The Demilitarized Zone: Redrawing the 151 mile border between North and

Harbin, Heilongjiang North Koreans in are promised to paid 500 Yuan ($79) per month for their labour in China, + The underground Korean network mainly operate in the northeast region of China, only find their pay to be that of half or nothing. Defector Trends where high concentration of ethnic Koreans are found Jilin, Jilin Commercial brokers charge about $2,000 - 10,000 per person to escape NUMBER OF CUMULATIVE "Escaping North Korea", Sarah Buckley, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3932591.stm 28 July, 2004 + NORTH KOREAN DEFECTORS IN SOUTH KOREA 19,964 + + Pyongyang + Pyongyang 39° 1’ 10” N, 125° 44’ 17” E Beijing Propaganda balloons arrive in Pyongyang after + about 5 hours of floating after leaving just + Anbyon plains 2 million South Korean 17,986 Choi boshik, who defected from Senyang, Liaoning South of the DMZ DPRK Crane Restoration Project tourists visit Mt Keumkang North Korea has sent 400 million + propaganda leaflets to North since Nov 1998 - July 2008 2005. In 2010 and 2009 he has Over 20,000 North Korean defectors now 2.2 million sent over 80 million leaflets each It is estimated that 8,000-10,000 + live in South Korea. Many of them live in year. The extra large balloons he North Koreans cross the border the city of Ahnyang, a satellite city 25km South Korean tourist Landmines invented can carry about 60,000 South Korean tourist 05. OCT 07 1950 illegally to find food and work south of Seoul shot dead July 2008 X in the DMZ region ~10,000 leaflets and can fly to shot dead July 2008

06. OCT 20 1950 h Northern Limit Line capital Pyongyang in 2~3 hours. h t

2km 38˚37’ N 133˚00’ E a 38˚37’ N 133˚00’ E Some of these balloons even have p <<< Current DMZ Military Demarcation Line Mt Keumgang Tours 15,059 13. Jul 10 1951- 27 1953 (Armistice signed) DMZ 2km GPS devices to be dropped at an n o i 12. Apr 22 1951 North Korea troops t A small number of people 09. Dec 26 1950 Southern Limit Line accurate location. a 10. Jan 24 1951 r g defect to the US. i 07. OCT 26 1950 1.1 million active Civilian Control Area ~10km + Sariwon Propaganda balloons arrive in m Clandestine Routes - Approx. total areas Approximately 100 North top of Propaganda balloons arrive here after e 11. Jan 25 1951 Pyongyang after 3-5 hours of n a only about 30% make it to 8.3 million reserve Bukhan River DMZ : 907 km2 3 hours of floating from just South r Korean defectors are now launching from Yeonpeong Island, c

01. Aug 1945-June 25 1950 completed in 2003 of the DMZ are living in the US 03. Sep 15 1950 02. Jul/Aug 1950 04. Sep 26 1950 CCA 1,528 km2 under wind speeds of 4-5m/s their final destination Inland tour starts ~20km Border Control Area Feb 2003 - Jul 2008 3,000 mile (4,800km) clandestine journey 08. Nov 24 1950 Injin River 2nd tunnel 4th tunnel 12,250 Hwanggang Dam Peace Dam + Sokcho 22miles down stream of Imnam 38th parallel Pre-war line Dam completed in 2005 Chrowon plains United Nations drew South Korea installed Samsung Crane Restoration Project Northern Limit Line Floodwater release Yeoncheon, X SGR-1 armed robot adjacent to (NNL) 1953 Haeju (port) Sep 2009, 3 killed Kyoung-gi Korean War 38˚03’ N 123˚45’ E DMZ, $200,000 each. Jul 2010 38˚03’ N 123˚45’ E Haeju + 38˚00’ Parallel + 38˚00’ Parallel Ha Noi, Vietnam

1950.06.25 1950.06 1950.07 1950.08 1950.09 1950.10 1950.11 1950.12 1951.01 1951.02 1951.03 1951.04 1951.05 1951.06 1951.07 1951.08 1951.09 1951.10 1951.11 1951.12 1952.01 1952.02 1952.03 1952.04 1952.05 1952.06 1952.07 1952.08 1952.09 1952.10 1952.11 1952.12 1953.01 1953.02 1953.03 1953.04 1953.05 1953.06 1953.07 1953.07.27 North Korea fires artillery at South Korea’s Big 1st tunnel brocast Yeonpyeong island in the Yellow Sea and South Korea KEASONG 37° 58’ 0’’ N, 126° 33’ 0” E + KEASONG 37° 58’ 0’’ N, 126° 33’ 0” E + returned fire, Killing 4 South Koreans and injuring 19 ROKS X+ Baeknyeong Island + Panmunjom + 9,706 Nov 23, 2010 Baengnyeong Island [Kaesong Industrial Region opened, 2003] Kaesong Industrial Region 2003 NK” Cheonan sinking X o Mar 26 2010 3rd tunnel Battle of Daecheong China intervenes (Oct. 1950) Armistice was signed at Panmunjom, ROKS Cheonan Sinking 4th tunnel : Mar 3, 1990 Death of 46 Seamen 26 Mar 2010 X Nov 10 2009 Radi Vientiane, Laos Korea July 27, 1953 which ended the n 18 November 1998 Naval clashes near the NNL Daecheong Island South Korea troops United Nations Security Council Korean War in 1953 pe Yangon, Burma 3rd tunnel : Oct 17, 1978 In 2000, Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-il Deaths of 4 South Korean sail- Battle of Daecheong Kumgangho made its + Resolutions (Jul. 1950) met at a summit meeting, the first be- ors and the sinking of a North South and North Korean navies clash 0.69 million active “O maiden voyage from tween heads of state of the two nations Korean vessel, Jun 29, 2002 near the NLL on 10 November 2009 + Donghae harbour Korean War broke with North Korea 2nd tunnel : Mar 19, 1975 8.0 million reserve invading South on June 25, 1950 Kim Jong-un : 28 Dec 2011.~ Yeonpyeong Island North Korean artillery shelling Kaesong Tours Kim Il Sung 1st tunnel : Nov 15, 1974 Death of Kim, Il-Sung Kim Jong-Il : Jul 1994 ~ Dec 2011 X Supreme Leader of North Korea Yeonpyeong Island US troops Bangkok, Thailand 28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994 8 July 1994 Supreme Leader of North Korea Supreme Commander of the KPA Dec 2007- Dec 2008 7,688 X Nov 23 2010 Apr 2010 - May2010 1896 Workers Party of North Korea August 28, 1946 - June 30, 1949 First Battle of Yeonpyeong 28,500 Yeonpyeong Island + Workers’ Party of Korea June 30, 1949 - Democratic People’s Republic of Korea [D.P.R.K.] North Korea : September 9, 1948 Jun 15 1999 Human settlements + SEOUL 37° 34’ 8”N, 126° 58’ 36” E X 6,305 Disputed territory Second Battle of Yeonpyeong + SEOUL Chinese, North, and Formal declaration of DPRK Jun 29 2002 + Infiltration tunnels Propaganda leaflet + September 9, 1948 Korean War h Protectorate of Japan 2012 South Korean fishing t Kingdom of Great Joseon 1392–1897 1950-53 a Incheon launch points + 18 November 1905 p ROK Government proclaimed Inicidents 31 N. Koreans X and crab catching area n o Greater Korean Empire 1897–1910 [Independence declared March 1, 1919] August 15, 1948 i Water bodies t drift down South via water, Phnom Penh, Cambodia a Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Provisional Government of Republic of Korea (1919-1948) Republic of Korea [R.O.K] South Korea : August 15, 1948 r g 4 defects, 27 returns to North Russia attempts to control Korea. Japanese GPS jamming i 1~3rd Rhee Syngman 4th Yun Bo-seon Park Chung-hee 10th Choi Kyu-hah 14th Kim Yong-Sam 16th Roh Moo-hyeon suggests 38th parallel as dividing line Annexation by Japan m Surrender of Japan after investigations July 24, 1948 – April 26, 1960 Aug 13, 1960 – Mar 22, 1962 Dec 17, 1963 – Oct 26, 1979 Oct 26 1979 –Sept 1 1980 25 Feb1993 – 25 Feb 1998 25 Feb 2003 – 25 Feb 2008 between the spheres of influence. However, 22 August 1945 e 22 August 1910 n 15th Kim Dae-Jung 17th Lee Myung-bak Feb 05 2010 11th,12th Chun Doo-hwan 13th. Roh Tae-woo 0 5 10 20 km a 4,411 no formal agreement was met. Annexation by Japan 1910- 45 Sept 1 1980 – 25 Feb 1988 25 Feb1988 – 25 Feb 1993 25 Feb1998 – 25 Feb 2003 25 February 2008 – 25 Feb 2013 r c

North Korea-declared "Inter-Korean MDL" 1999 border

1896 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

NUMBER OF NORTH KOREAN

3,130 DEFECTORS PER YEAR

(224,125 acres). This area called the demilita- serve the area as a national park or construct it harness energy or become a cultural asset of building a concrete wall “5-8m high, 10-19m on land into water. Unlike the DMZ, which was be worth as much as US$ 70,000. Peak season retreated. Battle of Daecheong in 2009, a North Furthermore, since late 1990s with left leaning since its opening in 1998 (Ministry of Unification, the South Korean counterparts earn. The opera- nary North Koreans and motivate some to risk Korea. Some make it to the U.S. and other 2,809 2,927 HISTORY OF THE DMZ rized zone (DMZ) accounts for about 0.5% of a peace park. Nevertheless, DMZ is not free that creates value for both North and South DMZ AS A BARRIER thick at the bottom, and 3-7m wide in the up- clearly marked and agreed by both North Korea is short, typically between early May to between Korean gunboat crossed the NLL and entered FLOWS IN THE DMZ North Korean friendly South Korean government 2008). In December 2007, a second agreement tion started in March 2005, and as of June 2010 their lives and defect to South Korea. Mainly via DMZ IN GLOBAL FLUX Western countries. This one prime example 2,544 the Korean peninsula. To this day Military De- from other operations and exploitations. For Korea? Can it foster collaboration between the per part” stretching the entire length of DMZ with and the UN Command in 1953 Armistice Agree- July. South Korea takes about on third of the waters near Dae-cheong Island, became heavily under the “Sunshine policy” implemented an un- between the Hyundai business group and North it employs 42,000 North Koreans and 800 South Chinese borders, seeming empty looking but co- of how these border conditions externalize the 1,991 2,013 Polarity in political ideologies within Korea after marcation Line (MDL) runs through the center example, according to the United Nations Envi- two Koreas? Or to put it differently, what should The DMZ beyond the barbed-wired fence as gun embrasures, lookouts, and military estab- ment, NLL was not clearly defined. It only speci- catch, claiming about 3,300 tons. North Korea damaged, and turned back. Although DMZ is a physical and mental barrier, precedented level of connections until a death of Korea started the Kaesong City tour, a one-day Koreans. The future plans are to hire 26,000 ad- vertly programmed 3GB thumb drives with infor- Within the global context the meaning and role effects in unexpected processes. Many do 1,894 its independence from Japanese colonization of DMZ and divides the communist North and ronment Programme report, multiple burn scars it not be? Ultimately, elaborate mapping of the physical barrier, it is one of the most fortified, lishments. The South and U.S denies such in- fied that the five islands including Yeonpyeong exported 1,879 tons of crab, worth $7.8 million, One of the major blows to the South Ko- it can be porous for certain flows and connec- a South Korean tourist in July 2008 in Mt. Keum- closely controlled tour that explores the his- ditional workers and increase the power supply to mation on South Korea and rest of the world, with of the DMZ becomes more obvious. North not make it to the South and are captured and 1,096 1,408 1,978 (1910-45) brought the Korean War (June 25, capitalist South. linked to military surveillance operations in DMZ DMZ and its surrounding environment through and heavily militarized borders in the world. stallments existing. Recently in July 2010, there Island, Baengnyeong Island would remain under to China in 2001 and similar amounts to Japan. rean was the ROKS Cheonan sinking in 2010, tions. The obvious flows and connections are in kang during the course of the tour. For tourism, toric and cultural aspects of Kaeseong. (Cho, the complex from its current 15 MW to 100MW, music, videos, photos, and voice files that self Korea is one of only five communist states, sent back to political concentration camps in 877 948 (Oct 2010) 693 734 790 1950 to July 27, 1953). In the larger context, Technically the two Koreas are still at war, the have been captured though NASA’s Landsat 7 the lens of the current tourism operations can North Korea has 1.1 million active and 8.2 million have been reports that South Korean installed UN and South Korean control. This was due to These water rights and disputes have also re- the Cheonan, a South Korean corvette, was the natural ecologies. There are serval rivers, and in 1998 the South Korean Hyundai business 2007). While the past decade witnessed positive which is transmitted from the South. In addition erase after a month or several downloads, have this means it is a communist-capitalist border- North Korea, or become long-term illegal over- 633 641 1,281 1,383 the Korean War was one of the first wars to be war never ended. They are only under a tem- satellite. Furthermore, there are several orga- start to provoke and envision the DMZ’s future, reserve troops (418.9 / 1,000 capita). South Ko- two robots worth US$ 360,000 each, that are UN wanting to base the maritime demarcation sulted in many fatal clashes. sunk by an explosion, killing 46 South Korean streams that flow, either ways. Recently, Imjin group was permitted to develop the resort at Mt. movements in inter-Korean relations regarding to the government collaborations and flows, there also made its way to North Korea recently (The line, dubbed the “bamboo curtain.” In regards stayers in China, often abused. Understand- 1,139 seen as a proxy war between the superpow- porary armistice signed in 1953. Due to DMZ’s nized DMZ tourist operations that offer limited speculating its transformation, from a barrier to rea has 687,000 active and 8.0 million reserve capable of detecting and killing intruders along line based on the 3 nautical miles (5.6km) of ter- One of the recent military clashes was the sailors; this resulted in a South-Korea-led inter- river came under scrutiny when the un-notified Keumgang in North Korea, which played a sig- tourism and business developments, tensions are natural flows of ecology, such as the migra- Atlantic, April 2011) In early 2011, tensions have to its economic standing and welfare, it is a ing this dynamic forces and nature of the DMZ 583 148 312 ers. The ideological contestation between the relative isolation from human intervention over access on the South Korean side. an asset. (173.6 / 1,000 capita : comparable to 103.6 / the DMZ (July, 2010, The Telegraph). The four ritorial waters, where as North Korea wanted to first Battle of Yeonpyeong in 1999. Four North national investigation that found North Korea’s North Korean dam discharge killed 3 and swept nificant role in reducing tensions between the two again emerged as the result of a North Korean tory birds, and other floras and faunas that are escalated with South Korean civilian NGOs and global south and north borderline. Geopoliti- enables us to construct alternative perspec- 8 52 41 56 87 71 communist China and Soviet Union, versus the the last 60 years, it has become one of the most Beyond the existing historical, security, eco- 1,000 of Israel). U.S Forces also has 28,500 North Korean infiltration tunnels discovered be- use the 12 nautical miles (22km). The 3 nautical Korean patrol boats and a group of fishing boats involvement, which North denies. Shelling of away 6 South Koreans in September 2009. Since countries. The Mt. Keumgang tourism project solider shooting a South Korean tourist near the flourishing in the DMZ due to absence of human the military sending millions of GPS technology cally, the Korean peninsula has been the fron- tives that spark forward moving dialogues.

US and the free world left behind a military in- bio-diverse areas in Korea. With this realization, logical themed tourisms and other moneymak- troops stationed in South Korea. Most of these tween 1970s to 1990s that are capable of car- miles limit was standard practice when the NLL crossed the border initiating a gun battle. This Yeonpyeong in 2010 was one of the most re- there was no significant rain around the time of was an effort to promote peaceful relationships Mt. Keumgang resort while taking a walk in July interventions. The DMZ has become an involun- driven propaganda leaflets on airborne balloons tiers for expanding the Mongols, China, Ja- 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 frastructure that is 250 Km (160 miles) long and starting in the early 2000s many calls and pro- ing ventures, what more can the DMZ become? active forces are concentrated around the DMZ. rying up to 30,000 troops an hour is not only was drawn, but in the 1970’s a limit of 12 nau- resulted in one North Korean vessel sinking, five cent incidents in west border water zone. North the release, this unexpected release of water was and reunification (Ministry of Unification, 2006). 2008. North Korea refused South’s request for a tary park that is now recognized as one of the to the North. pan, Russia and U.S. The DMZ is more than Pre 1993 Source: “ 탈북자 2만명 시대‥의미와 과제” Korea Ministry of Government Legislation (http://world. 4 Km (2.5 miles) wide, with an area of 907 km2 posals have been made to conserve or pre- Can it be more of a productive landscape? Can According to various sources, there are 2.2 a physical intrusion, but is a psychological and tical miles became the internationally accepted patrol boats being damaged, 30 North Korean Korean forces fired around 170 artillery shells at seen as a provocation. (Sept 2009, NY Times). On 18 November 1998, the cruise ship Kum- joint investigation of the death; South Korea sus- most well preserved areas of temperate habitat in The propaganda leaflet package included in- a border between North and South Korea. It http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_ million land mines spread out around the DMZ. symbolic barrier between the two countries. norm. This arrangement hinders the North Ko- sailors killed, and 70 were wounded. In the sec- Yeonpyeong, killing four South Koreans, injuring This use of watercourse and dams as weap- gangho sailed on its maiden voyage from Dong- pended all tours to the resort as a consequence the world. This has drove many environmentalists formation on recent up rise in North Africa, North represents tensions and contrasts in ideolo- dir/2010/11/15/2010111500396.html This in pure numbers equates to about 1.2 Typically seen in isolation, the MDL within rea’s water access to Haeju, their major south- ond Battle of Yeonpyeong in 2000, two North 19, causing widespread damage to the civilian ons or aggressive offense is not new. In 1986, it hae Harbor in the South to North Korea carrying (BBC, 2008). to transform the DMZ into an eco-peace park or Korea’s dictatorship, food, money, radios, DVD, gies and politics. mines per square meter for the DMZ. Many sec- the DMZ on land and the highly contested ern deepwater port. Korean patrol boats crossed the NLL near Yeon- fishing village. was revealed North Korea was building a mas- 826 passengers, marking the historic start of the In parallel, Kaesong Industrial Complex in a UNESCO World Heritage Site. and other essentials. North Korean government The heavily fortified 151mile DMZ gives tions along the DMZ also have anti-tank barriers Northern Limited Line (NLL) in the Yellow Sea This disputed sea area is also known for its pyeong Island and started firing; after becoming sive dam upstream on the , which flows Mt Kumgang tour (Ministry of Unification, 2007). North Korea was established in 2002. The in- Despite radio and television signals being have officially responded to them by saying these rise to the 3,000 miles clandestine journey, on the roads. North Korea alleges South Korea are mapped here together extending the MDL crab catching. Two or three tons of crabs can outnumbered and suffering damage, the vessels through the South Korean capital, Seoul. This In February 2003, an inland tour to Mt. Gumgang dustrial park opened in December 2004. Just 10 jammed by the North Koreans, and not more operations are trying to deceive their public, and escaping the North Korea. This se months to lead to the South Koreans to build the “Peace started by passing through the DMZ. This route Km (six miles) north of the DMZ, it seeks syner- than thousands of researchers and high ranked that they would target and retaliate targeted ar- several years journey has been taken up by National Geographic Map Awards | Association of American Geographers (AAG) | Cartography Specialty Group (CSG) Dam” at the down stream, which virtually all provided more convenient access than sailing gies between highly productive yet cheap labor officials having access to the Internet, outlets eas where these balloons are deployed. almost 20,000 North Koreans. They travel South Korean contributed though taxes and pub- from Donghae Harbor. Since then, in addition of North Korea and technological know-how and such as North Korea Reform Radio, Free North through China, and many other South East Dongsei Kim | Harvard University, Graduate School of Design | Master in Design Studies; concentration in urbanism, landscape, ecology lic donations to capture the water flowing from to 400,000 tourists in 2007, almost two mil- capital of the South Koreans. The workers here Korea Radio, Open Radio North Korea and Daily Asian countries eventually defecting to South Instructor : Associate Professor Pierre Bélanger, Harvard University, Graduate School of Design North thus protecting Seoul. lion South Koreans have visited Mt. Keumgang earn $75 per month, half of Chinese and 5% what NK (Website in Seoul) make their way to ordi-