman tr bes of the u ja are , to a e e H u mcL whas ha large xt t , of ind origin , Isla i a d su ch a

’ ff e - n strong e ect as r gards intenr marriage , that it has e tirely d f r n abrogate the rule orbiddi g ma riage betwee relations

v I S in fact , the endea our always made to arrange marriages a i s b within the circle of ne r relat ons , and marriage etween r s i t f fi st cousin are common . I f is ound necessary to go

' rt ' i S ‘ u suall i b fu her afield a bride y sought with n the tri e , i n is fail g even that , a marriage arranged w ith a girl f ro m

47 48

a tri be of equal or only slightly lower status . Punjabi

Mu salm an s will give their daugh ters on ly to tribes of ual or higher social p ositi on All t ribes will give thei r u ’ ' , ’ ‘l ‘ i Zzil hhérh t o Sa fcids min g yj keepi n in d t heir religious I g

. Tlih n status and dignity only abi di g rule is that 111 every ’ m arriage the husband s family mu st be at leas t equal in i social est mation to tha t of the wife . I 1 1 m : 1 4Bet w h l s e ,

Marriagefis nearly always p reced ed byform at betro

ck fl n ‘ th al aNh ai o e a g e Wa) wh i ch u sually takes place

‘ ' J ‘ 1 6 ~ l e wee t h e a es o f 15 25. f r e rehhi i n b t n g and A te som p ary ‘ ' ' afi t on "h ' n r not i ons uct b t e ot o r mi eg c d ed y , cz szl or a ' a e u onl whibh ‘ h t e kinsman , a date is ppoint d p

ur m i tha i o . p rovides g or , a small sum of m ne , clothes for l y s o — vr the girl , and jewels according to their tati n e y often

“ ‘ are l ced e he o f e nai ini ; Ph ase a pla r ng r p a on t head t h ; who

’ ’ W t e acc rname s t h e bo 8 th i th h m1rm ~ o p y fa er to the girl s

t . i i ani rt h InRaw l a d S ab h d nd A t oek ri ur a np t ouse“ ( a p p clove and some coloured thread is also sent .

"fa t e r mithai i e a n h u d The gigs ther takes g or ins d , ’

. n th e nai akes are i l t c of th rest T t ight the g r s fa her , v er ha l k ‘ ’ ea t th b f and ' gives a f oq e y s h r and others, next at e sr . o ’ m i t e i e nb e f s th e rl r lat io s assem l and ea t e gu sts orn ng h g s C , i tha n r r Tm i s fa th e and p t p se t by the boy r, i l‘ace “ d a 1 15 115 1 t e i _ b efor nl the 11 159 3 h g rls The other articles g l clothe v . k h e na , , , i Z sHjewels clo e , etc etc ta en charge of by t ’ l ed th l r e e anset befor v i are”p ac in a a o op en ss l , d e the g r l s I whit e s blessing kha iri ) which sometimes or mi tha i, then divided ; n a d n r am o gst all p resent all the other a ticles are taken 49

’ by the girl s relatives . In some districts one rupee is p laced ' ’ ni h s anP ar in in the girl s hand as a token ( resents e ad e

’ t o Mullah na i miras i and the , , and , and the boy s father

n . relatives the take leave The clove bought by them , d ff coloure with sa ron , is a t th e same time returned by the

’ ’

. ur girl s father to the boy s father Occasionally , too , p gis ’ a re fa given to some of those accompanying the boy s ther . The girl ’ s fa ther then feed s his own relatives and dismiss

’ them . The girl s female relatives at this time sing songs

of rejoicing .

’ Id ’ On the following , the boy s paren ts send a

present of clothes , ornaments and money and some

eatables , according to their status , for the girl .

' Others d o without any formal ceremo ny except that ” ‘ “ d ua kh air n of having the recited in the p rese ce of the

a ssembled relatives . It is not usual to write out a co ntract

o f betrothal .

5 M a i a e . rr g

“ ‘ The date akad of the actua l marriage is fixed at

e n c a nother me ting , a comp a ied by ceremonies , and court ’ e sie s arranged a t the instance of th e boy s father . After fixing the date the parents of both parties desp atch p re r m e t/ mi nd u sents of g , etc , to their more d istant relatives a nai s m l friends by the hand s of the , who receive s al

p resents o f money , or of grain at each house . This p rae “ and tice is known as sending the g

d e ni n A week before the we d ing , the ceremony of o

t ing with oil is p erformed . In the afternoon the female

mi ras i b n relatives and th ose of the assem le and si g at the h ouses of the bride and bridegroom . They p lace each of t he e v e s o ani e betrothed , at their resp cti e hous , up n nvert d 5 0

a n ba sket in t h e yard of the house d fo ur women hold a

n . ca opy over his or her h ead

From that date until a fter the wedd i ng the betrothed d n e o o work but get good food . The wom n of both the

o se h u s assemble and sing .

r . , Then comes the ceremony of bath ing the b idegroom “ ” On the morning of the bara t (marriage p rocession) the ’

e a n . p ot t r s wife brings earthen vessel The waterma n “ ” d a ra u li al fills it , this is calle gharah g The Muss i o r

Khara/z swee per then p repares and brings a or basket ,

d o turns it u psi e d wn , p uts the b ridegroom o n it , and lights a lam p u nder it . The bridegroom is then bathed by the

e v haw b village s r ants with the water from the g , the whole

a nd m s t anro u . , dina brotherhood m le a nd fe ale , g I n Shah

’ u r nz o n p the brother bridegroom s sister iece sie es his

/ sheet and is bribed with a p resent l to let it go . I n Rawal

’ nai pindi the p laces water in the bridegroom s hand , who

a r r sc tters it to the fou ca dinal points , signifying his desire to include all in ha ppiness similar to h is own .

0311 getting u p o ff his seat the bridegroom cru shes

ar with his righ t foot the earthenware lid of j , this is ” t supposed to avert the evil eye . The dirty clo hes worn

nai by the bridegroom are then taken by the as his p e r

ra m ents . isit in u e q , and the bridegroom is clothed new g

The order of the foregoing c eremonies is sometimes a lte red Then comes th e receiving of the wedding p resents

1 r . 1a t 01 an zd a ne r M neu T ( ) wedding p ocession ( j j ) is then f ormed a nd p roceeds to the village of the bride . In vario us dist ricts of the Punjab before th e departu re of the [701a t

’ t e f nh is bo lts h bridegroom s sister o fers grai to horse a nd

lter h c . t h , for whic she re eived a p resent The par y on Eg’ at l 5 1 a rrival at the village of the bride is received by the respectable p eo p le of the village . The p arty adjourns to e some large build ing arranged for the p urp os , where the

’ bride s father gives a feast to the guests , fa kirs , beggars , cc m am n e t c . T h e n a o certain of the guests p g the bridegroom and his father enter into t h e h i u se c arrying : trays of ni a k is f p resent . After this the marriage contract ( ) p er or ’ l a med by the Mau vi . The bride s elders answer for her nd the bridegroom answers for himself.

’ t h e da A display is then made of bride s d ower ( j ) . After that the barat conveys t h e tribe to t he bridegroom ’ s house . She remains there for two or three days and she

. H e r r in then returns to her p arents husband late on goes

p h p rocession (b da ) to fetch her home for good .

Marriage customs differ slightly according to ’ the tri be or locality , but the foregoing gives some idea of the M m n r main observance . Amongst usli s ma rriage ea ly rt and always takes place ofp u be y the bride goes to live - e h r hu band at once, other wise sh lives with h er. d with e s r ill 0f f t parents t . i

ense to f Mar i a es E x p r g

x Marriages are usually very e travagant , each stage

‘ o and f the whol e ceremony being marked by feasts p resentations by eith er or both parties , a nd the mira sis and menials of both parties reap a rich harvest of gifts;

' Thus the average expense of wedding ranges fro m

R 5 00 00 , 0 0. . h e R 1000 s . c i s . / to , or more a cord ng to t n " e e d a o r a status of the parti s . An v u has been m de t o reduce the marriage exp enditure and recently law is i i e d o ree framed to min m se the exp nses made on w , 52

a a ns M a e s o rri g S e . n T here is no special time or seaso for marriages , but b M ‘ they are for idden d uring the month o f uharram , on " e t h Ids , d uring the first thirteen d ays of Sa fa r .

7 Wi ow t e -m ar i a e . d r g

‘ ’ T h e Sha ra (Islamic L aw) does not forbid the marriage of widows and the general custom amongst M uslims d oes not enforce wid owhood .

8 ‘ ri a e o n Ma r C t a c . g r t .

' At no age ca n a women enter into a contract for her own marriage . The contract of betrot hal is revocable

a i o / at any time before the ctual N k 1.

9 m a ri a e w . i th i nh t e t ib e r g r .

Among Punjabi Mu salm ans marriages are generally

’ ’ confi s u b- nt ed o o ne s own tribe , tribe or caste , a nd where poss ible; alliances are a rra nged between the brothers and i e ff s st rs , o sp ring as a means of reta ining the same family , th e M pro perty inherited by the boy a nd the girl . arrying ’ ou tside one s own c aste or tribe is not against Isla mic

Law .

TERMS OE RELATIONS H I P

F Ba W ather p , alid or M r: ManMa othe or

’ Father s Father Dada ‘ F ather s Young brother C hacha

’ Father s sister Ph u p i o r B ua ’ ’ Fat her s sister s h usband Ph u ph ar ’ Mo ther s sister Masi

54

na e . L a gu g

’ W ith the exception of the Mishwams of the H azara P unabi district , the universal languag e is j , bu t each tract

' has it s own dialects . These dialects shade o h i m percep t ibly into one another and the resid ents of one tract are l intelligib e to those of any other tract .

nd G s u s nrs a . ne Ma e t re

When friends meet they join hands , or if they are

grea t friend s , they embrace each other breast to breast ,

first one side and then the other . If a man meets a holy

’ e a p erson h kisses the latter s hands by way of salut tion . n “ Should acquainta ces p ass each other , one says Salam ” “ a ikg m ( peace be u nto th ee) and the other replies W a ” a Al aiku m u ss lam (and on thee be p eace) . They then

’ ‘ h 8 u e sii nbe enquire after each ot er health the usual q o ing “ ” i " r and t h e a sw r “ " " is it well (khai ) n e fairly Oval) or

” ' thank to God (shuki )" When a vi si or comes to a hou se he is saluted with a t weleo m e “ ’ ” " ” and s b e 011 ha fl i a nu n k i a j i ae answers Bles ings thee ( i ho wi) 15 » p —W a alutations . nd s nm The salam hen a erso akes a ” p ‘ la Ssa m a nd any of the assembly rise and return it , it is

n f w . co sidered su ficient for the hole company The lesser nu mber should always sa lute the greater , he wh o rides shou ld salute him who walks , he who walks to him who

s tand . man s , the sta nder the sitter, and so on A should r n w m . u a ot salute a o an on the oad Salutes sho ld be m de with the right hand .

alams v u s are of ario s kinds , the ordinary s alam among equals consists of merely touching the forh ead with 5 5

Bandu z n. e the right ha d g is very much the same , xcept w that the head . is inclined gently fo r ard so as to meet the

“ ’ ” Kurm sh S hand . is the ame as the latter but the “ ” Tasl a a k —3 body is bent as well as the head . i m t a co nsists in touching the ground with the finger and then “ ” l e making sa am . It is generally repeated thrice befor the Kings (that is the custom of old days , and not now) “ ” Gale m i lna is the form of Salutation usual among intimate friends who embrace each o the r nhy throwing h ’ their arms across each ot er s necks , and . in that position

" e- ; u incline the head three times , fi rs t on onc sho lder and ” H o Kadm bas i 43 then on the other . omage r u m ( is paid by kissing the feet of t h e r uler or the edge of the

l o ld ie n S rs i . carpet . on wh c h he stands or p erso s a llowed

, o ff to bear, arms , generally er their sword s to superiors as “ ’ ’

z z a r o r o r n . ffe i na r . a , g of their services The person fi of t saluted signi es his accep tance the gif by , touching the H hilt of the weapon . omage in some countries is some times paid by casting the turban at the feet of the

’ conquero r ; a ma n who wishes to throw himself on o ne s

s . mercy a nd asks fo r clemency , will ometimes do this Touching the knee of t h e p erson saluted is often the sign o ld H of affectionate respect . (This indu custom is now

no more anywhere in Punjab .

— Ges tu res Some o f their gestures a re peculiar ” in “ t al hough as Europ e , a nod of the head means yes or “ ”

come a nd a shake. of the head means denial . Thus a

t h t o nue w backward nod mea ns enquiry ; a click of e g ith ” a toss of the head means no jerking the fingers inwards n“ ’ n l and mea s I do not k ow , holding the pa m i nward s h s aking the hand means enquiry , holding the palm out

wa d h i is s i n a hi r s and s ak ng the hand g of p ro bition , ‘ 56

holding u p the thumb ( thu t th) means contempt uous

' ‘ refusal ; wagging the midd le finger (dhi ri ) p rovokes a

u person to anger , and h olding p the open palm is a great

' ‘ I h o insult . beck ning to a p erson the hand is held up

' p alm outwards and t he fingers moved downwards and w in ard s .

a f I nh e an L ws o ri t ce .

Although the question of inh eritance is dealt with by salm an M Mu s uslim law , most adhere to their tribal customs which a re generally those of the races

from which they were originally converted . In many p arts P s is of the unjab , succes ion to landed p rop erty regulated “ ” z P a r ba d vi . i n by two rules , , g when the estate is divided equally among the sons irrespective of the number of “ cha rband w v i es , and da when the p roperty is d ivided among the wives so that each family may come in for a W share . here t here are sons , daughters receive nothing W and widows are only entitled to maintenance . here f there are no sons , a widow may hav e a li e interest in the w p roperty , which would after ards descend either to a

d is t nt . o a a daughter, or t collateral in the male line e Daughter s very seldom succeed to landed p rop rty , and v when they do , it is necessary tha t the land should ha e v been gi en as a dowry , or formally bestowed during the

- life time of the father . A n illegitimate son cannot inherit .

' w v w A so n , ho e er, by a oman whom the father could not have legally married , such as a dancing girl , a p rostitute ,

' l w or a woman of very o caste , cannot inherit under any M isv a . ci rcumstances . Ad option ery r re among uslim It

' n h nl e rm1ssrble o f i a d v is h yp on the failure ssue , e en t en must be p roclaimed openly by the adopter during hi s life

i and w i e e . t me su pported by the r tt n de d 57

al i e c o nab s e . t . nk Cl ot h s P e rs H t c nD r Food a d i , , t ,

—first The Punjabi Musalman has usually two meals a day ,

L - inthe morning and seco nd in the evening . unch (mid day h as h meal) is familier in the cities . If a cultivator some ard work in hand , he generally eats some of the food left over for from the previous night , before starting his daily toil . i H i s morning meal , wh ch consists of three or four cakes owar m ade of wheat , barley and gram or j is sometimes brought to him in the fields but is more often eaten a t i e home , as the woman be ng secluded , are unable to l ave

m u i i e their houses . The evening meal consist of , . ,

'

’

a tis i . e . da l . chap , p ulses, , lentils , etc , vegetables a nd a

w - fe relishes , such as salt , p epper, chillies , and curry stuffs ,

mas ala m with or various kinds of condi ents As a change,

b r khi chri t . e a a most Muslims , eat rice , , rice or j mixed

dha with dal, i or curds , eggs , fish and enormous quantities M of sugarcane whenever procurable . eat is too exp ensive m o a luxury to be indulged in ore t han occasi nally , but v r o when it is p rocurable , it is served in a i us forms , such

- i llaos kabbabs . L ass i or an as p , and curries butter milk is imp ortant article of diet , particularly among Jats . At the

r- d n n B ak I and on the occasio s of rej oici g , such as births and s marriage , even the p oorest classes manage to sacrrfide

dumba i e - a goat or , . fat tailed sheep .

v The usual be erages are water, milk , and sherbets .

i s i in All k nd of d rugs and liquor are forb dden t he

Koran- M . m v i i Some usli s howe er , ndulge n the former

“ ” ' char sub rosa , and the use of the latter in the form of as , bhan v hara g and op ium , is ery p revalent . C s (the exudation

t he w w re of flo ers of hemp, collected with the de , and p 58 pared fo r use as a n intoxicating drug) is genera lly mixed h uka m o —bhan with the tobacco of the and s ked , g (made m k n ni with the leaves o f the he p p la nt) is ta e a liquid

. lz u Smoking is universal , a nd the ka is alw ays within easy reach . — Clo thes Th e usual ga rments are a m aj la o r loin cloth

o r worn r und the waist like a kilt , a ku t a or loose . skirt

ka mmarband chadar sometimes confined by a , a or wrap

er a h n na p a nd a turban or p g w ich varies i size d colour

a ri accord ing to the rank of the wearer . The p g and m a la - - j of the well to d o classes is usually white , but Jats ,

d e Gujars , and Baluchis , light in c oloured garments , blue b eing their favourite dye . The wealthy and educated classes are taking m ore and more to clothes fashioned o n

w r K e z Achka . a n S l a am e the English pattern , a nd is the

National dress .

or n H osp itality to strangers is enjoined by the K a a nd

is a marked characteristic of the Punjabi Muslims . Travellers are lodged in the h uj ra or guest -hous e of wh ich

every village p ossesses a t least one or two . Guests are fe d at the public exp ense and their wants are attended to h ra Ka m ns v . u by the i or village ser ants The j besides

b eina g resting place for travellers , is a place of p ublic resort where the male population of the village meet in

the evening to d iscuss affairs .

Pers onal ha s — Koran i t b . Although the enjoins persona l a n d o n cleanliness , majority not p y as much atte tio to

th eir abl utions as instructed ,

viz waz u Ablutions are of two kind s , . , or washing the w i i r v fa ce , hands and feet , etc h ch s necessary befo e e ery 59 kind of prayer,and ghusal or washing the whole body

d efilem ent s after certain .

i Besides the ablutions p rescr bed by their religion , “ Muslims observe certain practices called fitra t which have been p revalent am ong Arabs smee the time of

ar Abraham . The more imp ortant of these e the clipp ing s o e of the moustache , that the hair may not enntnr the mouth ; not cutting or shaving the beard ; clea i g the tee th ; cleaning the nostrils with water at the usual a blu tions ; cutting the nails ; cleaning the finger joints ; p ulling out the hair under the arms ; and a few Similar customs .

A m u s m e e na ame s . t nd G

Although the agriculturist of the Punjab lead s a hard

o laborious life as a rule , he allows h imself a certain am unt i of time for recreation . Attendance at wedd ngs and other domestic celebrations afford one means of breakmg the

are m onotony of his life , and a fair or two p robably visited in the course of the year .

— P ir kaudi v . There are a lso games of ariou s kinds , though the extent to which these are ind ulg ed in , varies a ff good deal in di erent localities . The best known game ” “ ' kaud Pi r i . ini is called The competitors t h s game form grou ps at two sides of a square where they are surrounded

i a by their resp ective fr end s a nd backers . One man (b hari) — is selected from a side and adva nces into the arena this

. andar is the challengernof all comers Two opponents ( i) a d are selected advance against the challenger , the ir object being to throw the challenger over and make his i back and shoulders touch the ground , wh le he tries to

tackle one at a time and do likewise . The opp onents of 60

. not the challenger , however , are allowed to commence their attack until he has touched them . To keep his

’ ofl op ponents , the challenger is allowed to sla p , p ush or

. u throw them over or to tri p them p in any way he can ,

and . dodge away before they can touch him If the two succeed in throwing the challenger, their side have to send out a man as challenger , a nd so the game continues until the cham pio n is d etermined .

S aanchi — I n . some parts a nother form of kaudi is “ s a anchi p layed called Two men stand facing each

- other bare breasted , one h its the other with his open palm the whole game consisting inh is endeavo ur to do so without letting his opponent seize his wrist .

i

Ka a a a a — am bi udi nd K udi K b di . L These are quite

“ ” ’ different from p i r kaudi and a re kinds of p risoner s base .

a anh o t and L ukchhi Ch pp c t p . These a re the same as ” H ide and Seek .

la - anr ta . K hu i . Correspondence to tipcat

— h nara C i / 1 t p . Th is is a form of H op scotch

ll danda - Gu i . Is very like hockey .

There are various other games of a similar kind to the a bove .

’ Ba d ar ai kana r — ‘ o Tarar ult ani i g . Th s cons sts in , the lifting of heavy weights .

— Mun/i herna Pak g p . This is the working of heavy

clu bs .

62

i t s o ally round b dy , the idea being tha t the anim al will al v ways be endea ouring to jump out of this mark .

Th ere are n umerous P irs or saints who have the o e i in p wer of p r vent ng hyd rop hobia any one who has

been bitten by a mad d og or jackal .

Visits to different Z iara ts or shrines a re often under

nfo r b take a specific o ject connected with the supposed p ower in the shrine to cure certain ailments .

a o M ny l calities are supp osed to be haunted , and no

w n . one ill go ear them after dark I nstances have actually

“occurred where sentries have been overcome by fear

n . owi g to this belief

vil e i s Th e i ne e u . belief the y niversa l A n amulet

w z t h e Koran a i n v (t ) co taining a erse from , is worn a s a

ev l e h p rotec tion again st the i y e . T is i s worn rou nd the

ri a m u . o f a r , the neck , or tied p in the end the p g Every carp et or piece of embroidery will have a sma ll p ortion of it which is out of harmony with the pattern as a protection

v l e e a th e e i . . . ag inst y

~ T u e sd a s W u J ourne . y s y and ednesdays are nlucky

and M days ondays and Frnidays are lucky days on which to start on a journey , orthwards . F o r a southward jou rney Thursday . is a b ad day and Wednesday a good M t o st art . i , day on wh ch . onday and Saturday are bad

a d T esd a o od and Sunday nu y for an eastward journey . g w F or . a estward jo urney Sunday and Th ursday are bad and Monday and Saturday g ood .

i n- a no On start g journey it is fortunate to meet

‘ ‘ ‘ ne c e a t shrifeo arrying water , a sweep r , d og , a woman wi h 63

m ali a child , a maiden , all kinds of flowers , a , a donkey ,

Ra a a j , a horsema n , a drum o r a nyone who is carrying a i hi vessel conta ning milk , curds , g , vegetables or sugar .

Brahman It is considered unlucky to meet a , a man i with a bare head , a ny person weeping , a crow fly ng

’ e towards o ne , a broken vessel in a p rson s hand , a cat , a mali with a n empty basket , a goat or cow or any black

lza ra h . animal , a snake , or a n empty g carried by someone To hear the so und of c rying or sneezing while on a journey is most unlucky .

’ b- r e e — as t a mans tribe su t ib tc . et a Enuires o q , , , To

’ - - b find ou t a man s clan , sub section or sub tri e , is some f times di ficult , owing to the various meanings of the words ”“ ” “ ” zat , got , kom , etc . ” Z i . at a nd kom are usual for the tribe , e teri ki ki zat or kom , the man t hen gives the na me of his

viz . Dh u nT d ano l and i tribe , , Awan , Gakhar . , or a , etc the next question wo uld generally be “ kera Awan or “ ” nsw rs — m a e z kera Gakkhar ; this should elicit the Ad al , “ ” Ku tbsh ah i . Sarangal , etc etc . , or for the Awan If nf t i w further i ormation is requ red , the questions ould a ke ” ” “ ” the form of kis Khandan s e hai or teri ki walhai “ or kis p usht se chala hai , etc . , depending o n the tribe man t he belongs to or the p art of t he country he comes m fro .

Chapter V

O F DISTRIBUTION TR IBES ,

alm ant ribe o Ra ut P unabi Mus unts o p , Short a cco f j s f j

and o th ers . Guj ar

A l l 1 i a s . . p

— a t on. e M u l i 1. a le p op Approxima tely (C nsus

o a li t — Th e A l ial s 2 . L c p occupy a com pact block of y n" i villages on both banks of the Soha n river , the Si Soha n

c circle of th e F atehjang tahsil , Attock dist ri t .

H ad a n— 3 . e m . The recognised head of the tribe

ris belong to the family of the Ch au d of Chakri .

— a . lar al ials H is t or a d art icu s . 5 . n y p The p have recor M “ ded themselves as anj Raj puts , and their claim to

Raj p ut origin is generally admitted . They appear to have settled in their p resent locality about th e same time as the

e 15 t h J od h ras i . in a nd Ghebas , , , a bout the Century , hav g first wandered througnh the country now contained in t he Kh usha b and Talaga g tahsils before settling d own in the

southern corner of F atehjang .

The A lp ials are ha rdworking and excellent cult iva

o n w tors , generally tilling their land , and work ing

laboriously o n t heir own wells . Socially they rang high ,

- and they inter marry free ly with the Ghebas .

They are rep orted to be a bold and courageous ,

65 66

, Sturdy indep endent , and wonderfully q uarrelsome . Thei r t h p , e li h t and hysique is fair men being somewhat g of m edium stature .

2 A d w al n. .

M — 1. ale o u la t ion u l 9 3 l p p Abo t (Census )

2 Loca l ~ — a . it A n w y . The d al are fo und in the Abbott H d bad tahsil of the azara istrict .

— ir 3 . Parti culars Th e A nwal S d are classed by

D h u nd s . Denzil Ibbetson as being a section of the

o ff They endeavo ur, at times to pass themselves as H inl d Wa s l T nao is . , which is a sectio n of the a

3 A r ains . .

Ma le o ula n— 26 9 l 3 ti o . 7 l l p p , , (Census 9 3 )

a lm an The Arains or Rains are Mu sa agricultural tribe , good cultivators , skilful , industrious , hardy and thrifty .

The Arains claim to have come originally from

i a v ad t o U c in Arab , to ha e settled in Sind,thence sp re h U é i anm P Wa d pp S nd , later igrated to the unjab by y of “ Mu ' t lta n and Sirsa . They may be designated as a figh ing race which has prod uced ma ny Civil and Military Officers who h ave rendered good services to the nation .

4 A a n w . .

a la 1 3 M l o u tion. 1. e p p (Census 9 1)

2 al — . L oc t i y . Awa ns are found throughout the P n b i l u ja , but their character stics , physique and socia 67

status vary greatly in each district . They are at their best

i n the Salt Range and in the districts adjoining it .

F amili es -A ll A w eadin . an L s 3 . g of the Salt Ra nge acknowledge the Malik of Kal abagh as t heir head . Other well -known families are to be found in Lawa Kund , , K Kufri , Tamman , Mo nara , Kallar ahar , and Buchal

Kalan .

and art i cu lar — H is to ry p s The Awa ns claim Arab

, e at H descent from Kuth Shah of Ghanzi who ru l d erat , o 1ned M but J Sultan ahmud of Ghaznavi in his invasions of India ( 1001 A . D . ) and received from him t hename ” “ h of Awan or helper . Kut Shah was descend ed from

H A li -i h - P ro h et P azrat , the son nlaw of the p , ( eace be up on h im Mu salm an ) and the Awa s have been s from the beginning ; Ku tb Shah had six sons — Kalan S hah who settled near Kalabagh ,

Sakesu Gauhar Shah who settled near r,

Chohan Shah —who settled in the h ills near the

Indus , Khokhar Shah —who settled in the country about the Chenab ,

— Tori Shah and Jh aj h Shah w ho remained in the trans-border co untry where their descendants are sai d still to live in Tirah a nd the Kurram Valley .

Doubt has been thrown on this account by some ethnological authorities and a H ind u orgin has bee n a ssigned to the Awa ns by some writers , who p oint to th e nH K ’ i u u tb orig al ly ind character of two of Shah s sons , 68

is x Choha n a nd Khok har , which not e plained away by

' the tradition that these two sons took their mothers

o name . A more p recise versi n of the Awa n legend , which obtains among the Awa ns of Ka p urthala , make them Sa ad s Alwi y who , op pressed by the Abbassides , sought

u n - ref ge in Si dh a nd eventually allied them selves with

Sabu h n k t a i M g (Father of ah mud of Ghaznavi) , who t . i bestowed on them the itle of Awan They may , accord ng h to this tradition , p ossibly a ve come into Sind h with the

first Arab invaders a nd have worked their way north .

a ns It is beyond question th t they fou nd the Ja j u a in p ossession of the Western Salt Ra nge and ejected them . n v The abo e exp lanation of their origin , by the Awa

P H arikish a n and others , has been rejected by and it Kaul

1 . P H a i i an in his rep ort on thencensus of 9 11 and it r k s h Ka ul considers the evide ce in favour of the H ind u origin of the

H e Awans to be too strong to se t aside . p oints out that “ ” the name Awa n is the unalloyed S anskrit term Awan M meaning defender or p rotector . oreover, the tribe still

H e retains strong traces of Indian customs . co nsiders

1m m em o rial that it is p robable tha t they have , from time , been loca ted i n the tract north of the Salt Ra nge and that H they received the title Awa n in the indu times , owing to the successful defence o f their stronghold against aggression . M i . e F urther at a much later da te , after the uhammada n

' S ad invasions , they seem to have been converted by I y e Kuth Shah , after which the Awans bega n to call th m

i . e . . selves Kuth Shahi , , the followers of Kuth Shah

Th e Awans are divided into numerous clans (Muhi) ‘ T wh ich take their name from the common ancestor . hus

‘ M ns Sa h rals the u m al are descended from Moman , the g

h l n. nd S ia s o m a fro Saghar , the from Shehan , and so

70

5 . B ach h a s ra .

Ma le P o ula tion- 1 x . p App ro ima tely (Census

— L ocali t u E b 2 . y The So th ast order of the Mianwali

WanB i v uch aran d istr ct . Their chief illage is . — a m an. m H e d 3 . The ost influential man of the tribe H is Z . is a aildar son was given a direct commis . ion in a cav alary regiment .

and art cular — H is tor i s . Bach 4. y p The h ars are Khokhar

Raj puts . They state that their original home was in the w t Gujrat district , hence they moved , first o B uggi Bh o o ki

i n a i S near G rot hahp ur , and l ter to their p resent site , which was chosen on account of the wan or large well

. int e v built by Sher Shah These wells were p laced at r els

’ s o n of about a day march ap art the road from Gujrat to

nand i . nt Ban u the fro er

The name Bachhar seems to have been a form o f

‘ ” endearment applied to them by some forgotten Pir .

Thei r Circum stances have been m uch changed of late ” , owing to their d iscovery that the soil of thal was most suitable for the cultivation of gram the y are now very

‘ - nan. a a eare ce d well o ff. In p p general ch racteristics they

u resemble the p eop le of the Shahp r district .

h al 6 B ad . .

This small tribe is supposed to be allied to Bhakral i i bii t the members of the tr be itself do not agree to th s .

Like the Bhakral , they are said to have come across from

J . i ammu territory The tr be to classed as Raj put , but it 71

v does not hold a ery h igh social position . They are of fine

l a . n p hysique and good cultivators They enlist free y d m ake good soldiers .

7 an h . Bad .

Male o u a t on l i . 1. p p (Census

cal t — P L o i . 2 . y Found chiefly in Jammu and oonch , a in : few are met with the Sialkot district

a — nP to a cul rs I 3 . P rt i oonch the tribe is repo rted

‘

il been . o ri ina have g y weavers

Bad h ans The utterly deny that they were ever weavers

anau s . a a nd claim to be J j Some o f the tribe lso clai m

t h ans Su dh ans h S d m e u connection with the , but look the with contemp t . They sha re a few villages with t he Sud ha u s P in oonch .

8 B a h ial a n l d B a ia . n g g

Mal o u ati - . e on. 1 p p l App roximately (Cens us

Locali t — Rawall 2 . n y . The tribe is found chiefly i the t flve 1nG u ar p ind i district , where they occupy villages the j ‘ b Khan tehsil . There ap pear to be a few also in the J elum ,

‘ na vv la a d G u r na r Gujrat j d ist icts

Particulars — B a h ial i 3 . The g and Bang al app ear to ‘ i be the same tribe , those members of it wh ch are in the

' w i classed a Ra alpind district are s Raj p uts , while in Gujrat ,

a J Gujranwala and Jhel m they are ats . They describe

e P u nw nt R e fi s a themselv s as being ar ajputs . Th r t ces or of M m w usal a n faith as Bangash Khan . 72

and They enlist freely make good soldiers

The tribe is not to be confused with the Bagial sec

h ars n t ion of the G akk with whom they hav e o connec tio .

a an 9 B a w d B a u . . j jj

a t ion Ma e o ul 1. l p p (Census — L o cali t . 2 . y The Bajwa are found mostly in the M i Sialkot d istrict , but also in the ulta n distr ct .

— Ch ie amilies . 3 . f f The families of the Chaudh ri of

' Kh ana al w nd i w i Z afl a rwal Ch ak a and in the t ahsil of the m Sialkot district , are the ost imp ortant .

— r and ar i culers . 4 H is to t . y p The Bajj u ranks as Rajp ut and the Bajwa a s Jat . Both branches have given thei r name to the B ajwat or country at t h e foot of the Jamm u hills in the Sialkot district .

a They s y they are Solar Rajp uts and that their ancestor , Raja Sh alip was driven ou t of Multan in the tim e of

Th e nr L . Saka d a odi Bajj u Raj p uts are said to marry their daughters to the Chibs and Manha s Rajp uts .

In their betrothals , dates are used , and cu stom p u r

- h ap s brought from Multan . The Bajwa inter marry with all the p rincip al Jat tribes .

10 B al ch . u .

la on Male o u ti . 1. p p (Census — M M cali t . , 2 . L o y The ontgomery , Shahp ur , ianwali 73

M M f , Jhang , ultan , uza fargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan

. d istricts , Bahawalp ur State and the Chenab Colony

ie —In hie am il s 3 . C f f the Shahp ur district there are two families of importance , one in Sah iwal which is “ mentioned in the Pu njab Chiefs a nd another in

Kh ushab .

— r and arti culars . H is t o 4. y p The Baluchis claim

Arabian extraction , asserting that they are descended from Amir H amza an ancle of the P rop he t ( A") (peace be u pon P h im) and fro m a fairy ( ari) .

They co nsistently p lace their first settlement in A l

. 680 leppo , from which they were expelled in A D . by

O mm a ad Y azid , the second of the yy Calip h s .

Their m igration took them first to Karman , then to e Sistan , and finally , a great p ortion of the rac , into the

n n 13 . Pu jab plai s about the th century Their claim to

Arabian descent has generally been allowed .

About the beginning of the 16th century the Baluchis were driven o ut of the Khelat valley by the Brah uis and Y v i Turks . ielding to p ressure they mo ed eastward nto n P laima s the Su , drove out the athans , and settled along

the banks of the Ind us . Three Baluch adventurers

F atteh K Ismail Khan , han , and Ghazi Khan , founded D eh ras the three that bear their names , and established themselves as independent rulers of the Lower D eraj at and

z fl ar arh Mu a g , which they a nd their descendants held for 00 nearly 3 years . Thence the southern Baluch is gradually

S v b an d p read into the alleys of the Ind us , Chena , Sutlej , 74

1555 and in a large body of Baluchis , under their great

Mir leader Chakar , accom panied the Emperor H umayun into India . It is probable that many of the Baluch settle P n ments , in the Eastern districts of the u jab , were H ’ founded by umayun s soldiers . Mir Chakar settled in

h is m t Sa t arh a Sah iwal and to b still exis s at g , where he m “ founded a ilitary c o lony of Rind s .

’ L Mi r Ch akar s m Mir w ong before ti e , Jalal Khan as

a and r one of the B luch historica l rulers , f om h is four — L H o t a n d sons Rind , ashar , Korai sp ring the four main

. o Baluch tribes The Jat i are the children of Jatoi , Jalal ’

. nw Khan s daughter These main sections a re o divided P into inn u merable sep ts . Th roughout the unjab the term

- Baluch denotes any Musli m camel man . The word has come to be associated with the care of camels , because the Baluch settlers of the Western p lains have taken to the grazing and breeding of camels rather than to h usbandry, and every Baluch is sup p osed to be a camel

- man and every camel m anto be a Baluch .

The Baluch of the P unjab p lains is now altogether sep arated from the Baluch tribes of Baluchista n and the

D era at a j , lthough the same tribal names are still found

n - P and L among them . ong residence in u jab inter marriage with the Jat s has dep rived them of many of thneir national cha racteristics , and they have now forgotte the Baluch language and have abandoned the Bal uch dress . M They are good uslims , fair agricult u rists , and

I a . n make good soldiers p ro portion to their p o pul tion the number that enlist in the army as well as in the civil is small .

In character they are brave , chivalrous , and honour 75

an d n , , I , able . p hysique they are tall , thin wiry hardy frugal in their habits .

u n The fo llowing clans are those most commonly fo d i nthe Cis-Ind us districts of the Punjab

a nMu h o ri Korai G op d Rind Gurmani Dashti Jatai G ish kau ri Mazari H o t Pit afi Zangeza

m M The Rind , Jatoi and Korai are nu ero us in ultan ,

'

h Muz afl ar arh . Jhang , Sahiwal , S ahp ur and g districts

ns o The G o pa g are a servile tribe a s als are the

'

h i Muz afl ar arh . D as t s, both are found in the g d istrict M The H o t are found in Jhang , ultan and Muz afl ar

rm nis skh au ri Pi afi Muz afl G u a G i s t s ar arh The , , in g .

Maz ari s The in Jhang . The Zangeza a re met with in the

Mia nwali and Shahp ur districts . They are Sh iahs . The

Ma M M f gassi Baluch , wh o are found in ultan , uza fargarh , M “ ” ianwali and Jhang , a pp ear to be a p eculiar p eople

rather than a tribe . Both Sunnis and Shiahs are found

an among them d they have several peculiar customs not

to be found among other Baluchis .

The Baluchis of the Punjab inter-marry with the

11 B b . am as .

Though few in numbers the Bambas are an imp ortant

tribe in Kashmir , where they are ch iefly found in the Muz afl arabad district between the Jhelum and Kishen

ganga rivers .

unseh ra They are represented in the Boi tract of the M 76 t ah il o f H az ara o ne s by two families , of Boi and the

Jab ri Kalis h other of . The Boi family , is one of great

H s importa nce in the azara district , econd only to the

Tah aw Amb family of al .

12 B h k a . a r l .

l 1. P o u a tion 19 3 1 p (Census )

o al — n L c i t . I 2 . y the Gujar Khan an d Rawalp indi

tahsils of the Rawal pind i district , also a few villages in

the Chakwal tahsil of the Jhelum d istrict .

3 Chie a l — . v f f mi ies . There are se eral pensioned Military officers belonging to the tribe notably a t Saba Mora in the Chakwal Tah sil (Jhelum) and Kamt rila in

the Gujar Khan tahsil (Rawalpindi) .

H r a ar lar - 4. is t o nd t i cu s y p . The Bhakral claim to be P nw u ar 1901 Rnaj puts , and since the census was taken , v a large umber ha e returned themselves as such . They p robably came from Jammu territory across the Jhelum

river . The tribe now ranks as Rajp ut and app ears to

hold a high p lace in the social sca le . They do not appear h to marry outside the tribe . T ey are good cultivators , of x fine p hysique , fond of military service , and make e cellent

soldiers .

1 B h a i 3 . . t t — l h unab a . . P u ationint e P . o J 1. p j R j p ut at (cen sus

l — Bh at t is oca t . 2 . L i y The are found throughout the

b u L Punja , but are most numero s in the ahore , Multa n ,

G u ramvala . Rawal pindi , j and Sialkot districts

78 their daughters i n marriage to any of the neigh bouring i tribes . In the Salt Range the Bhatt seem to hold ordi nary position .

Muslim Bh at tis were converted about the end of the

15th century .

14 Ch a a . . dd r

— — lation. 17 000 R P o u l . p Jat , , ajp ut (census

l — oca i t . 2 . L y The tribe is found along the wh ole v length of the Chenab and Ravi alleys , but is most n u merous in the Chenab Colony and Jhang . — H is tor and arti culars 3 . y p The Chaddars of I hang

n . claim t o be Rajp uts , elsewhere they ra k as Jats

They say that they left their original home in Raj n M m p u ta a in the time of uham ad of Ghor and settled v in Bahawalp ur , where they were con erted by Sher Shah of Uch . Thence tnhey came to Jhang , where they founded an imp ortant colo y and spread in smaller numbers u p

. Ch add er Tunw the Chenab and Rabi The are of ar

Raj put origin .

Their ch ief su b-tribes are

R a okes Kam o ke s a L P n a i The j , , J ppas, uns , j ke , B l nkes a la S o ke es u s . D eo k , , and j

i They are described as be ng good agriculturists .

The name of this tribe is ; better rep resented by the

nhaddr r. spelli g C a 79

15 a a , . C h t th

1 P o ula tion . p (census

— is i alit . 2 . L oc y This tribe chiefly found n the

G ujranwala d istrict , a nd also i n small numbers scattered P about the central unjab .

3 . . The Chattha is a Jat tribe They claim Cha uha n

-so nPri th i Rajp ut descent . From Chattha , a grand of Raj ,

a 500 a o D ah ru the Chauh n King of Delhi . Some years g ,

Sh ambh al M came from in oradabad , where the bard s of the Karnal Chauhan still live , to the banks of the

n a . l t Chenab , and married amo g the tribes of Gujranwala

Th e 1600 . They were converted to Islam about A . D

t h e tribe rose to considerable imp ortance under Sikhs , “ and their leading family i s mentioned in the Punjab ” Chiefs .

16 Ch u . a ha n .

— P o ula ti o e P ab l 000. 1. n n h u 7 int . p j , (census

- 2 . L ocal t h i A m balla i y . C efly found in the and

L Jh u lem Karnal districts , in small numbers in the ahore , , M Rawalpindi and ultan districts .

3 P arti culars - The Chauhan is one of the 36 royal

' - P H i u ru l er . n d Rajp ut tribes irthi Raj , the last of H industan , was of this tribe . Ajmer and Sambhar seem to have been their original home before they moved to

Delhi . In the Punjab they now retain their dominant p osition . They are found scattered throughout the P unjab . Many tribes of doubtful status claim to be

Ch h ans . au 80

17 h i b . C .

Mal a h na a d a l t o i t e P u b J mmu . e o u nn n i 1 p p j . (census — 2 . ocali t L y . This tribe is found chiefly in the

Kharian tahsil of Gujrat , and also in the adjacent ter ri t ory of Jammu .

i — P hie amil es . 3 . C ff The othi family is head of the

tribe , the p resent rep resentative lives in the Jhelum and receives a p ension from Government . In Besa the family

l ar- 12th n i a h M w of a late R s ajor of the Cavalry is ellknow , a nd there are other good families in the same village . In Mirp ur (Azad Kashmir) there are well - known rep resenta P Ko s om a L t ive s of the Chibs in anjeri , g , and ehri .

r a d arti cular — i H s o n s . i t s 4. y p The Chib a Raj put

. Ch i l tribe of high standing It gave its name to the bh a , the hill cou ntry of Kash mir o n the left bank of the v H Jhelum ri er along the azara border , though it no longer occupies those hills . The tribe claim descent in

Kat och the female line from the and Kangra , and their ep onym , Chib Chand , is nsaid to have left Kangra 14centuries ago and settled ear Bhimbar . Sur Sadi was

M s the first of the tribe to become a uslim , hi tom b is still venerated , and no male child is considered a true Chib

- v ff u i until his scalp locks ha e been o ered p at th s tomb . Sur Sadi ’ s (or Shadi Khan ’ s) H ind u name was Dharam

H e i n i w C hand . was famed for his skill medic ne and as D E summoned to elh i to attend the mperor Jeha ngir . H e was successful in effecting a cure and received a daughter

. of the Emperor in marriage , became a Muslim a nd H changed his name to Shadi Khan . e deserted his bride 81 n v i i nv and fled home , a nd was e entually killed n an asio

h als of his country by the Mo g .

The chief of the tribe used to be known as the Raj a of Bhimbar .

i —M The tribe is d vided into three social grades andial ,

G arh ial D h erial , and , feeling still runs high on the p oint o f these distinctions even though it is difli cult to say who

r ial G arh ial is Mandial and who G a h . The sta nd high and will not give their daughters to t he others . The Chibs seek marriages for their daughters among Sayad s and

G okkh ars whom they admit to be their sup eriors .

There are fourteen sep ts

al Ru py . Barwana , Jaskal,

h u ral D arwesal M D , alkana .

B aransh ah ia h G anl al Mamdal , , y and

am walia M Gh a h i S , iana , g la.

D a h ral Malkal , p ,

The tribe is one of short stature , and their men are

rather thick set . They are deserved ly p op ular as they

make excellent soldiers .

18 C im . h a . — b l 7 6oo. la h una . 1 P o u onint e P . p ti j , (census

ocal t P b i i 2 . L i y . In the unja the tr be s chiefly found w in the Sialkot and Guj ran ala districts , there are a fe w

- also in most of the other Cis Jhelum districts .

h e amilies — 3 . C i ff . There is a family of fair status

Da k i i i . at Badoke, in the s a tahs l of the S alkot distr ct 82

— 4. H s t r a d art l r i o ni u a s . y p c The Chima is one of the largest Jat tribes in the Punjab . It claims descent from the Chauhan Raj put . They fled from Dehli on the

Prit h i R a M defeat of j by uhammad of Ghor , to Amritsar,

G Mal Prith i where hotu , a son of Raj , founded a village

- - o n the Beas in the time of Ala u d din . It is from his

- so n grand Ra na Kang that the Chimas say t hey are sp rung . They are a p owerful and united tribe . The bulk of t he tribe embraced Islam in the time of Fi roz e Shah

tr an and Aurangzeb , but y retain their old customs . They

marry witin the tribe as well with their neighbours .

19 Dh ami . . al

8 000 r(Raj put . . ) l la t — 1. P o u ion p 4 l (census

( (Jat , J

2 - . L ocal t Ch iefl i y . y found in the Rawalp ind i

District , but also in Guj rat , Jhel um a nd Attock .

3 P art c la — . i u rs . The Dhamial are of both Raj put

and Jat status . The Raj p ut branch receive daughters in

not marriage from the l a t section but d o give girls to

them , otherwise the two branches ap pear to mix freely

and are one tribe . They account for themselves as having

come originally from Ghazni to the Sialkot district , from whence they went t o Dhamiak (Jhelum tahsil) where they

sat isfac built a fort . They take service freely and make

tory soldiers .

D h anials The Dh amial have no connection with the ,

the two tribes being qu ite dist inct .

20 h a . D n ial — 1. Male ulat io o n. p p (Approximately) (census 83

— ani ls o calit Dh a 2 . L y The are found ch iefly in the lower Sp urs of the Murree hills in the Rawalp indi tahsil of the Rawalp ind i district ; there are about a dozen H villages of the tribe in azara , and two, in Gujar Khan

(Rawalp indi) . — hie amilies 3 . C f f The tribe is well represented by

M Ofli cers D akh i an p ensioned ilitary in Kala Basand , and F nd B a Z aild ars i h m bat rar Karor . The of Begwal , and

Chirah are p robably the most influential men .

and art iculars — D h anials H is t or 4. y p The claim to

s o n-in- s nd ed H P r o het be d e e from azrat Ali , law of the p

(Peace be up o n him) . The Dhanni country in the Ch akwal tahsil of Jhelum , is supp osed to take its name from the

D h anials tribe , but no are to be found th ere at the p resent time and they themselves do not connect themselve s wi th that locality i n any way .

The Dhanial must not be confu sed with the Dhamial who are quite distinct from and have no connection with them . There appears also to be no Jat branch of the

a cer ain tribe , though the census returns hav e shown t number .

D l - D h n i h ania s u s Sat t s The inter marry with the d , ,

Kh e wals s am t and Ja g s .

They make good soldiers . 21 D . h h i u d .

ula t i on. P o 1. p (census

al - L oc i t . L 2 . y This tribe is scattered about a hore ,

Sh ah h anM r J w p u , g , ultan , Sah iwa l and the Baha alp ur

State . 84

- 3 . H r is t o . i Pu nwar y Th s is a small clan of Raj puts found along the bank s of the S utlej and Chenab . They M are supposed to have come originally from ultan . They are said to be “fair agriculturists and res ectable members ” p s oceit of y .

22 h u nd D . . n Pu jab , census

1. Male o ula t o P i n. p p 4In oonch (Azad Kashmir ) of L J 1931 — 2 . L ocali t D h nd s y The u are found ch iefly in the Murree tahsil of the Rawalpindi district and the Abbotta H J bad tah sil of azara , also on the left bank of the helum i n the Bagh tahsil of Poonch .

h a — 3 . C ie m l ff i i es . The recognised head of the

D h u n l r d s Ph u aon belongs to the g family in the Rawal

- p indi tahsil . Other well known families of the tribe are m found at Seha na , Potha , Dewal , Chattar and Sila in the n i L Rawalp i di distr ct and in ora , Bakot , Kalahan in

l l az ara .

— h ns 4 D u d . H is t or and articu lars y p The claim

descent from H azrat Abbas , the p aternal uncle of

P ro the p h et (Peace be u pon him) . Another tradi tion m akes Takht Khan who came with Taimur to

D elh 1 their ancestor . Notwithstanding this claim to p urely Muslim ancestry Colonel Wace wrote of t he “ D h u ns d than thirty years ago their acquainta nce with the M uslim faith was still slight , and though they now k now v more of it , and are more careful to obser e it , relics of their H indu faith are still observable in their social hab its It is rep orted of them that even until recent times they refused to eat with other Muslims or to allow them to

86

D h und s i though the sometimes admit th s relationship , it i s doubtful whether there is any foundatio n for it excep t the mythical descent of both tribes from an uncle and an

P ro het i ancestor of the p ( peace be up on h m) .

In the Rawalp indi district the tribe inter-marry with

Sattis Kh etwals D h anial s Jas a the , , and g m s . In H azara a l with the K rra s .

23 D o a . g r .

1 Male o ulat ion . p p (census 1931)

l t — L oca i . 2 . y This tribe is found in the upper valleys of the Sutlej and Beas rivers above the lower border of the Lahore District ; they have also sp read westwards along the foot of the hills i nto the Sialkot district .

H s tor and arti cular — i I . s n 3 y p social standing the

a D og rs rank as Rajp uts . The trible claim to be of Rajp ut descent but this is strenuously denied by their

Rajp ut neighbours , and their distinctive p hysiognomy makes it p robable that there is very little Raj put blood w in their veins . They are often classed with Gujars , hom they much resemble in their habits .

wh ich are There are many clans , chief of f

M i . The atter , Ch na , Tagra , and Ch okra

u l i 24 D . .

n— 0 1 Male o ulati o . l 50 . 93 1 1. p p , (census )

— D v cali t . 2 . L o y The uli are fou nd in the icinity of

eh and a P . Seirh a in M tahsil of oonch State

r lars — 3 . P a t icu They claim to be Rajputs and that 87

the tribe migrated from Jammu . They should make fair soldiers .

25 G u a . ly l .

G nd s . The aiy als are a branch of the D h u There are about 200 men serving in the army who belong to this

- sub tribe .

26 G a k ar . k h .

1 Ma le — . o ul a ti onP p p unjab , a nd Kashmir (census 19 3 1)

2 L o a — . c li ty The G akkh ars are most numerous in the

Jhelum tahsil of the Jhelum district . They are found

u thro ghout the Rawalp indi district , there is a small section in the A bo t t abad tahsil of the H azara district and they are to be met with in Poonch a nd the Mirp ur district i in of Azad Kashmir . The tribe is heavily recru ted the army .

— 3 . Chieffa m ili es The Admal family of Pharwala

and the Sarangal family of Khanpur are the best known ,

inH . the former p lace is in Rawalp indi and the latter azara Other well -k nown rep resentatives are the Sarangal of

d m ls A a . Saidp ur . of Kaniat a nd Channi in Rawalp indi I n

l u the Jhelum district are the A d m a s of S ultanp r , the

I skand rial L a nd a la B u ial s . B kra of . ehri and the g families

D P B ara o wah sa M of omeli , adri and g . At nghoi , alhu

and Adrana there are also families of good standing .

G akkh ars i 4. The in p op ular est mation rank socially

ar above all other Musalman tribes in which they e found , and they refuse to give their daughters in marriage to any a d but S ya s . 88

h nl i i i b et o o The or gin of the tr be s most o scure , and g i x not cal e perts are agreed as to the race from which F erish ta b v they are sp rung . mentions them as a ra e and savage race wh o l ived mostly in the hills and had little or

G akkh ars F eri sh t a no religion , but the hold that has Kh o kh ars often confused them with the , and even that he had a grudge against them for their maltreatment of h is ancestor H ind u Shah .

The Gakkh ars describe themselves as being descended ni i oh ar Kaia i from Ka g , of the family once reigning n

an K I sph that they conquered ashmir and Tibet and ruled those countries for many generations , but were eventually driven back to Kabul whence they entered the Punjab with Mahmud of Ghaznavi eanrly in the 11th , i century . This story is rejected by Ibbetso because t is certain that they held their p resent p ossessions lo ng before Of the Muhammadan invasion India and also , on ’ M F erish t a s showing a Gakkhar army resisted ahmud and almost turned the t ide of victory against him on two occasions .

G akkh ars It i s believed however , that the entered I ndia considerably earlier than the date they themselves

v . 300 b authorities gi e A . D as the p roba le date fix . Some of their i mmigration .

The assassination of Shahab -u d -din Ghori has been

w G akkh ars p p u t do n to the , but it seems o ssible that it was accomp lished by the Kh okh ars with whom the

i sh t a . G akkh ars have been confused by Fer

Whatever their origin may be , the history of the

i M v i , G akkh ars, s nce the first uslim in as on is closely 89

P interwoven with that of the North West unjab , and their exploits in the field have always redounded to their credit as fighters . They were the ruling race in the hill country between the I nd us and the Jhel u m until the rise of the Sikh p ower .

Their conversion from nominal B uddh ism to Islam , is said to have taken place in 1205 A . D . when they were

- - crushingly defeated by Shahab u d din Ghori . At the

’ time of Timur s invasion the G akkh ars were among the foremost of the defenders o f India . They also resisted Babar early in the 16th century and were only subdued

n. after a very determined resista ce

h a Subsequently the Gakkhar c ief attended Bab r , with a Gakkhar force to Delhi . Under the later Mo gh als t he

u Gakkhar Rajas governed as feudal ch iefs . They esp o sed the cause of H um ayun when h e was a fugitive in Afghanistan and it was at this time ( 1541) that Sher Shah built the famous fort at Rohtas near Jh el um to hold the G akkh ars in H ’ H ’ check and to hinder umayun s return . On umayun s return to p ower they were richly rewarded for their services v and were held in fa our by the great Akbar , one of whose

was most noted generals a Gakkhar .nTheir downfall was accomp lished by Sardar Gujar Si gh , a p owerful Sikh chief, who defeated them at Guj rat in 1765 ; and was b i further accelerated y internal d ssensions .

P w Their ancient forts are still to be seen at har ala , " Kah u tah o n D near and the Jhelum at angali and

Sultanp ur .

k i The Gak har chiefs enjoyed the t tle of Sultan , now 90

w Mi they are k no n as Raja and sometimes rza , though the only family which can rightfully clai m the former t itle is that of the Ad mal chief of Ph arwala .

G akkh ars The , especially those of the Rawalp indi district , are deteriorating physique , owing chiefly to their re general indolence , their early marriages and to the p

- vailing custom of inter marriage within the clan .

In the Jh el um district they maintain their fine qualities and p rosp erity .

The G akkh ars are d ivided into the following bran— A l n a d ri al ch es z m a Sara al F a I sk n d , g , irozal , B gial , ,

a l arial Jodh ial H tia . Pah Other clans such as the , ,

M a nsw l F a r l " K i a msia angral , , , S unal , Kul Chandra ,

Sa i l Tullal , Sakhal , and g a are not recognised as true k a G ak h rs by the others .

The G akkh ars are deservedly much sough t after by both cavalry and infantry regiments for they have on all v w occasions pro ed their orth in the field .

It is u nlikely that there are as many G akkh ars at the i census returns show , or that all those n the army ca n be members of the tribe .

anals P Sar The harwala family and some g , are said to

akkh ars v adhere to Shiah tenets , and some G ha e stated that they were originally all Shiah s . This belief may p ossibly be attributed to their claim to Persia n descent . At the present time none of them can be described as bigoted Shiahs for they d o not follow Shiah customs during the Muharram . 9 1

ba 27 h e . . G

l ti on- 1931 Male o u a ) 1. p p , Abou t (census

al t — 2 . L oc i y . The Ghebas are found in the western

an . i F atteh k i p ort on of the j g tahsil , Attoc d strict

a lies — hi e mi . 3 . C f f The Sardar of Kot is the most

M . imp ortant of all the Ghebas . Next are the alal family

The Dhurnal and Maiyia families are of good standing .

H r and art culars — 4 is to i . y p The tribe claim to be

Moghal and are returned as such in the census reports . a i t The Gheb s have either given their name , or received , from the Gheb , they ex plain it as the latter reason and

Mo h als p refer to be k nown a s g . A not imp robable conjecture is that they were a small band of broken P b R ajput families , fleeing from the central unja , who on Jo d h ras joined the and settled down their borders . The tribe rose to indep endence and in socia l status in the later years of Sikh rule . They are now considered equal

r t h e Jo dh ras and Al i l in ank with p a s .

off The tribe is well and thrift y .

are a fine w i They manly race , delighting in ha k ng and field sports they are horse-breeders and good h orsemen .

Owing t o thei r small numbers they can give few men to the army .

28 Gh or h . e wa a .

Mal o a o 1. e ul ti n p p . (census 1931) — 2 . H is tor and artic lars y p u . The Gh orewah a i s of 92

so n Raj put descent from Kush , the second of Rama ,

Ma n Raja of Kot Kurman (now Udaipur) had two sons , Kachwah a and H awah the tribes state that they are of

a G h o r w h the lineage of H aw h a . The name e a a is s u p p osed to be derived from a n offering of a horse made by a

-u d - member of the tribe to Shahab Din Ghori . The H tribe settled in its p resent tract while it was still indu , and in the time of Akbar thei r p ossession would seem to have been more extensive than they are now .

They a re said to give their daughters to the Naru

Raj puts . Their p hysique is good , especially in the village near the foot of the hills and they are anxious for military service .

The tribe sends many emigrants to foreign countries , especially to Australia , Africa and the United States of

America .

29 G o nal d . .

1 Ma l 1931 . e (census )

o a l t — o nd al s L c i . G 2 . y The are found chiefly in the B hera t ahsil of the Sh ah p ur district in the tract known as the Gondal Bar . They are also found in the Gujarat , b Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts . Th ose in J elum and o nd als Rawalp ind i have no connection with the true G of

a the Bhera , and are unlike them in gener l a pp earance and i n their characteristics .

4 Chie F am l e — . f i i s There are some families of specia l

Z aild a s importance . The r of Mian i Gondal and Kot M in o an . are men of influence

94

Po swal

Kala s

Monan

Th akria

i Po swal All these , w th the excep tion of the , claim Raj put descent from some one of the best known Raj put P tribes . The o swal say they came into India with Wajih

P ro het t Kalbi , a companion of the p a (p eace be up on him) who accompanied A h utas ruler of Yemen when he co n quered Kashmir , and they subsequently settled in the

Sialkot district . At the p resent time this clan is indis t inu ish able g from other Guj ars and has the same customs and ceremonial s .

No one of these clans ca n claim any definite su p

ri t v m erio y o er the rest , but some are ore exclusive tha n the others as to whom they give their daughters in marri K age . The athana , for example , used to consider it dero gat o ry to give daughters to any Gujar at all and sought b ridegrooms i n more exalted families .

Gujars rank in most districts with Jats and Ahirs .

Gujars vary greatly with the locality in wh ich they i i are found , those in the h lls quite unl ke the cas te of the same designation in the p lains . In the hills they are

x iv u v e clus ely p astoral , they c lti ate scarcely at all and maintain their existence by the sale of the p roduce of their herds . In the p lains they are generally good cul

at ors e t iv but , there also , always keep cattle or she p and goats . 9 5

3 1 H arr a . . l

la — Male o u tion. 1 . p p (App roximately) (census 1931)

2 L ocali t — H . y The arral are found in the Sahiwal

Jhang a nd Shahpur d istricts .

3 H J w . The arral are a at cla n of unkno n origin .

3 2 H o onor H n . u .

l — 500 P o ati on. u l . p Under (census

L ocal t — H u n i . 2 . y The are located chiefly in the

Rawalp indi tahsil of the Rawalp indi district , there are also a few in the Gujar Khan tahsil and some in H azara .

— K a H eadm en. The Zaildar of Gujar h n belongs to i th s clan .

4 P ar a — . ti cul rs . H u nP The are anwar Rajp uts de

Ju d eo . v scended from a Raja g The tribe is a ery small . one .

a 33 . Jal p .

l o ulati on—4OO 193 1 Ma e 1. p p . (census )

— b i 2 . ocal t L i y . This small tri e is met with ch efly in

- the Pind Dad un Kha n tahsil of the Jhelum d istrict , there are also a few small villages in the B hera tahsil of

Shahp ur .

— i Chie ami1ies . 3 . ff The best known fam lies reside at

Pinnanw l . Chak Sadi and a — 4. H is tor and articular J i b y p s The alap s cla m to e K hokhar Rajputs, but thei r neighbours do not admit this 9 6

i L Ph a h ras claim . They rank w th illas and p and are w p robably belo Rajp ut status , but considerably above that of Jat .

The tribe is well off and have not taken to military service until lately . It is certain that without fighting qualities they could not have maintained themselves in the most valu able tract in the Jhelum district , against the

nu as . Ja j and others

34 anu a J j .

a ion— Male o ul t . x 1. p p App ro imately (census

— nu as Ja ocalit . 2 . L y The j are most numerous in the Pind-Dad un -Kha n and Jhelum tahsils of the Jhelum d ist rict ; t h ere is also a large b ranch of the tribe in the

Kahuta tahsil of Rawalpindi . They are found in small n umbers scattered about the Punjab and North -West of Frontier . In the Shahp ur district there are two villages owned by a branch of the tribe which app ears to be quite distinct from the others .

The tribe is heavily recruited in the army ; over twenty

Infantry and several Cavalry Regiments enlist them .

hie amili es — D 3 . C ff The arap ur family is, p erhap s ,

O fli cers the best known , it has given many to the Army M W and W In Chakri alot , Saloi , alwal ahali , all of which J are in the helum district , good representatives of the

nu as h M Ja j are to be found . In Ka uta is the ator family , and in Shah pur one of good status i n Khutta Sagral . — 4. H is tor and ar nas i tic ar a u y p ul . The J j are sa d to be n—“A t h mso z Mr. T o of Rajput descent . According to

9 8

Raja Mal had six sons

’ Wir Raja and Jodh , whose descenda nts are found

in the Jhelum d istrict . Those of Jod h being

also found in the Kharian tahsil of Gujrat .

Kakha—whose descendants are found in Poo nch and

Kakkh e . Kashmir , and a re known as

Tarno l - i na l H from whom sp ring the T a o is of azara (the T anao lis do not agree to this a nd claim M oghal origin) .

B abuchara — descendants found in H azara (and

Janu a . known as j s) a nd also in Sialko t

— nu as Pir Kala the Kah rwal and Dallal Ja j of the Kahro ilaqu a of Ra walp indi (Kahuta tahsil)

are the descendants of this son .

With t he excep tion of the descendants of Wir a nd

Jodh the others are now d istinct tribes , having nothing in

- . nu as common and not even inter marrying The Ja j of the Salt Range are the most aristocratic and make the best soldiers .

’ Ja na u s 1526 The j were , at the time of Babar s visit (

A . D . ) the p redominant race in the Salt Range . They subsequently became divided , lost their strength in

b G akkh ars com ination , and the Awans a nd were able to contend successfully against them and wrest much of their p ower and territory from them . When the Sikh

nas k h ar Ja u G a k s p ower arose , the j like the a nd Awans , cam e u nder their rule , not however, without much stub i born res stance . They held out fo r many months , in their stronghold s at Makh iala a nd Kusak , but were even 99 t uall i y compelled to cap tulate from the want of wa ter . R aujit Singh himself is said to h ave undertaken t he s iege operations against Kusal . The Sikhs took over the salt mines a t Khew ra wh ich had been their most valued p ossession .

ana G akkh ars The J j u s rank second only to the in the

Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts . Their headmen are M known as Sultan and the second son as alik . In the ” b J elum d istrict the tribe is invariably known as raja , the word Janjua hardly ever being heard .

Janjua go o t s are found among such menials as Telis

ans Musallis . L Tarkh ohars , and

Their O bservances a t variou s ceremonials are m uch the same as those of the Chibs .

ns The Ja j ua are said to be the only really p ure

Rajp uts in the plains of the Punjab . They have great

anuas p ride of race (as being J j ) and make fine soldiers ,

v h . most suitable for ca alry , as t ey are of light build

5 l 3 . ara J .

l t on. 1 1 Male o u a i 931 . p p (census )

al — 2 . Lo c it . J nd y The aral are found in the Riasi a

Mirpur districts of Ka shmir .

a r cu a r — l P ti l s . Jara s 3 . The are Rajp uts of good standing . They are said to have given Raja Gulab Singh

u . v Man m ch trouble The rank abo e the grals and inter marry with no other tri be , but give their daughte rs to

G akkh ars . 100

36 s . Ja gam . — 1. Male o u lation am s p p The Jasg have been included

t h e D h u nd s among in the last census . They number b p roba ly about males . (census

— 2 . L ocali ty This tribe is fou nd near Panjar in the a K h uta tahsil ( Rawal pindi) .

H e adm e — n. A family which was rewarded for its

1857 Salitta services in in is head of the clan .

- 5 . H is tor and r a r a ti cu s ms l . Jas a y p The g , like the

D h u nd s Kh at rils and , claim descent from Manaf an ancesto r of the P r op het Jet ( peace be u pon him) and they sa n a y that they go t p ossessio of the tr ct they now occupy u H nder Gakkhar rule , when one azrat Zubair , a des ce nn d a t P ro h e t of the p , (peace be u po n him) came

from Arabia and settled near Kahuta . On this claim they D h n rep resent t hemselves as u d s and wish to be enlisted a D h nd s u s such . Th ey did not join the in their attemp ted raid on Murree in 1857 and in c haracter they

Sa ti more resemble the t s . They intermarry freely both

at ti D h nd s . with the S s and u

T h e tribe is a very small one and not very p rospero us They accep t all the military service they ca n get and make satisfactory soldiers . The Kha tril are found in small numbers in Guja r M Khan and andra and are classed as Raj puts .

37 ar . J . Besides the Punjabi Musalman Jat tribes described in this chap ter , there are innumerable d ivisions and sub divisions of Jats throughout the Punjab ; a descrip tio n of

102

4 H s r and ar — . i to ti cu lars y p . The Jo d hras account i for themselves as being of Rajput origin , and der ve their name from Jodhra who was converted to Islam by M ahmud of Ghazni , and who settled in Kashmur .

They appear , however, to have come to the Attock district about the end of the 16th century as a small band of military adventurers . They p ossessed themselves of the illa u as Sohan and Sill q and much of Talagang . The

no t v d Awans , the original owners , were e icte but remained odh ras as tenants under the conquering J , who never them selves cultivated .

The J odh ras became indep endent chiefs keep ing u p a large body of armed retainers . Their p ower was recognised

Mo h als M n by the g , and alik Aulia Kha , their first chief Pind i h eb known to h istory , held a revenue assignment of g ,

Talagang and p arts of Chakwal . Owing to family feuds and other causes the tribe has lost much of its original p rosp erity and is now much less

- - well to do than its neighbours , the Ghebas , who have been their ancient rivals and enemies . The two tribes now

- inter marry and are on friendly terms .

The Jodh ras breed horses and are fond hawking and v v field sp orts . They p refer ser ice in Ca alry to Infantry , and being usually of light b uild are more suitable to that arm .

40 oi a . J y .

Po la — l u tion. 37 o 1. p , 9 (Census

oc l t — o 2 . L a i y . The Joiya are f und on both banks of the Sutlej from the Multa n -Montgomery boundary to 103

nearly as far down as its confluence with the Indus . Al so

Muz afl a r arh . in Lahore , Multa n and g , and Shah pur They are numerous in Bahawalp ur .

— i as a t ribe l s . Jo 3 . Chi ef fa mi ie The y as regard the

Rais of Shahr Farid as their chief, and his influence

x a e tends over the Jo iy s of Multan . No Joiya who has commi tted a fault will deny the fact in the p resence of h is chief. — 4. H is t r nd r ar o y a p a ticul s . The Joiya is one of t he

36 y Ro al races of Raj puts , but a t the p resent time at least

- one third of their number is returned as Jat . The anciennt H Bh at ia a chronicles describe them as holding ariana ,

Bh t nr e a and Nagor , and also in common with the Dehia , with whom their name is always coupled , the banks of the

Indus and Sutlej near their confluence .

S ome seven centuries ago they were a pparently d riven out of the I nd us tract and p artly subjugated by the

Bh at t is I D d ra . n Bahawalp ur the au p o t s overcame them in the time of Nadir Shah .

In Sahiwal a nd Multan the Jo iyas as a tribe appear to rank both a s Jats and Raj puts , and in Shahpur as Jats .

They are considered a brave race . They are devoted f to h orses and buf aloes . J L k The oiya septs are very numerous . The a hwera i in l clan is the h ghest the social sca e and has a grat reput o ation for c urage . The men are generally sho rt and of light physique .

42 nal a b . J

l - 1 Ma e o ulatio . 31 . n 7 . p p About 00 (Census 19 ) 104

L o al — 2 . c t . Juh na y The l are found in Poonch State

and also Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi District .

Particulars - h l 3 . . n Ju a The claim to be Rajp uts .

They were once numerous and p owerful but were G nearly all destroyed by the akkh ars . They make good

soldiers .

43 Kah l . on

la tion Male o u 1. p p (Census — o cali t . i 2 . L y The bulk of the tribe is fou nd n the Zafarwal tahsil of the Sialkot district it is a lso numerous i n the Gujranwala district .

a en— H e dm . 3 . The most imp ortant rep resentative of tribe in the Sialkot district is the Zaildar of Dullan in the Zafarwa l tahsil .

— and articulars . b t or H is y p The Ka lon rank as Jat , and

Vikram a it claim descent from Raja j of the lunar race , through Raja Jagdeo of Daranagar , concerning whom they tell the well worn legend that in his generosity he p romised his sister whatsoever she might ask . She claimed his head and he fulfilled hi s p romise , but was miraculously H i 4th . s n i restored to life descendant n the generatio ,

Kahlwan gave his name to the tribe . Fourth from him came Soli or Sodi under whom they left Daranagar and G urd asau r w settled near Batala in , hence they sp read to

Sialkot .

The Muslim p ort i on of the tribe appear to have been I v . con erted to slam , not much time p assed

106

- The Dulal is a sub division of the tribe . This bra nch should not be confused with the D olal Q u resh is o f Gujar K han .

46 Ka h u . t

1. Ma le a ti on. p op ul (Census

— 2 . L ocali ty The bulk of tribe is in the Chakwal tahsil of the Jhelum district , small numbers are found scat te rd H G u art about the Rawalpindi , azara , j a nd S hah

u r p d istricts .

— h e ’ s C i a m l . 3 . f f i i The best known are in Kariala

a h in L R m s h (Jhelum) . In angah and are also representa tive families .

’ — . H r a ar i ar 4 is t o nd t cu s . y p The Kahut claim to

Kores hi have come from Arabia and to be of origin , but this is not acknowledged by others . It seems unlikely that they a re o f Raj put extraction .

The Kahuta hills of the Rawalp ind i district are supposed to have derived their name from the tribe , but no record remains of them in that tract .

1359 e About the year A . D . their anc stor Said Nawa b

D be Ali migrated to elhi , on the way defeated a paga n

a Pal e king of Si lkot , named Sain . O n reaching D lh i they paid there respects to the King who ordered to hold the

Dhanni ( in Chakwal) and the Salt Range on h is behalf. They accordingly retraced their step s and settled at the t h e foot of the Salt Range , realising the revenue from

n . Ja j uas a nd the G ujar graziers and remitting it to Delhi

Sa h ns ar 8t was h Chaudri , in descent from Kahot , their a ncestor in th e time of Babar . 107

They may be considered to rank as Rajp uts in social

status .

The Kah u t s inter-marry to some exten t with t h e

M a sars a airs and K s and now and then with Aw ns , both giving and taking daughters .

They have no special customs excep t that the m ales 1 will not wear blue clothes , or if they do they fal l ill

They are bold ma n of independent character , and of

d . good physique , keen sp ortsmen and good ri ers

The tribe has no clans .

kk i 47 Ka e z a . .

e na a l ul ti o inthe P u b . M o a n 1. p p ( j ) (Census

li t — Kakkez ai Loca . 2 . y The are scattered about the P m L u njab , the most nu erous clans being in ahore and

Sialkot . — a l e . P in eadinmi i s L b 3 . g f robably the est known P the asrur family in the Sialkot district .

H is t or a d articular — a a 4. n K k z i y p s . The k e claim to P be of athan extranction , descended from Afgha ns of Sistan . They are k own as S heikhs . It is probable that H they , like the Khoja ind us , were converted at an early p eriod of the Muslim invasions and affi liated to a Patha n “ class . Sir Denzil Ibbetson says of them the class (Kalal)

was raised in importance , many of its members abandoned there hereditary occupation (of distilling liquor) and its Musalman section also grew ashamed of the social stigma

‘ Kalal ori r inl noccord i conveyed by the confession of g , t g y 108

P i fabricated a story of athan or gin , and adding to the first letter of the caste na me the Pathan tribal termination

Ka called itself kkez ai . The name was at first only used b by the most wealthy members of the caste , ut its use is

- . K l l sp reading The well known sheikh s are a a s , who P while clainming atha n origin call themselves Sheikhs . They are o w mostly known as Muslim traders a nd are P found all over akistan a nd as far west as Kandahar .

They as clever and usually p rosp erous , generally arriving

at d istinction where emp loyed , and most a nxious for

aristocratic status .

48 Ka kkh e . . — 1. Ma le o lat on p p u i App roxi mately (Census

L oca lit y . This tribe is found o n the left bank of the

Jhelum between Kohala and Uri (Kashmir), a nd also in P the Bagh tahsil of oonch .

a — 3 . P rticulars The Kakkh e claim to be of Raj put

m so n Ma l descent fro Kakha , a of Raja , the ancestor of

an J u as . the j They share with Bambas , a p rivileged status

u in t he Jhel m valley , both a re styled Raj a and both are

looked on as the most aristocratic of the Jhelum tribes .

- a They inter m rry only with each other .

The Kakkh es and Bambas successfully resisted

’ A kbar s first invasio n of Kashmir and drove him back in

15 82 . Under the Afgha ns t hey were p ract ically in dep endent .

The Ka kkh e appear to hava fallen somewhat from

a well- their former high estate , but they are still made

cie n e fli t handsome race , and sho uld make soldiers

- ak The Tezal a re sub division of the K kh e .

110

l t — Karral a i . s 2 . Loc y The are found on the right v bank of the Harro ri er in the Nara tract , between the Rajoia lain and the Dunga Gali range in the H azara p _

district , and also in the B oi hills of the same district . — eadinam ilies Ja ird ars D M L 3 . g f The g of iwal ana l a nd Dabran .

s t r and articulars — 4 H i o Karral s . y p The are believed

to be Indians in origin , though they themselves deny it ,

Mo h als and claim to be g , who came from Kian . Their ancestor , Kallar Shah was , they say , inn the service of a n Emp eror of Delhi , with whom he we t to Kashmir . On his return he took the Bakot tract and Nara hills from the

G akkh ars . As a matter of fact , it is more probable that the Karral s were already in these parts when the

G akkh ars invaded their country . They . appear to have 17 th rown off the Gakkhar yoke in the th century . The ordinary members of the tribe seem to be in very

P i s p oor circumstances and their hysique not good .

- D h n u d s H They inter marry with the of azara , with wh om t h ey are sup posed , by some to be identical in origin .

1 a h i 5 K m i r . . s

n— l Male p op ula tio . (Census Lahore Division

Rawalpindi Division Multan Division Punjab States

Total 111

The word Kashmiri is p erha ps , ap plicable to the members of any of the races of Kashmir , but it is com mo u ly used in Kash imir itself to denote the peo ple of the valley of Srinagar . In any case the term is a geographical i n w one , and p robably includes many of what e should , P P the unjab , call se parate castes . In the unjab the term M Kashmiri con no tes a Musalma n Kashmiri . ost immigrants from Kashmi r are called Kashmiris whatever their original tribe . These must be d istinguished from the well -known Musalman tribes of Poonch a nd Jammu who a re mostly o f Raj p ut descent and not Kasnh a d miris at all . The Kashmiris are a p rosperous class “ seek eagerly for military em ployment , many have risen to commissioned rank . The princi pal tribes in the P L n u nM Ma Mi r unjab a re Bat , Batte , Dar , , ahr , , ,

W W . Shaikh , ain and arde

5 2 Ka s a Mo al . s r ( g h )

— M o ula t io . . n 1 a le p p A pp roximately (Census 19 3 1)

- Ka ars 2 L ocali t . ss . y The are peculiar to the north west quarter of the Chakwal tah sil , Jhelum district .

— m ili es . n hie a 2 . C f f The best know family is that of

Dullah the head of which is the Zaildar . Another family of good standing is the o ne at Chawli , a member of which v recei ed a d irect commission in a n Infantry Regiment .

— H s tor and art i culars Kas sars i 3 . y p The were noted M at one time for claiming neither Rajput , Awan or ogha l origin , they asserted that they came originally from Jammu and that they obtained their p resent territories by 112

f joining the armies o Babar . Since the census of 1881

Mo h als i they have recorded themselves as g , and th s claim have now develop ed into na genealogica l tree in which the Kas sars are shown as bei g of common origin with the nw o Mogha l Emperors . They account for themselves as follows

They were originally located in th e country of Kinan M n in Asia i onr , whence they migrated to Ghazni at some u M time nknow , with the a ncestor of the oghal dynasty , and subsequently accompanied Babar in his invasion of

1526. India in A . D . Their a ncestors at that time being Jh a h a L Gh arka and Bhin accord ing to same , or j , ati and

in . u lsh h v Ka according to others All agree howe er, in stating that G h arka is buried on a mound in Mau za H atar nt m D P o any miles from hok ip il in Bal Kassar which is n t s aid to be the origi al settlemen of the tribe in these p arts . D The hanni was then in the hand s of wandering Gujars , while Changas Khan Janjua held the bills to the south M n u M . m livi g at fort Samarkand in a za aira Babar ade over to them the western p ortion of the Dhanni , on condi tion that the would drain o ff the water with which the

w v Gh arka eastern part as then co ered , and obtained some additional country to the south-west as a reward for restor

favo u ritem are ing to Changas Khan a , which the Janjua raja had lost .

They state that the original p rofession of the tribe “ ” w a ricu l was haku mat or government , and tha t it is no g

nm . t u re or Gover ment e p loyment

Their headmen receiv e th e tittle of Chaudhri . Their customs do not differ from the tribes surround

114

They are of Jat status .

a Their average physique is good , owing to the fact th t they do not allow their child ren of either sex to marry until they have attained the age of p uberty .

64 Ke t h w al . .

1. Ma o ula t i on le p p (Census — o alii . Ch i M 2 . L c ar h anS y The p ur of the urree range

Ke th walas M is the home of the , th is tract is i n the urree

tahsil of the Rawalpind i d istrict .

— 3 . H ead n me . There are no families of imp ortance ,

an M ffi the Zaildar of Ch irih a nd some ilitary O cers form i the ar stocracy of the tribe .

4 r a t lar Keth wal . H is t o nd ar i cu s . y p The belong to the D h nd same group as the u and Satti , but claim decent from Alexander the Grea t 1

They say that they a re the oldest inhabitants of these hills a nd that they came into them before either the B hund

d s t . D h u n or Sat i They were almost exterminated by the , i at some time , the date of which s uncertain and they are nw o a very small tribe . Their appearance and character

re s u m ble D nd s h much that o f the u , but their physique is

not so good . The tribe is a p oor one and is glad to accept all Keth wals the military emp loyment it can secure . The

- h D d D h and i l . u n a inter marry with the , Satti and

5 5 Kh k a . a h .

1. P o ulati on p (Census

2 . L oca li t y . The tribe is to be met with p ractically P throughout the unjab . 115

3 ~ Th e P arti culars . Khakhas are supposed to

Kh at ris converted to Islam . They engage exclusively 11

a tr de .

56 Kh arral . .

Male o ulati on 1. p p . (Census

ali t — Kh arrals L oc . 2 . y The are common in the Sahi

rict L wal d ist and are a lso found in ahore , a Guj ranwal ,

M . ultan and Bahawalpur The valley of the Ravi , from the junction with the Chenab to the boundary between Lahore i and Sahiwa l is the chief habitat of this tr be .

h e am lies — C i i . 3 . ff The best known and one of most im ortance is the Kamalia talukdar family which is men p ”

io nd P a i . t e in unj b Ch efs

H is t or and articular — 4 s Kh . y p The arrals appear to

be a true Rajput tribe , though a considerable portion of

them are styled Jat . They trace their origin from one

Bhupa , a descendant of Raja Karan who settled at U ch h F a nd was there converted to Islam . rom U ch h they moved

to their present territory . They are now divided into two

f ct io ns t h a e v main , upp er Ra i and the lower Ravi , the head i quarters o the latter being a t Ket Kamalia .

Kh a rals romina The Kamalia r rose to some p ce in the

m Kh arrals w ti e of Alamgir , but the upper are no the more E p owerful . They stoutly resisted the nglish Army in

1857 .

Their physique is above the average , and thei r activity and end urance is remarkable. The tribe has been chiefly a pastoral one . M v i i ’ any of them ser ed n Ranj it S ngh s army . 116

5 7 . Kh at a t r .

1 Ma l . le o u a ti on C u 19 1 p p ( ens s 3 ) 9 . The Khattar co untry is the Kala Chitta range of the Attock d istrict and extend s from H a ssa n Abdal and

- ki- Jani Sang to the Ind us . There are also a few villages

- ki-D near Shah eh ri in the Rawalpind i district . — 3 —~ h a m i ies b . C ief f l . The est known families are those of Wah a nd D h reik both of which are mentioned in

’ “ D h reik L r fli nP . Sir ep el G i s unjab Chiefs The family ff has su ered much from internal feuds , ruinous litigation

b a and ad cond uct . The Bahtar branch of th is f mily is of co nsiderable im portance .

4 H is t or a d art iculars - Kh at tars . n y p Socially the hold i l b a n ntermediate p ace , ra nking elow the Awans , Ghebas ,

Jo d h ras a nd other high class Raj puts .

The Kh attars themselves are divided in belief a s to

their descent , while some claim Indian origin , others deny

it and allege that they are closely allied to the Awans ,

having come from Arabia . The Awa n s do not always

admit this relationship .

The Kh a ttars were some time d ivided into two n o f mai branches , though they themselves rarely sp eak it .

Kha tars and t a These are the Kala Chitta Kh att rs . To the

D h riek Wah former belongs the family , to the latter the

family . The Ka la branch , who are darkish in colour , are

H e M co nverted indus , and the Chitta of tru usalman descent

overp owering and observing their p redecessors . Sir Lnepel Griffi n makes them originally inhabitants of Khorasa , who co me to India with the early Musalman

i nvaders .

118

I n the Gujrat district the Garhi Gauhar Khan family

of the Phalian tah sil .

r and r — H s t o a t i cular 5 s . . i y p Raj p uts , Awans , Jats ,

all Kh o kh rs h h r and Arains , have a branch and the K ok a s J

themselves vary in status .

The origin of the Kh o kh ars i s as obsc ure a s that of P m any unjab tribe . Tradition i nvariably connects the with ’ n ut ab the Awans , making Khokhar one o Shah s so s and Sh ah is Khokhar Qutb nhis descendants , who would thus be Ju h a s akin to the , a n Awan tribe in the Sialkot . But this p edigree p robably mainly records the fact that the Awans and Kh o kh ars owe their conversion to Islam to Saints

bsh ah Q ut or his discip les , or that they both accep ted his

teachings .

I n Sialkot Kh o kh ars inter- marry with other tribes

Which the Awans will not d o . In Gujrat , where they hold M a compact block of village about ung on the Jhelum ,

a i Kh o kh ars the le d ng are called Raja , as being of Raj pu t Y e t decent . they claim kinship with the Awans and inter

B h at tis v marry with them and the , giving wi es to Chibs

but not getting brides in return .

About Pind - Dadan -Kha n the Raj p ut Kh o kh ars are

Kh o kh ars s aid to be entirely distinct from the Jat , though

e lsewhere in the Jhelum district the tribe has become merged with the l at cultivators . Those of Rajp uts statu s

. . marry into some of the best Janjua families

The Kh o kh ars have at times been confused with the

s wh o F erish t a Q akh ar , state that the historian has him h h self made this mistake . T e K o kh ars were well settled P akkh ars in the unjab centuries before the G , and were 119 early sp read all over the central districts of the p rovince before the G akkh ars acquired their seats in the Salt Ra nge and in the hilly co untry extending from the Jhelum to “ ” ila a H the Khanp ur q in azara , to which they have always been confined .

The earlie st distinct mention of the Kh o kh ars occurs

“ ’ - - 1905 u l M H i A . D . , in the Taj a asir , a story written in which describes a revolt of the tribe against Sultan Muhammad of Ghor in the country between the Jhelum e -u d and the Chenab , when they wer defeated by Qutb t Din Aibak . Af er this the tribe is repeated ly mentioned in Islamic historical record s as breaking out into re bellion a nd giving trouble generally . The localities with L t which they are identified were ah ore , the Sal Range ,

M e ultan , between the Indus and the Ch nab and also east B of the eas river . They ap pear to have p layed an im por tant p art in the resistance offered to the invading armies K of Timur . Sheikh ukari , one of their leaders , submitted to Timur and wa s emp loyed by him in his advance o n

. Sh aika Jas rath Delhi After , ma kes his a ppearance , in 1 20 A . D . n4 he attacked the King of Kashmir who was marchi g into Sindh , cap tured him and took all his

“ ‘ material Jasrath a p pears to have harried the country with varying success (attacking Lahore itself on two In n 1432 . occasio s until , when he disappears the time of

h rs Akbar the Kh o k a held portions of the Bari Doab , the

l achna M u l nd e r R J u and Doabs ulta n and p ortions of J ammu and Sialkot , with a pop ulation estimated at P t souls . rior to the h ist orical records of the ribe a traditional history of the Kh okh ars commences their 1 500 . an record from about B C . d makes t hem Deseen v dants of B ustam Raja surnamed Kokra , who was go ernor 120

F arid u r ac u ir of the Punjab . Driven thence by who had q P i ed th e ers an throne , B ustan sough t refuge in the hill of W K Ghor, est of andahar , where his people ruled for

h o ria . L generations , being called Gh ori of G ater the

r - P Kh o kh a s re entered the unjab under chiefs such as Jot , irka S p , Vikram and many others , and thenceforth held the Punjab

and The Jhelum , Gujrat Shahp ur districts p roduce t h e best men .

9 nh l h i 5 Kich i a d K i c . .

la i on 1 1 P o u t 9 3 1. p (Census )

L ocalit - v 2 . y . The Kich i are found a lmost exclusi ely M M round ailsi in the ultan district , a nd in the Gugera tahsil of Montgomery . — r and arti culars H s t o 3 . i y p The Kich i is a tribe of Jat status wh ich claims Chauhan (Raj put) origin and des

K . cent , from one ichi , a ruler in Ajmer Driven out of Delhi by th e Muha mmadans his descendants migrated to

Multan . The tribe fought with the Jolyas , then p aramount i n those p arts , and they say also that they were sent Mo h als against the rebellious Baluch of Khai by the g , in nM Multa n . I ontgomery they state that they were con H verted to Islam by Bahawal aqq .

There is a Jat tribe in Shahpur named Khilchi who v i K M ha e probably or ginated from the hilji , a oghal sub

tribe .

00 Ki z ilbas h . . — P a . 2 1 o u tion20. 1. p l (Census 931)

122

- - . . . ia who was A D C to the Commander Chief and a Zaildar .

Ila a Mi Pi The family of the q d ar of Banhar , Chak sri , ndi Da - k dnun Khan tahsil (Jhelum) . In the Shor ot tahsil of wni Jha g there are several families , kno as She khs , here a “ ” title of honour . The Makhdum family of Multan and - Ko resh i other well known fam ilies in the Multan district , two of whom are descendants of the Saint Bahawal Haqq .

4 H is tor and a t ar — r h is , y p r i cul s The Ko es claim descent form the - tribe to which the Prop het A w (peace be u s pon him) belonged . Among those who o style themselves many claim to belong to the F aruqis or descendan ts of H n Sadi is d esce azrat Umar, the second Kalip h , or to q or dants of H azrat A bu Bakar the first Kaliph both o f Ko resh i whom were by tribe . In Gujar Khan there is a well - known sectio n knonw n i as Dolal , among whom there have been several d ist g u ish ed Officers .

- in . Another section the same tahsil is known a s Jagial nThe Shorkot Ko re sh is (Jhang d istrict) have an excel i le t record as sold ers .

The tribe is respected by for its sanctity .

The best cla ss are agriculturists .

62 Li l . l as:

Ma — 1. le o ulation8 0 p p 9 . (Census) ( 19 3 1) — 2 . L ocalit y . This small tribe is peculia r to the

i e n' - ear t P Jhelum distr ct and liv s west of, a nd o , ind Dad un h K an .

H dm e — 3 . ea n . The Lu mbardars of their four vill

— ' ag z L L H ind wa L B na h e ra a nd es illa Bharwana , illa , illa L illa G uj . 123

H a d art lar — L 4. is tor nicu s . y p Th e illas wish to be h s h at Mo al . t k nown as g , but are of Jat rank They state t h ey are relations of the Prop het h m (peace be up on him) i ’ t on h s mother s side , and therefore if they had their righ s , a re Ko resh is .

G a. In the ti me of S ultan Mahmud of hazni , member of the tribe migrated to India with a band of 160 men as M n as well dep endants . After many wanderings from ulta G to ujranwala they finally settled in their present home . They are Sunni Mnuslim s and say they were so long before their m 1gratio to India . They show no signs o f India n origin .

i - J b The tribe is supp osed to nter marry with any at tri e .

Being such a small tribe they ca n give but few men to v the Army and ci il .

“ 63 M ai an Mai r a . d M nh r as

Mal 1. o ulati on e p p (Census ( 1931)

L oc l — 2 . a i ty The Mairs are found chiefly i n the Chakwal tah sil of th e Jhelum distric t and are also scatter ed about the adjacent o f districts Rawal indi and Att ock p .

3 ead n — L i ami ies , g f l . w ” Their headmen are kno n as

C o udh ri . In h Chakwal is the family of an (late) Extra

Assistant Commissioner . Other families of standing are Kot w Bad shah n in Rup al Ghugh , a , Chakral Chak a M i Naur ng and ia n M r .

4 His tor and ar — ti cular , y p s . The Mairs say they are Ma nhas Rajp uts (Manhas being a word denoting agri

’ cultural p ursuits , ap plied to Raj p uts who took to agri cu ltural) and that they are D ogars of the same stock as 124 the Maharaja of Jammu this has a ppa rently been admit M ted by one aharaja .

The Dhanni co u ntry (Chakwal) was then p art of i K ngd om of the Dogras , and was given to their forefather , Bh a iar D e r h is a H e g , as sh re of the ancestral estates . h is o went there with following , s me t ime before the advent

r of Baba .

The country was then occu pied by wandering G u ars jj who were rejected by the Mairs . The eastern p art of the Chakwal tahsil was covered by a great lake

which Babar d rained by cutting thro u gh the Ghori Gala

B u nh a M by which the torrent now esca p es . The airs

u took p the d rained country .

M r Kassa rs The ai s like their neighbours , the , are h passionate and revengeful , T ey gave the Sikhs much n ’ trouble , and it required Ra jit S ingh s p resence in their tract to bring them to order '

Thep joined the S ikhs in 1848 a nd on making over a lady

r t o w (M s . George Lawrence) them , all their Jagirs ere

confiscated by the English .

‘ In the 1857 they distinguished themselves by som s ervices and by gnood conduct , and thus obtained a rever sal of their atta i der .

M - Kas sars The airs inter marry with the and , to a

Kah u s t . less extent , with the

e n Th re a ppears to be a social d istinctio between the

M and M M . o rdinary air air anhas the latter consider

a d th e an . themselves R j p uts of aristocracy of the tribe

126

M o selves alik Manhas . A certain number are empl yed i vi e in the Kashm r Imp eria l Ser c Troop s .

ib They do not marry outside the tr e .

67 anr M l . g a .

Male o ulati on. 1 . p p (Census

2 Parti cu ar —Manral . l s g s are of good social p osition h M and are found chiefly in the Kotli ta sil of the irp ur .

(Azad Kashmir) .

sevin A good number is g in the Army and some Ofli ce rs of the tribe have been in the Frontier Force .

They are sometimes known as Mangral G akkh ars but n G ak appear to have o real connection with the kh ars excep t i that they w ll not give their daughters to any other tribe .

are The men small but of good p hysique, and they are keen on military employment .

68 Ma h as . n .

Ma l u la t on— x A 1. e o i . n p p pp ro imately (Ce sus

— L ocalit . 2 . y The tribe is found scattered about i n i k i small commun ties in the Sial ot and Rawa lp indi distr cts . — a na ie im Le di mil 3 . g f s There are none of any p artance .

4 H is tor a ar ar - . nticul s . y d p The word Minhas or M and anhas refers to agriculture denotes that section of ib w am wal the tr e hich took to agricultural p ursuits . The J T h e is the royal branch who do not engage in agriculture . tribeh as an illustrious p edigree and claims to be of Solar o origin through Ram Chandra of Aj udhya . Their ancest rs 127

" ’ are sup posed to have settled in Jammu and Kashmir . They now occupy rather a humble place in t he Rajp ut scale o f

v rh . p recedence . They ne e t eless make excellent sold ier

69 an M . . j

Ma l u a — 1. e o l ti onb p p . A out (Census

— - e e ma 2 ocali t . Pr . L y e partition this tribe b long d inly to the Jullund ur district but is found in Lahore and Rawa l pi nd i . nThe Alpials o f the Rawalp indi district claim to be Ma j Raj p uts .

— ' 3 . H is tor and ar r y p t icula s The Manj claim to be connected with the Bhatti , and descended from a mythical

Salvah an. M Raja name South of the Sutlej the anj Rais of Talwandi and Raikot ruled over a very extensive ter

rit or i R antt . y til l d s possessed of it by j Singh and his Sikhs N in orth of that river the Manj never succeeded establish

n . ing a p ri cipal ity

W h th e A l ial b M it the exception of p ra nch , the anj has now little to recommend him exce pt his good p hysique . Too p roud to till the land t hemselves they cultivate it as a ” e v rule through the ag ncy o f ser ants , or lease it out to

' e a ’ fi . r i tenants In either cas they only ece ve l ndlord s pro ts ,

’ h the r h i w ile sturdie Jat; cultivating wit h s own hand s , rea ps

n . the profit of both la dlo rd a nd cultivator

The conversion of the tribe to Islam probably took

- - u d D nGh o r i . e . i i p lace in the reign of Shahab y , , n the 12 u middle of the th cent ry .

70 Me k . n a .

1 Male o ula t — . ion. p p Probab ly (Census 128

L ocalit — 2 . y The Mekan are chiefly found in the in‘ ver Shah pur district , and al so , y small numbers , in Jhelum M ultan and the Kharia n tahsil of Guj rat .

adm en— H e . e 3 . n The b st know of the tribe are two Z aild ars families of the in the S hahp ur tahsil , in the villages Ko t P Kot Bhai Khan and ahlwan . — P articulars M 4. The ekan are said to be of Panwar

origin , descended from t he same ancestor as the Dhudhi . They are a p artial trib e a nd are said to be somewhat tur bulent .

They rankas Raj p ut a nd are generally of fine p hysique .

7 1 M os r aw . e o M at i s — a on7l 3 3 . 6 o u l ti . Male p p , (Census

The early history and origin of the Meos is absc u re

o r1 1nll a e m they th emselves claim Raj p ut g , g g descent from

-u h - a n ancestor converted in the time of Kut Din . It seems M M robable however, that the inas and eos a re connected p , n and they are p robably both represe tatives of the earlier

- n . no Ayran inhabitants of the country In former times t u rbu lanc the Meos were noted for their e . As soldiers they

il inwo rke rs . w l are cheery and g , , Their p hysique is excellent t as they have s rong thighs and broad chests . There is t ample and good material for enlistmen in infantry .

72 M al . ogh . — la i on s o- Male P o u t v 1. p There are o er called

Mogh al s males in the Punjab . (Census

- Mo hals o L ocalit . 2 . y g are comm n throughout the Punjab but the census returns sho w that the Jhelum district

130

— Ch a h a ta The best known clans are The Barlas , g t and L n Kiani , whilst in the ahore d istrict are some k own are

T u rkm al and Ghori . The true Moghal will always add “ ” ” “ i Beg to his name , a nd generally uses M rza as a prefix .

A man wh o calls himself Moghal but who cannot ' tell

u n the name of his clan should generally be rejected as a n e i d s rable .

73 a ma N r .

The Na rma is a Rajput tribe with a male pop ulatio n of found chiefly in the Bagh tah sil of Poonch and the Ko tlia tahsil of Azad Kashmi r . They are also to be found i t in small numbers n Kah u t a, Guja r Khan a nd Rawalpindi

Tahsil .

' s Their tradition connects them with Puran . aid to be a son of Raja Salvaban from whom also come the B h at t is M a nd anj Ranj puts . They co nect themselves with the Solha n Raj put with

- wh om they inter marry .

u They are generally of good physiq e , short a nd sturdy with good legs ;

74 m . Na .

1 Male la t i — . o u on. p p About (Census

— - 2 . L ocal t P e i v. r partition this tribe belonged mainly

to H i a the oshiarp ur and Jullundur districts , and a few

u P t G rdasp ur and Amritsar . Now in akis an they one found

in Lahore a nd Rawalp indi and Sahiwal and Multan .

’ adm - e e . 4. H nTheir headmen were Ranas of 131 ” P i i J the four arganas n Hosh arp ur, a nd one in ullundur

(India) . — 5 . H is tor and ar ticulars Naru y p . The s say that they

Su ra bansi are j Rajp uts converted in the time of Mahmud o f Ghazni . They came originally from Muttra and thence i P th rough Ja salmer to the unjab .

i Tiloch and The r ancestor, Raja , having ap plied for w help in a civil ar to the King of Delhi , was sent to con P quer the unjab , which he d id , and in return was mad e ruler of the c ountry ,

a M an His son Nih l Chand , became a uhammadan , d as

e sum d the name of Naru S hah . Naru Shah first settled a t ManJ R at anP l in ullund ur (India) whence his son a founded P “ ” hillaur . Thence were founded the four Naru pa rganas H G of ariana , Baj wana , Sha m Chaurasi a nd h o rewah a in H oshiarpur and Bahr in Jullundur (India) . The chief “ ” “ ” man in each of these parganas is k nown a s Rai or ” “ Rana

a nwar 75 . . P

Ma e u a o - A l o ti . . n l p p l bout (Census

— P 2 . Locality The anwar is found in the Bahawalp ur

La . State , in Multan , Sahiwal a nd hore

' H a — P P a ra 3 . is t or nd ar r ma y p art icul s The anwar or

A ni cula . was once the most imp ortan t of the g Rajp uts “ ” The world is the Pramaras i s an ancient saying denoting a r st h ali n n u Ma u iv d a x their extens e sway , the N kot , e te d ing along and below the Sutlej from the Indus almost t o

J ifie M A st hal i i the amna , sign d the aru or ar d terr tory ' " ’ occu m c b . n pied y them But a y centuries have p assed sin e 132

i 1 they were d r ven from their possessions , and in 826 they w l D in held in independent s ay o nly the smal S tate of hat the desert .

Ranhars g (Musalman Raj puts) . M n The usalma Rajp uts of the Ambala Division are Rana h r commonly known as g s . After partition they have L settled down in the ahore , Sheikhup ura a nd Multan d istricts .

P They belong chiefly to the Batti , C ha uhan , onwar, T o n war . Jatu , Taoni a nd clans They a re much supe rior

a in quality to the Eastern R j put .

76 P h ap h ra or P h ip h ra

Ma — l a . 1. n e p op ul ti o 350. As shown in the census

1 inhe returns ( 9 3 1) but from the number who a re serving t m army there ust be many more than this .

L a — t 2 . oc t P i y . The hap hra have a few villages a the

F ind . foo t of the Salt Range , east o f Dada n Khan in the

Jhelum district .

3 H ead — . A m en. retired Extra Assistan t Commis

s io n er M o infl ue n and Subeda r aj r a re perha ps , the most e tial memb rs of the tribe .

- . H is t or and art cu ars Ph a h ras w 5 y p i l . The p fo llo the

Mo h al s w c p revailing fashion a nd ca ll themselves g , to hi h

they have no claim .

The tribe is classed as semi -l at ranking somewhat

e above the l at status in po pular estimation . They int r

‘

L l G o nd al Varaic h . marry wit h the il as , s and , etc , wh o are

for the most part certainly Jats .

e m In character, customs a nd physique they do not s e

134

t inh - gu1s them from the Pashtu speaking Pathan of the P i P borders , are here termed anjab athans .

These non - frontier Path ans are usually known by the

town or locality in which they a re settled , e . g . , Kasu r P M P . atha ns , ultan i athans These colonies of Patha ns

ir D nsil arenaccounted for by S e I bbetson in the following ma ner

Lod i and d m P During the , Sur ynasties any athans migrated to Ind ia especially d u rm g the re 1gn of Bahlol Lodi

i : n and Sher Shah Sur These naturally belo ged to the h Ghilzai section from w ich those kings sprung .

B ut large numbers of Pathans accompanied the armies

f -u d - o Mahmud Ghaznavi , Shahab Din and Babar , and many of them obtained grants of land in the Punjab p lains P and founded atha n colonies which still exist . Ma ny m ore Pathans have been d riven out of Afgha nistan by in ternal feuds or by famine and have taken refuge in the p lai ns east of the I nd us .

‘ P n i m comm o nl t o i The tr bes ost y be fo und n u jab

Y and ah r L K are the usufzai including the M , the od i akar , la and Kar u ri Sarwani , Orakzai , the tribes the Zamand

Pathans . Of these the most widely distributed are the Y usufzai,of whom a body of accompanied Babar in i v the final n asion of Ind ia , a nd settled in the p lains of P P w v India and the unjab . But as a rule the athans ho ha e settled away from the frontier have lost all memory nof i ib i i i i the r tr al d vis on s , and ndeed almost all the r natio al characteristics . — . ltani Pathans Th e s am v Mu . de cendants of Z a nd ery m e nm h early igrat d in large u bers to Multan , to w ich 135

i p rovince they furnished rulers , t ll the time of Aurangz eb, i b i when a number of the Abdal tri e under the leadersh p of . H i w e Shah usa n ere d riven from Kandahar by tribal f uds , M i took refuge in ultan , and be ng early supp lemented by

' O ir W ther of their kinsmen who were expelled by M ais , i M the great Ghilza chief, conquered ulta n and founded the tribe well known in the Punjab as Multani Pathans .

Z M n ahid Khan Abdali was appointed Governor of ulta ’ w s inva with the title of Na ab , at the time of Nadir Shah i sio n . Multan was Governed by different members of this l ‘ fami y, until in 18 18 the city was ca p tured by the Sikhs ' i ii under Ranjit Singh , after a heroic defence which th e fi Nawab and ve of his sons were slain .

Ka r Pa — su thans . When the Za mand section was bro

u Khwe s h i l ken p , the g c an migrated to the Ghorbannd n d defile , and a large umber marched thence with Babar a H m fou nd great favour a t his ha nds and those of u ayun , O ne and section of them settled at Kasur , are known as “ Kasu ria Pathans

The Kasu ria Patha ns increased in numbers and imp ro

an - t ce until the chiefs thought themselves strong enough to t s er refuse to p ay tribute to the Mo ghals . Af er ome sev e

' l ' fighting the Kasu ria Pathans were com pel ed to give in , ' n they never lost h eart h o we ve r a nd main taine d their i de d nce 1807 b ene p until , when they were fi ally su dued by

t he c b R . . f n t he S ikhs A ter o nfiscatio of Kasur y anjit

P a n b k Singh , the ath ns were ordered to remai o n the left an o f the S utlej where their leader was assigned the Jagir of

‘ Mamdot .

i b n Bes des these two etter k now cla ns“ there are , 136 as already mentioned others to be fo u nd i n small colon ies throu ghout the Punja b .

M Offi v any distinguished cers, from ca alry regiments ,

n . belo g to this class

79 R a u t s . jp .

The Punjabi Musalma n Raj put tribes described in this chapter have been m ainly those of the Rawalpind i

Th e Civil Division . term Rajp ut has to a large degree come to mean a social grade rather than a n ethnologica l

n M al n u s ma s term amo g Punjabi . The Census Report of 1931 gives the male p op ulation af Punjabi Musalman Raj pu ts as

80 R anh a . j .

la on— 193 1 Male o u ti 1. p p About (Census )

— ans L ocali t . R h a be 2 . y The bulk of the j are to

found in the Bhera tahsil of the Shahp ur d istrict , there are

a few also in Gujra nwala and Jhelum . — a m en. H e d 3 . The most influential members of the tri be are the Z aild ars of Mid Ranjh a and Bhadar i n the

l u mbard ars Pi Bhera tahsil . The of nd Dadun Khan and

Lil la i n the Jbelum district are men of some standing .

— - t r and articu ars . n H is o l R a has 4. y p The j are gen Lat e rally classed as Jat though they are Bhatti Raj puts . Ko res h i tat ly a few of the tribe have claimed origin .

l G ndals wi i Th ey clos y resemble the o , th wh om they nter

marry .

Ranhas i m v . Th e j show little des re for ilitary ser ice

138

b D h u n They connect themselves with oth the d s and

T o naolis the , but say at the same time that they come P from ak patta n i n the Sahiwal d istrict . The tribe is classed a s Sahu and inter -m arry on equal trems with the

nd s . D h u

Their physique is above the average .

84S t i at .

Male o ulat i 1. on. p p (Census

— 2 . L o cali t y . The Satti occup y the lower ra nge o f 0 the Murree hills in the Murree and Kah uta tahsi ls of the

Rawalpind i district .

L ead ami li es — a t is 3 . in S t g f . The head of the lives at

Kamra blow the Narh hill . Another good family is at h n C u a a M jj in the urree tahsil , the head of which is a

Zaildar . 4 — . H is t or and art c r u h d s i la s . n y p Next to th e D u the

Sat tis an are the largest d most imp ortant of the hill tribes of the Rawalpindi d istrict . They occupy the whole of the Kotli sp ur i n the Murree tahsil and they d ivide the whole of the mountainous portion of the Kahuta tahsil with the

Jasgam s .

D h nd s They are p robably of the same descent as the u

Wh o pretend to loo k down on them . They were at one D h nd s re time the traditional enemies of the u but at the p sent day the two tribes have no feud a nd inter-marry freely .

The Sa t tis have two traditions: as to their origin , one H connects them with azrat Abbas , the paternal of the 139 p rop het Je (p eace be upon him) while the other makes them the offspring of one Takht Khan , who came with

D h u nd s Satt is Timur to Delhi . The account for the i n yet a nother man ner which is absolutely rejected by them as false .

H There is little d oubt that they were originally indu , P ’ v p robably onwar Rajp ut s , whose con ersion to Islam is of comp aratively recent date .

D h u nd s The tribe came to English assistance when the attacked Murree in 185 7.

H old ings among them are very small and without m ilitary service they could not live . The tribe is of good

i s social standing and among them tribal feeling strong .

u They hold together and look p to there headman .

firs t- They make rate soldiers , enlist readily , and are always in great demend .

85 a a . . S y d

1 Mal — . la e o u ti on. p p Over (Census

2 L oca t —Sa ad s . li y y are found everywhere in the P P W . unjab . ( est akistan)

H is tor a d arti cu lars — Sa ad s 3 . n y p . True y are the

’ d c H li M -ln-law es endants of azrat A , uhammad s son , wh o

’ P ro het s ( u u married Fatima p Be p eace p o n h im) da ghter . M Sa ad s n any y , however, p rofess to be his desce dants v through other wi es .

The Sayad s of to -day obviously contain a very large ix I b b iv m ture o f ndian lood , p artly y marrying w es from the Indian Muslims of other castes and p artly by the n 140 tende cy of the lower castes to stop grad ually into the folds of that holy caste . An i mmense number of those

Sa ad s who p rofess to be y have really no claim to the title . In the Eastern Punjab they form a comparatively s m all

p ortion of the p o p ulation , and a re mostly the descendants

Sa ad s M m of true y who followed the usli conquerors , and were given grants of la nd which their descendants continue n W P to e joy . In the Central and estern unjab , and more

especially on the Frontier, on the Indus , and in the Salt

e u . Range , ther are num ro s

0 A s a rule they a re cultivators a nd depend more upon

P M i . e their income from iri uridi , d ues received as

u holy peo ple , than on agriculture . Their infl ence on the

w e hole is d clining , but they still have considerable p ower .

as h is Th ey a re a rule i ntelligent . T eir social p osition very high and they will no t give their daughters in

a Ko res h i marriage to any one excep t Sayed or , while tribes of the highest socia l standing marry their daugh ters

Sa ad to y s .

Sayad s generally add Shah to their names a nd are res pectfully addressed as Shahji They are fo und in every branch of the army a nd o pinio ns d iffer greatly a s

s to their val ue a sold iers .

Probable the most compact colony of Sayad s a re l inH those of the Kagan va ley azara , descendants of Jala I nH r . t Baba , who led the Swathi invasion i to aza a

n s u b e x ed ito n1852 required a n p in to e force comp lete

mission .

The following a re the p rincipal s u b-divisio ns in the Punjab

142

O i ther fam lies of standing are at Khara nwala , Bad

. In Rajbana and R ustam Sargana the Multan district the best known are those of Kund Sargana and Bager .

or and art icu lars —Th e H is t 4. y p Sials are descended P from Taj Shankar a onwar Rajpu t , whose home wa s at

F a b t te h u r. Daranagar , etween A llahabad and p A branch

P nwars e m i e ra d of the o h ad p reviously g te from their

v J nati e country round Delhi t o aun pu r, a nd it wa s there that Rai Shankar wa s born . O ne story h as i t that Rai — h ad Se u n Shankar three so ns , Teu and Ghe from

v Tiwana whom ha e descended the Sials of Jhang , the s of

t h e P Shahp ur , and Gheba s of indi Gheb . A nother tnradi tion states that Sial was the only son of Rai Sha kar , Tiwan and that the ancestors of the as and Ghebas were only collateral relations of Shankar and Sial . Owing to m m dissensions among the e bers of the family , Sia l emigr

- u d - P ated d uring the reign of Ala din Ghori to t he unjab . P Sial in his wanderings came to akpattan , and was there converted to the Muslim religion by the eloquent exhorta

: It F "i t “ a » P n tion of the sainted Baba arid ) of akp atta .

l n The a leged connection of the Sials with the Tiwa as and Ghebas is most imp robable . Th e tribe is undoubtedly of Raj put origin and migrated west d uring the reign of

- - R Ala ud din Ghori when many ajp ut families , including

Kh arrals Tiwana s the ancestors of the , , Ghebas and H Chaddars , emigrated from the p rovinces of industan b v to the Panja . Crossing the ri er Ravi in its lower reaches , the tribe app e ars to have reached the Chenab in the i 14 v v cinity of Shorkot in the th century , and to ha e found it necessary to entrench itself against the local tribes , i n forts , which mark the country . From this base they 143

o h v a ppear to have spread n rt and south along the ri er, the Thal p roving an insuperable barrier to their further p rogress westward .

The Sials a ppear to have reached the zenith of their

’ p ower shortly a fter Ahmed Shah Abdali s first invasion of P 17 4 t he unjab ( 5 After a brief period of prosperity ,

t h e the tribe grad ually succumbed to Sikhs , a nd was R finally conquered by anjit Singh , though still retaining considerable p olitical imp orta nce .

About one -fifth of the tribes has returned itself as R Jat , and the remainder as aj put .

They ap pear to have no co nnectio n with the town of

Sialkot .

88 n h la . S o .

The Sohlan is a Raj p ut tribe co nnected with the

Narma .

The Muslim sectio n is found chiefly in the Mirp ur d istrict of Azad Kashmir .

Their p hysique and characteristics are m uch the same

w - a s the Narma ith whom they inter marry .

The tribe is a small one .

89 u h a n 8 d . .

Male ul 1. o at o 1838 i n. p p (Census ) — 2 . L ocali t . Sud an P y The h o t i tahsil of oonch is the

u home of the S udha s , but they sp read also into the

l Ko li ah Hava i , Bagh and t t sils and a few even a re to be 144

Jh el u ni met with across the in the Kah uta tahsi of Rawal p indi .

d amili — A lis z l 3 L ea in es . o e . g f The Rais of in Sudha noti is p erhap s , the most influential man of the tribe .

Other families of good status are at Neriya Chowki and Kirk in the same tah sil .

H i s t or a d rti cu lars — 4. na y p The Sudha u s a re t h e m P in ost important tribe of oonch , and of late years an creasing number have been enlisted in the Army .

They claim Pathan origin and say that they are desce nant s u d of Ismail who fo nded Dera Ismail Khan , and also P of one Jassi , who was a athan .

According to them they first settled near Kotli , in the

’ Murree h ill s (not the p lace of the same name in Jammu territory) , which was at tha t time occupied by B rahmans . A tribe known as the Bagar held the op posite ba nk of J the helum and tyrannised over the Brahmans , who called in the Sudha u s to their aid . The Sudh a u s having defeated

E Su d h ano t i the agars , seized their co untry and named it , 'th it was at this time that they took e name . of Sudhan , which they had earned as a comp liment to their . valou r

al l from the Brahmans . If nthis has any foundation in fact , it must be very ancie t history for there is now no trace of the Eagars in Poonch .

va b The Sudhan ries in p hysique , and other desira le i qualities , with the locality n which he is found . The best

S d h ani u o t are obtained from , and the nearer they are to the centre of that tahsil the better they are ; here their

p hysique is excellent .

146

‘5 l — - a P articu ars . i . The tr be a ppears to be a sub divis ion of the Kakkh e and ra nks as Raj put .

They inter-marry with the Sud han a nd Chandal of

s the a me locality .

They are of the short stature but robust p hysique .

9 2 T h a t a l .

P o ula tion 19 3 1 l . p (Census )

al — 2 . L oc it y . The Shahp ur and Jhel um d istrict . — 3 . P articulars A . n obscure tribe of Ja t status .

93 T iw . n a a

1 M - . le o a P ula tion. p About (Census 19 3 1) — 2 . Localit Tiw na y a s inhabit the Tha l country west

Ku s hab of in the S hahp ur district , a few are also to be

found in the Bhera and Shah p ur tahsils .

— 3 . L eadinam i T a as lies . n g f The iw although numeri cally a sm al l tribe p o ssess more families of distinction “ M ” b . then any other tri e I n fact , aliks ap pear to

p redominate over the ordinary rank and file of the tribe .

The Mitha Tiwana family is by far the most imp or “ v tant in the Shahpur district . Its history is gi en in The P unjab Chiefs . There are many branches of this family , the wea lthiest and p roba bly t h e most important being that

M H wa of which alik Umar ayat Khan s the head . Other fami lies of high status are in H amoka and

H ada li . 147

d P r —N na ticu rs . n H is tor a 5 . y la otwithstandi g their i anas i T w claims to h gh H ind u Descen t , the were until P M about a century ago an ordinary unjab usalman tribe ,

inhabiting a few v illages a t the north of the Thal desert . w After a severe struggle with their neighbours , the A ans , the head of the clan established indep endent authority

v u over the Thal , and e en after the Sikhs nder Ranjit Singh ,

brought them under subjection , they found it advisable to a emp loy the Tiwan Chiefs a s their local Governors . Thei r earlierh ist ory represents them as being Po nwar Rajp uts H P b i wh o emigrated from industa n to the unjab , p ro ably n

15th century . Their first settlement ap p ears to have been at Jahangir on the Indus , where they became converts to

Islam .

v w v Mo ing east ard s they e en t ually occup ied Shahp ur , M and in 1680 built itha Tiwa na .

w 1848 The Ti ana , rendered valuable service in when i i E 18 7 the Multan s rose aga nst nglish and again in 5 , ov E b ni when they p r ed their loyalty to the nglish y fur sh ing over h orsemen for the irregular cavalry rais ed in the Punjab by Lord L awrence .

Tiwans The a are essentially cavalry soldiers , a nd also serve in infantry .

M k Their ali s breed excellent horses .

Ti n Closely related to the wa as are a family of N o ms

Ti n - i w wa as i (Bhatt R ajp uts) ith whom the nter marry .

94 T r ar . agg . — l Po ulat ion900. . p . (Census 1931) 148

— 2 . L o cali t are n y The Traggar found o ly in t h e

M M ff ’ ultan and uza a r garh d istricts . — a r . 3 . P rt i cula s . b Ra n This tribe claim to e Bhatti jp uts . a d take their name from their a ncestral home at Traggar

Bika r in ni .

The social positio n of the tribe is good , they are fond

of horses a nd are anxious to serve in cava lry .

9 5 . ra i h Va c .

1 Ma e o u — l la t io . . n p p A bou t (Census 19 3 1)

L ca li t — o . V a rac h 2 . y The i are chiefly found in the P halia and Guj rat tahsils o f the Guj rat district , they have a L lso s p read in to Guj ranwala Sialkot , Jhelum , ahore

an d Rawalp ind i .

L eadi am il — . n 3 g f ies The Waz irba d family is the

“ ’ ” a nd m is ost im portant mentioned in the Punjab Chief s .

A t Ja llal u r t h e p Jattan , in Gujrat tahsil , there is another

i s family of good status , the head of which a Zaildar .

‘ r and art iculars — e V a ra i h s H is to y Th c i 4. p one of

f h e a t he most imp ortant o t J t tribes of th e Punjab . ' There a re many st o ries as to it s o rigm the most general

ly accep ted of which is that . their ancesto r Dhudi was a Jat who ca m e into India with Mahmud of Ghazni and

settled in Gujrat . The other stories make them Raj p uts , w which but fe V ara ic h es claim to be . There is little doubt tha t Gujrat was their first home and that their h movement as been eastwards .

' It is a disgra ce for a ' m em be r o f the t ribe to marry a

i is d h low caste woman . Their social stand ng goo , and t ey m arry with the best local tribes .

150

R a al clan , descended from j p , grandson of the Bhatti

Raja Salvaban of Sialkot .

Wattu s v w a ric ltu re an The Sutlej ha e no taken to g u , d v are peaceful and industrious culti ators .

The tribe was coverted to Islam by Baba Farid of Pak p attan i n the 13th century .

’ W t u s o l at are also good s diers .

Beside the Punjabi Musalman tribes described i n the foregoing p ages , there are a large number wh ich are class n e t ed i the census r turns as Raj pu and Jat . CH A PT E R VI .

- and t rib e s f h ans u n s I nd s P at A bri ef acco t o Ci u ,

- - - ki nt o s N F a na p e cu li ar t o H az ara D i t ri ct W P d

h ns . P at a

The Awans and G ujars of H azara Distric t numbering app roxim ately and males resp ectively are D sp read all over the istrict , and from long residence

n . therei have acquired the manners, customs etc . of the in H d ist in azara tribes among whom they dwell , are g uish a ble from them and are different to the Awans and Gujars of the Punjab .

Other p urely Pu njabi Musalman tribes such as D h u nd s Ke t h wals Karrals G akh ars , , , , a nd Sararas are found in the Southern and South Eastern hills of H azara x i t M District , e tend n o Rawalp indi and urre Tehsils . A history of these tribes and al so of the Awans a nd Gujars is given i n Chap ter V .

Ak az ai s .

o —M 1 P o ulati n. n . p us ter fighti g men , (Census 19 3 1)

Loca - 2 . li ty The left bank of the Ind us to the B lack

Mountain .

H or and art icu ars — is t l . i 3 . y p The A kaz a s are a tribe

Y u safz a is — of Isazai , they are divided i nto four clans the l P . Barat Khel , Aziz Khe , Tasa n a nd ainda Khel

They should make satisfactory sold iers for the country . 152

C h a ar z a g i s .

— - s o la on. P p u ti Cis Indus Ch ag arz ai s muster about n1 93 1 fighting men . (Ce sus )

— Locali ty Bo th banks of the Ind us from the Tran s W Ind us Dama mountain on the est , to the Black Mou n tain on H azara B order .

H is tor and art icu — y p lars The Ch agarz ai are a tribe Maliz ai Y u s afz ais of , closely allied by family to the B uner

. i wals They a re div ded into three clans , the F iroz Khel entirely Tra ns- Ind us and t h e Nasrat Khel and Basi Khel

on both banks of the Ind us .

Ch a arz ais w The g are a p urely race owning co s , bu fl a

' . e s loes and goats Th y are men of excellent phy ique , good mountaineers; have a great reputation for bravery

and make excellent soldiers for the country .

Ch ach h P n h a a t s .

—; M e u la t on 1 al o i . . p p About (Census 19 31)

2 ‘ — h h h 1 1 o t . C ac n L cali y The p la n the n orthern p ortion of Attock Tehsil , Attock District , on the left bank of the Indus .

r — M P H is tor and ar i cula s . y p t any athans have migra

n - ted from Afghanista , Tribal Territory and Trans Indu s Territory for various causes d uring the p ast two centuries

a n . d taken refuge in the p lains to the East of the Indus P h h . The athans in the Ch ac area have retained . their

o d c nd ans co u s t m s and language and are mainly e e t of the

Manau r L d Y u safz ai including the , the odi , the Tarin and the Dilazak tribes .

154 is considered the Chief clan and from it is elected the

I a s w -e Khan of the S z ai , other ise known as the Sahib

Dasta r (ma ster of the Turban . )

D is - Indus Trans- Indus

1. L . 1. Nasrat Khel . ukma n Khel

2 . . 2 . Mamu Khel . Nanu Khel

3 Z . 3 . . . Dada Khel a karia Khel

4. . 4 . . Mir Ahmad Khel Kotwal

Is 5 . a . a ad s . 5 . S y Khel

6. Kha n Khel . They sho uld make satisfactory soldiers for the count ry .

a d n J u s

1 Mal o — . e ul i o 00 a t I H 6 5 . n. n p p azara (Census 19 31)

— H 2 . L o cali t y . Abbottabad and ari p ur Tehsils of H the azara District ,

— H s z ai 3 . Chi ef fa mi li es The as a family of

D h amt o u r anh i once held the Kh s p of the tribe a nd a re

t l u O i l s il looked p to . ther famil es ho d jagirs of Banda Pir Kha n a nd Bandi .

H is t or an — ff d arti c rs ns y p ula . The Jad u are a n o shoo t o d M Ja u ns . f the Transfrontier of the ahaba n Range

17 e About the end of the th c ntury , they crossed the Indus

u a s as and spread p the Dor Valley high Abbottabad , latter t h e y further extended their hold ings a t the expense

of D ilaz aks and t h e K r s d a a the rals . At the pre ent y 155 their settlements are along the banks of the Dor between

Bagra and Mangal , part of the Abbottabad plateau and ll a n Ni . its neighbourhood , and i n the Valley

The divisions of the tribe are

olar 1. S

(i ) Mat Khwazai .

(ii ) U t az ai . i na . (iii) Su lima z

Mans ur 2 .

(i) Da ulatzai .

(ii) Musazai .

(iii) Khadarzai .

u r The men are of good p hysique but small stat e ,

they make good soldiers for the country .

Kh a t t a k s .

A very comp lete descrip tion of Kh at taks is given in t h e H and book on Pathans . The following sections of this tribe are found in the Punjab

P Sa h ris i art of the g , nhabiting the left bank of the Indu s about Makhad in the south Western p ortion of Pini h e l d b n g Teh si of Attock District The Bha gi

K M r hel , inhabiting the ountainous tract no th of l M Kalabagh in the Isa Khel Tehsi nof ianwali District . Mi s h wa i

Male o ulation 19 1 . n3 p p (Ce sus ) 156

o t — 2 . L cail y . The north Eastern end of the

a nd h r r H G g a Range in the H a ip u r Tehsil of azara .

hi e — r 3 . a e M C f fam ili es . There several aliks of good

Sriko t standing , they are all in or near , their chief village .

4 H i t r and art r — an s o i cula s Mish w i . y p The s are

Gh u r h u sh t P g atha ns , said to be descended from a Sayad ,

M - - uhammad i Gisu Darez , by a Shirani woman and th us

a i sh ar a G na h ir ns U t ans a d u rs . S A llied to the , , and p Their origina l home was p robably in Baluchistan whence they a ttacked themselves as retainers to the Y u safz ai s in their return to the Peshawar Valley in the 15 th or 16t h century . A p ortion of them accom pa nied the Utmanzai

a i Yu s fz a s into the H azara District .

Th ey are a sturdy industrious and well behaved race and their loyalty and courage are beyond question , Maj or Abbott fo und in them h is staunchest supporters in 1848 and described the m a s “ one of t he bravest races

in the world . The chief clans are

l Mani Khel

2 . H asain Khel .

3 . Dura Khel .

N i az i s .

1 M . ale o ulat i on p p Mianwali r Kohat Bannu a K 500 nus Dehra I sm il han (Ce s 19 3 1

n 158 A gor a d some villages on the Kamhar River in the

H D . Kagan Vally , all in azara istrict i The Swatis of Allai , in independent Terr tory , extend northward s from Mansehra Tehsil to Kohistan . — s tor and arti culars H i . 3 . y p The Swatis claim to be

Pathans , descendants of the p eople who inhabited Swat and Buner before the Y u safz ai invasion which drive them 17 into H azara about the end of the th century . The are divided into the following clans

1. Jehangirai .

al l l . 2 . A rgOSh M u ka ili 3 . Ish ma .

4 Mir a . . Khani Sulem ni

5 . Sarkh eli .

Ma d rawi . 6. n

anh l Sh a o t . P o . a 7 . jg m h l Loc a .

8 D o o dh v al M . . l ayor Bish gram i . l Panmira . 9 . j i i h r . 10. A l s e

h v i f nT ese Di isio ns are rep resented a number of ch e s , amely , those of

Ghari H abibullah .

Mansehra .

Giddarp ur .

D o odh yal .

man. Bh ogar g

Batal .

B at igram .

D h annial . 159

The country is rich in cultivation and cattle and the m p o pulation is dense . There a re a nu ber of large a nd thriving villages .

ns T a aoli .

l i o o u at n. M ale 1. p p of whom a re l anwa . feudal T a

— inwal ca li t H d 2 . L o y The section occupy feuda l or

Ta nawal u pper and extend to the right bank of the Indus , B a na k nawal u d h the Pallal lower T a , incl d ing and a num

a i n M ber of v illages in the G rh a t ract of the ansehra

Tehsil .

n ~— 3 L eadi ami li es . . g f The recognised Ch ief is the

T anawal Nawab of Amb (feudal ) .

Pallals Labh a The leading clan of the is the y , com

u mo ly called S uba Khan i , whose best k nown families are

P e those of huhar , Bir a nd Shingri which a re r p resented — by three Jagird ars besides these there are the Jagirs of

Sherwan and Cha mh ad .

i tor a d arti a — n n r H s cul s T a a o lis m 4. y p The clai de M s scent from Amir Khan , a Barlas oghal , who e two sons H ind Khan and Pal Kha n crossed the Ind us abo ut the

17 Mah e nd of the th century , fro m the cou nt ry round a M ban , and settled in the ountainous area now held by

— Tanw l them and named after the tribe a a .

Tanao li s The are ind ustrious cultivators of good Ph y

sique make very good soldiers . P u njabi is the Mother

P a W Tongue though a few speak ushtu s ell , they have many Pathan customs and take much pride in their dress and app earance . The sub -divisions of the tribe are

Cbar al y . (i) Led h a l Jamal 4 y .

LA bd wal .

Lal ( al . ii ( Sar al . H ed ra ) y l . Baiz a L l . iii ( ) Jalwal .

i v ( ) Bohal .

v ( ) Baigal .

vi Te kra ( ) l .

vii n ( ) A sal .

viii M ( ) asand .

ix ( ) R ain s .

2 . P ll a al .

(i) Labh a i y (Suba Khan ) .

ii Mat al ( ) y .

iii B ain kar al ( ) y .

i v D ( ) airal .

v Sa ( ) dh al .

vi ( ) Judhal .

vii ( ) Baigal .

viii Tekr ( ) al .

ix n ( ) As al .

x ( ) Masand .

x i i ( ) Ra ns .

3 . Semani .

4. Raisani .

. M 5 arpani .

6 . . Las iani

7 . Adwani .

l . 8 . Ma rani g

The men are of good physique and make good soldiers

the country .

T arkh e li s .

— . Mal o l t o e u a i n. l p p . 500 ( Census — 2 . Loca li ty T h e Khari tract and the lower end of th e anr G d a h H g range in azara , with severa l villages in the o Att ck Tehsil .

r l — Ta kh li b 3 . H i s t o a d rti u ars r e s su na c . y p The are a o f na - t m a z is sectio n the Alazai U , they do not inter marry

ff . with the rest of Utmanzai , and their customs also di er

r chundaw e ca it a and . Inheritance is p p and not by the rule T The arkh eli make excellent soldiers .

T k s u r .

l t o - 1 Ma le o u a i n. . p p About (Census

o t H M r H 2 L cali . . v ari pur and a n seh a Tehsil of azara

District .

hi amili es — ir 3 . e a d ars C f f . The J g of Biali in the Mansehra Tehsil is p robably the best known and most ih al fl u e nt i ma n of the tribe in H azara District . — 4 H i t o nd arti cu lars . s r a . y p The name of Turk is a “ ” Tartar word mea ning Wa nderer . Th e Turks are 163

lianKarla h descendants of the Mogo g Turks wh o entered

India with Tamerlane in 1399 A . D . at o ne time they domi nat d H rad au ll P e azara District , but g y athan and other tribes evicted them from their possessions and in A . D . 1786 they ap pealed to Timur Shah D urani to reinstate — them in Manak rai the H eadqu arters of the cla n near

H r G ur u st P . a ipur , from which the g athans had ousted them

sat is fac They are now of little importance , but make

tory soldiers .

Ut ma nz a i .

Mal o ula tio 1. n e p p (Census

li t - 2 . Loca . y Both banks of the Indus , the branch on 400 the right bank is independent , musters about fighting

a n men , and is situated on a narrow strip between G d u

Ind u s fi t h country and the eir chief villages are Kabal and Kaya the branch on the left bank inhabits the Tarbela H Khalsa tracts i n azara on both banks of the Siran , from

above its junction with the Dor River to the Indus .

3 H is t or d arti cu l r — . an y p a s The U tm aaz ais are a

Mana r f a d nY u s u z is tribe of a , the p hysique of the Cis

Indus branch is good and they make excellent soldiers .

r Ta bela is a Ka nazai centre and is the p rincip al village .

The are div ided into t h e following clans

1. Alazai Tarkhe lis .

2 . Kanazai . 3 . Akazai .

1. Aba Khel . l 4 Sadd o z a — - Khe . i (Tra ns Indus) . g

Bazid Khel .