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The Market Impacts of Sharing Economy Entrants: Evidence from USA and China
Electronic Commerce Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-018-09328-1 The market impacts of sharing economy entrants: evidence from USA and China Yue Guo1,2 · Fu Xin1 · Xiaotong Li3 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract This paper studies the link between the difusion of the sharing economy and tra- ditional mature industries by empirically examining the economic impacts of shar- ing economy entrants. This study adds to the ongoing debate over whether and how ride-hailing platforms infuence new car sales in USA and China. Our results sug- gest that the short-term impact of Didi Chuxing’s entry on new car sales is positive. Unlike the efect of Didi Chuxing on new car sales in China, Uber’s entry nega- tively infuences new car sales in USA. The entry of Didi Chuxing is related to a 9.24% increase in new car sales in China and the entry of Uber is related to an 8.1% decrease in new car sales in USA. We further empirically confrm that the impact of ride-hailing companies is trivial in small cities. Keywords Collaborative consumption models · Uber · Didi · Ride-hailing services · Sharing economy · Two-sided platforms 1 Introduction Over the last few years, the rapid proliferation of smartphones and the associated applications have fueled rapid growth of the online sharing economy, such as those of Uber, Airbnb, Lyft, Turo, and Peerby. These emerging online peer-to-peer plat- forms, collectively known as ‘collaborative consumption’, have made a great deal * Fu Xin [email protected] * Xiaotong Li [email protected] Yue Guo [email protected] 1 Hohai Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing, China 2 King’s Business School, King’s College London, London, UK 3 College of Business, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 Y. -
The Ridesharing Revolution: Economic Survey and Synthesis
The Ridesharing Revolution: Economic Survey and Synthesis Robert Hahn and Robert Metcalfe* January 10, 2017 Paper prepared for Oxford University Press Volume IV: More Equal by Design: Economic design responses to inequality. Eds. Scott Duke Kominers and Alex Teytelboym. Abstract Digital ridesharing platforms, such as Uber and Lyft, are part of a broader suite of innovations that constitute what is sometimes referred to as the sharing economy. In this essay, we provide an overview of current research on the economic efficiency and equity characteristics of ridesharing platforms, and provide a research agenda that includes an examination of the natural evolution toward driverless cars. We have three main findings: first, relatively little is known about either the equity and efficiency properties of ridesharing platforms, but this is likely to change as companies and researchers focus on these issues. Second, we may be able to learn something about the likely diffusion and benefits of these technologies from experience with other policies and technologies. Third, while we believe these platforms will do substantially more good than harm, the measurement, distribution, and size of the gains from these technologies requires further research. * Robert Hahn is professor and director of economics at the Smith School at the University of Oxford, a non-resident senior fellow at Brookings, and a senior fellow at the Georgetown Center for Business and Public Policy. Robert Metcalfe is Postdoctoral Research Scholar in Economics at the University of Chicago. We would like to thank Ted Gayer, Jonathan Hall, Scott Kominers, Jonathan Meer, Alex Teytelboym, Scott Wallsten, and Cliff Winston for helpful comments and Julia Schmitz, Brian Campbell and Samantha van Urk for excellent research assistance. -
Tight and Loose Coupling in Evolving Platform Ecosystems: the Cases of Airbnb and Uber
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325787583 Tight and Loose Coupling in Evolving Platform Ecosystems: The Cases of Airbnb and Uber Chapter · June 2018 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93931-5_21 CITATIONS READS 11 853 3 authors: Andreas Hein Markus Böhm Technische Universität München Technische Universität München 27 PUBLICATIONS 255 CITATIONS 123 PUBLICATIONS 918 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Helmut Krcmar Technische Universität München 1,129 PUBLICATIONS 10,362 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: eGovernment MONITOR View project Electronic Government View project All content following this page was uploaded by Andreas Hein on 17 June 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Tight and Loose Coupling in Evolving Platform Ecosystems: The Cases of Airbnb and Uber Andreas Hein1[0000-0001-9565-5840], Markus Böhm,1[0000-0003-2859-5651], and Helmut Krcmar1[0000-0002-2754-8493] 1 Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany {andreas.hein, markus.boehm, krmcar}@in.tum.de Abstract. The emergence of digital platforms changes the way how companies interact with their ecosystem. Successful platforms like Apple’s App Store utilize an ecosystem of third-party developers to drive innovation. Those platforms are expanding the sphere of influence beyond internal resources and capabilities by taking advantage of a scalable ecosystem of external developers. However, until now it is unclear on how those companies establish a platform ecosystem. This article draws on two case studies in the form of ridesharing and accommodation platforms to illustrate how they transitioned through four evolutionary phases with the help of tight and loose coupling partnerships. -
Holding Ridesharing Companies Accountable in Texas Martha Alejandra Salas
St. Mary's Law Journal Volume 49 | Number 4 Article 5 8-2018 Holding Ridesharing Companies Accountable in Texas Martha Alejandra Salas Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal Part of the Civil Law Commons, Commercial Law Commons, Consumer Protection Law Commons, Insurance Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Labor and Employment Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Remedies Commons, Legislation Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, Transportation Commons, Transportation Law Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Martha A. Salas, Holding Ridesharing Companies Accountable in Texas, 49 St. Mary's L.J. 879 (2018). Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol49/iss4/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the St. Mary's Law Journals at Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. Mary's Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Salas: Holding Ridesharing Companies Accountable in Texas COMMENT HOLDING RIDESHARING COMPANIES ACCOUNTABLE IN TEXAS MARTHA ALEJANDRA SALAS* “Our technological powers increase, but the side effects and potential hazards also escalate.”1 I. Introduction ............................................................................................ 880 II. History & Development of TNCs ...................................................... 884 A. The Growth of TNCs .................................................................... 884 B. It Looks Like a Taxi, It Operates Like a Taxi, But It’s Not a Taxi................................................................................................. 888 C. Defying Public Policy ..................................................................... 892 III. Limited Avenues for Holding TNCs Liable ...................................... 893 A. Employees in Disguise? Let the Superior Make Answer ......... 893 1. The H.B. -
Gig Companies Are Facing Dozens of Lawsuits Over Workplace Violations
FACT SHEET | AUGUST 2019 Gig Companies Are Facing Dozens of Lawsuits Over Workplace Violations At work, we should all expect to make enough to live and thrive; care for our families, ourselves, and our communities; and work together to improve our working conditions. Laws regulating the workplace provide a basic foundation on which to build. Workers Are Suing to Defend Their Rights Some companies that use technology to dispatch workers to short-term jobs (often called the public relations teams, want to convince workers and policymakers that workers are better off without core workplace protections. “gig economy”), together with their lobbyists and Many of these companies assert that their workers are happy with jobs that provide no say in the terms and conditions of their employment simply because their workers have some minimum wage, no protection against discrimination, no workers’ compensation, and no — degree of “flexibility” to determine their own schedules. Legal claims filed against the companies tell a different story. Our review of litigation filed against just eight companies Uber, Lyft, Handy, Doordash, Instacart, Postmates, Grubhub, and Amazon finds that these companies have been sued at least 70 times by workers — claiming protection under state and federal labor laws. The claims cover underpayment of — wages, tip-stealing, unfair shifting of business costs onto workers, discrimination, and unfair labor practices meant to keep workers from joining together to improve conditions. Plainly, these workers are not happy with -
A Structural Analysis of Sharing Economy Leveraging Location and Image Analytics Using Deep Learing
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SHARING ECONOMY LEVERAGING LOCATION AND IMAGE ANALYTICS USING DEEP LEARING by Shunyuan Zhang submitted to the David A. Tepper School of Business in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the field of Industrial Administration at Carnegie Mellon University DISSERTATION COMMITTEE: Kannan Srinivasan (co-chair) Param Vir Singh (co-chair) Nitin Mehta Tridas Mukhopadhyay Anindya Ghose Carnegie Mellon University, May 2019 iii © Shunyuan Zhang, 2019 All Rights Reserved iv ABSTRACT The global sharing economy, e.g., AirBnB and Uber, is projected to generate roughly $335 billion by 2025. The rise of sharing economy has drawn enormous attention from academia and led to policy intervention debates. However, three questions that are essential to a better understanding of sharing economies remain unanswered: 1) can we identify, from unstructured data (product images), the key dimensions of interpretable attributes that affect consumers’ choices, and provide guidelines for sharing economy platform for optimizing images to improve the product demand, 2) can a scalable economic model be developed to disentangle factors that influence AirBnB hosts’ decisions on the type of property photos to post, and to explore photograph policies that platforms such as AirBnB can employ to improve the profitability for both the hosts and the platform, and 3) are there demand interactions/externalities that arise across sharing economies to provide policy implication. This dissertation contributes to the relevant literature by filling the gap. To achieve this objective, I apply economic theory to a large-scale demand data leveraging advanced machine learning techniques in computer vision and deep learning models. -
FLEXIBLE BENEFITS for the GIG ECONOMY Seth C. Oranburg* Federal Labor Law Requires Employers to Give
UNBUNDLING EMPLOYMENT: FLEXIBLE BENEFITS FOR THE GIG ECONOMY Seth C. Oranburg∗ ABSTRACT Federal labor law requires employers to give employees a rigid bundle of benefits, including the right to unionize, unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation insurance, health insurance, family medical leave, and more. These benefits are not free—benefits cost about one-third of wages—and someone must pay for them. Which of these benefits are worth their cost? This Article takes a theoretical approach to that problem and proposes a flexible benefits solution. Labor law developed under a traditional model of work: long-term employees depended on a single employer to engage in goods- producing work. Few people work that way today. Instead, modern workers are increasingly using multiple technology platforms (such as Uber, Lyft, TaskRabbit, Amazon Flex, DoorDash, Handy, Moonlighting, FLEXABLE, PeoplePerHour, Rover, Snagajob, TaskEasy, Upwork, and many more) to provide short-term service- producing work. Labor laws are a bad fit for this “gig economy.” New legal paradigms are needed. The rigid labor law classification of all workers as either “employees” (who get the entire bundle of benefits) or “independent contractors” (who get none) has led to many lawsuits attempting to redefine who is an “employee” in the gig economy. This issue grows larger as more than one-fifth of the workforce is now categorized as an independent contractor. Ironically, the requirement to provide a rigid bundle of benefits to employees has resulted in fewer workers receiving any benefits at all. ∗ Associate Professor, Duquesne University School of Law; Research Fellow and Program Affiliate Scholar, New York University School of Law; J.D., University of Chicago Law School; B.A., University of Florida. -
How Cities Can Benefit from America's Fastest Growing Workforce Trend
COMMUNITIES AND THE GIG ECONOMY How cities can benefit from America’s fastest growing workforce trend BY PATRICK TUOHEY, LINDSEY ZEA OWEN PARKER AND SCOTT TUTTLE 4700 W. ROCHELLE AVE., SUITE 141, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA | (702) 546-8736 | BETTER-CITIES.ORG ANNUAL REPORT - 2019/20 M I S S I O N Better Cities Project uncovers ideas that work, promotes realistic solutions and forges partnerships that help people in America’s largest cities live free and happy lives. ANNUAL REPORT - 2019/20 BETTER CITIES PROJECT WHAT DOES A NEW CONTENTS WAY OF WORKING 2 MEAN FOR CITIES? INTRODUCTION he gig economy is big and growing — 4 THE STATE OF THE GIG even if there is not yet an agreed-upon ECONOMY T definition of the term. For cities, this offers the prospect of added tax revenue 5 and economic resilience. But often, legacy METHODOLOGY policies hold back gig workers. Given the organic growth in gig work and its function as a safety net 6 for millions of workers impacted by the pandemic, it’s reasonable to AMERICA’S GIG ECONOMY IS expect gig-work growth will continue and even speed up; cities with a IN A TUG OF WAR ACROSS THE NATION permissive regulatory structure may be more insulated from econom- ic chaos. Key areas for city leaders to focus on include: 7 WORKERS LIKE GIG WORK n THE GAP BETWEEN REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGY CAN HOLD CITI- ZENS BACK AND COST SIGNIFICANT TAX REVENUE. Regulation often lags behind technological innovation and, in the worst circumstanc- 9 es, can threaten to snuff it out. -
New Strategies for the Platform Economy
SPECIAL COLLECTION STRATEGY New Strategies for the Platform Economy To reap the rewards and avoid the risks, companies exploring a platform business model must look carefully at their partnerships and growth strategy. Brought to you by: SPRING 2021 NEW STRATEGIES FOR THE PLATFORM ECONOMY SPECIAL REPORT 1 9 17 Competing on How Healthy Is Your Platform Scaling, Platforms Business Ecosystem? Fast and Slow THE DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS are now among the world’s most phases. At each stage, there are specific early valuable — and most powerful — companies, leaving a huge swath of organizations forced indicators to look for that point to potential to play by their rules. In this new competitive environment, businesses need new ways to failure. Tracking the appropriate metrics gain advantage despite platforms’ constraints and market clout. And businesses seeking to for each stage and being alert to red flags create successful platform ecosystems find that while the rewards can be great, the helps businesses pivot to a new approach or likelihood of failure is high. This special report examines the challenges faced by both limit their losses. platform owners and participants. Platforms aiming for market dominance have typically prioritized rapid growth. The asymmetries in power and infor- attention from U.S. and European regulators, However, Max Büge and Pinar Ozcan have mation between platform owners and the whose scrutiny of dominant platforms’ found that scaling quickly is not the right businesses reliant on them have implications practices may lead to shifts in the prevailing strategy in all circumstances: Pursuing fast for the traditional levers of competitive balance of power. -
Baker Mckenzie Global Ridesharing Survey
The Future of Mobility Series GLOBAL RIDESHARING The future of mobility is shared. 2030 forecast: The global ride hailing industry Global car sales to drop to An estimated 1 out of 10 cars is predicted to reach a market 2% from 3.6% annually sold in 2030 will be shared size of USD 285 billion With the current widespread deployment of connected But with regulators having to play catch up with fast- vehicles and the planned development of automated moving technological progress and new commercial vehicles (AVs), automakers and suppliers are investing models, those growing their business within the in new technologies and services. connected transportation and automated vehicle industry – as well as those impacted by it - need From automated driverless parking to the full range of robust legal advice on technical standards, tax, safety, integrated data innovations that open endless revenue liability, and data protection amongst other legal streams to car manufacturers and suppliers who considerations, which tend tosignificantly differ across successfully transform into mobility service providers, the jurisdictions they cover. the sky is - literally - the limit. KEY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Key opportunities Key challenges Local and regional market growth Legal compliance Ride-hailing market forecasted to grow to $13 billion by 2025 Untested legal issues Opportunities for new businesses to compete in an New laws and potential associated issues emerging industry Accelerated government enforcement of regulations Clear government support Competition for market share Development of policies on mobility as a service Dominance of the few Many governments are keen to promote ridesharing High cost of market penetration Opportunities beyond ridesharing Implementation issues with existing laws On demand consumer and commercial services: increased personal Need for infrastructure development mobility options, food and product delivery amongst others. -
How Uber Won the Rideshare Wars and What Comes Next
2/18/2020 How Uber Won The Rideshare Wars and What Comes Next CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE | HOW UBER WON THE RIDESHARE WARS AND WHAT COMES NEXT How Uber Won The Rideshare Wars and What Comes Next How Uber won the first phase of the rideshare war and how cabs, competitors, and car companies are battling back. BY ELYSE DUPRE — AUGUST 29, 2016 VIEW GALLERY https://www.dmnews.com/customer-experience/article/13035536/how-uber-won-the-rideshare-wars-and-what-comes-next 1/18 2/18/2020 How Uber Won The Rideshare Wars and What Comes Next View Gallery In 2011, two University of Michigan alums Adrian Fortino and Jahan Khanna partnered with venture capitalist Sunil Paul to revolutionize how people got from point A to point B quickly without having to do much. The company was Sidecar, and the idea was simple: “We're going to replace your car with your iPhone,” Fortino explains. Sidecar did not lack competition. Around this time, the taxi industry was experimenting with new ways to make it easier for individuals to summon cars. And entrepreneurs, frustrated with wait times, imagined new ways to hire someone to drive them around. Multiple companies formed to solve this need, including one that is now considered a global powerhouse: Uber. By the time Sidecar went into beta testing in February 2012, Uber, or UberCab as it was originally known when it was founded in 2009, had raised at least $37.5 million at a $330 million post-money valuation, according to VentureBeat. Lyft followed shortly after when it went into beta in mid 2012, boasting more than $7 million in funding, according to TechCrunch's figures. -
The Architecture of Digital Labour Platforms: Policy Recommendations on Platform Design for Worker Well-Being
RESEARCH PAPER ILO FUTURE OF WORK 3 RESEARCH PAPER SERIES The architecture of digital labour platforms: Policy recommendations on platform design for worker well-being Business Advisor Sangeet Paul and Founder, Choudary PLATFORMATION LABS Copyright © International Labour Organization 2018 First published 2018 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Conven- tion. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The Interna- tional Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. The architecture of digital labour platforms: Policy recommendations on platform design for worker well-being ISBN 978-92-2-030769-4 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-030770-0 (web pdf) International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2018 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presenta- tion of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their au- thors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.