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As per Model CBCS Syllabus HISTORY OF INDIA-V [C.1526-1750] Core Paper IX Semester-IV Dr. Abhijit Sahoo Lecturer in History Shishu Ananta Mahavidyalaya, Balipatna, Khordha, Odisha ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED © Author No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. First Edition : 2021 Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., “Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004. Phone: 022-23860170, 23863863; Fax: 022-23877178 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.himpub.com Branch Offices : New Delhi : “Pooja Apartments”, 4-B, Murari Lal Street, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002. Phone: 011-23270392, 23278631; Fax: 011-23256286 Nagpur : Kundanlal Chandak Industrial Estate, Ghat Road, Nagpur - 440 018. Phone: 0712-2721215, 3296733; Telefax: 0712-2721216 Bengaluru : Plot No. 91-33, 2nd Main Road, Seshadripuram, Behind Nataraja Theatre, Bengaluru - 560 020. Phone: 080-41138821; Mobile: 09379847017, 09379847005 Hyderabad : No. 3-4-184, Lingampally, Besides Raghavendra Swamy Matham, Kachiguda, Hyderabad - 500 027. Phone: 040-27560041, 27550139 Chennai : New No. 48/2, Old No. 28/2, Ground Floor, Sarangapani Street, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600 017. Mobile: 09380460419 Pune : “Laksha” Apartment, First Floor, No. 527, Mehunpura, Shaniwarpeth (Near Prabhat Theatre), Pune - 411 030. Phone: 020-24496323, 24496333; Mobile: 09370579333 Lucknow : House No. 731, Shekhupura Colony, Near B.D. Convent School, Aliganj, Lucknow - 226 022. Phone: 0522-4012353; Mobile: 09307501549 Ahmedabad : 114, “SHAIL”, 1st Floor, Opp. Madhu Sudan House, C.G. Road, Navrang Pura, Ahmedabad - 380 009. Phone: 079-26560126; Mobile: 09377088847 Ernakulam : 39/176 (New No. 60/251), 1st Floor, Karikkamuri Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011. Phone: 0484-2378012, 2378016; Mobile: 09387122121 Cuttack : New LIC Colony, Behind Kamala Mandap, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 012, Odisha. Mobile: 09338746007 Kolkata : 108/4, Beliaghata Main Road, Near ID Hospital, Opp. SBI Bank, Kolkata - 700 010. Phone: 033-32449649; Mobile: 07439040301 DTP by : Mrs. Shailaja Sharad Kadam Printed at : M/s. Aditya Offset Process (I) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. On behalf of HPH. Dedicated LATE – SMT. PRAVATI SAHOO LATE DR. HEMANTA KUMAR MAHAPATRA PREFACE The Mughal Empire, at the stature of its glory, basically a Turkish Imperial power that ruled from the early sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, controlled most of the Indian subcontinent, parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India in 1526 A.D. Though, Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in 1526 A.D., the empire’s classical period began with the accession of Akbar in 1556 A.D. The Mughal Empire continued to flourish both economically and culturally under the next two successors Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan’s rule ended with a war of succession between his sons, in which Aurangzeb (1618-1707 A.D.) emerged successfully and after his death, the Mughal Empire continued to collapse. During this period of the great Mughals, the empire was marked by the huge acquisition of territory, a highly centralized administrative system, innovations in economy and religion, significant architectural activity, and their most visible inheritance date back to this period. The book on “HISTORY OF INDIA - V (C. 1526-1750)” is not a research work. It is a textbook that has been written for the History Honors Students (2019-20) of the CBCS courses designed as a common syllabus for all Universities of Odisha. For the convenience of the Students, different terminologies are clarified, Summary recaps are given, point and sub-points are high-lighted, Model Questions are given and LMR (Last Minutes Revision) is also supplied. In the first unit of the book, a vivid depiction has been made on India on the eve of the advent of the Mughals, Military technology: - Firearms, Sher Shah: Administrative and Revenue reforms. In the following units, discussions were also made on the Consolidation of Mughal rule in India, Incorporation of Rajputs and other indigenous groups in Mughal Nobility, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, Evolution of administrative institutions: Zabti, Mansab, Jagir, Madad-i-Maash, and Emergence of the Marathas - Shivaji; Expansion under the Peshwas. Focus has also been given on the Society and Economy during the Mughal period i.e. Land rights and revenue system: Zamindars and Peasants, Trade routes and patterns of internal commerce; Overseas trade, Growth of Urban Centers, Craft and Technology. The subsequent chapter deals with topics like Religious tolerance and Sulh-i- Kul, Sufi mystical and intellectual interventions, Mughal Art and Architecture, Mughal and Rajput Paintings: Themes and Perspectives. I express my gratitude towards those renowned writers whose works I have extensively used in the preparation of the present book. In preparing this book, I have taken the help of classical as well as contemporary books on the topics. I have also gone through different websites dealing with the subjects. All the units of this book have been presented in a systematic and comprehensive manner. I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Niraj Pandey and Mr. Vijay Pandey of Himalaya Publishing House. I am also thankful to Mr. Bijoy Kumar Ojha and his team for taking a keen interest in the publication of this book. I pay my deep gratitude to Late Dr. Hemanta Kumar Mahapatra whose inspiration is the cause of this initiative. Lastly, I may request the readers to suggest for the improvement of this book for which I shall be solemnly acknowledged. And the authors will try his best to include the constructive and relevant suggestions in the next edition of the book. I hope that this book will surely fulfill the requirement of both students and teachers. Dr. Abhijit Sahoo SYLLABUS Semester IV Core Paper IX HISTORY OF INDIA - V (1526-1750) Unit-I: Establishment of Mughal Rule 1. India on the Eve of Advent of the Mughals 2. Military Technology - Firm Arms 3. Sher Shah: Administrative and Revenue Reforms Unit-II: Consolidation of Mughal Rule 4. Incorporation of Rajputs and Other Indigenous Groups in Mughal Mobility 5. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb (1569-1707 A.D.) 6. Evolution of Administrative Institutions: Zabti, Mansab, Jagir, Madad-I-Maash 7. Emergence of Marathas; Shivaji; Expansion under the Peshwas Unit-III: Society and Economy 8. Land Rights and Revenue System: Zamindars and Peasants 9. Trade Routes and Patterns of Internal Commerce; Overseas Trade 10. Urban Centers, Craft and Technology Unit-IV: Cultural Ideals 11. Religious Tolerance and Sulh-i-Kul 12. Sufi Mystical and Intellectual Interventions 13. Mughal Art and Architecture 14. Mughal and Rajput Paintings: Themes and Perspectives CONTENTS UNIT-I: ESTABLISHMENT OF MUGHAL RULE Chapter 1 India on the Eve of Advent of the Mughals 1-39 Chapter 2 Military Technology - Firm Arms 40 - 49 Chapter 3 Sher Shah: Administrative and Revenue Reforms 50 - 73 UNIT-II: CONSOLIDATION OF MUGHAL RULE Chapter 4 Incorporation of Rajputs and Other Indigenous Groups in 74 - 106 Mughal Mobility Chapter 5 Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb (1569-1707 A.D.) 107 - 148 Chapter 6 Evolution of Administrative Institutions: Zabti, Mansab, 149 - 179 Jagir, Madad-I-Maash Chapter 7 Emergence of the Marathas; Shivaji; Expansion under the 180 - 203 Peshwas UNIT-III: SOCIETY AND ECONOMY Chapter 8 Land Rights and Revenue System: Zamindars and Peasants 204 - 215 Chapter 9 Trade Routes and Patterns of Internal Commerce; Overseas 216 - 226 Trade Chapter 10 Urban Centers, Craft and Technology 227 - 234 UNIT-IV: CULTURAL IDEAS Chapter 11 Religious Tolerance and Sulh-I-Kul 235 - 252 Chapter 12 Sufi Mystical and Intellectual Interventions 253 - 265 Chapter 13 Mughal Art and Architecture 266 - 280 Chapter 14 Mughal and Rajput Paintings: Themes and Perspectives 281 - 291 --- Multiple Choice Questions of all Units 292 - 300 --- Core Paper - IX (Model Questions) 301 - 306 --- Last Minute Revision 307 - 322 --- Chronological Table 323 - 324 --- Books for References 325 - 327 Unit-I: Establishment of Mughal Rule Chapter 1 India on the Eve of Advent of the Mughals Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Political Condition of India on the Eve of Babur’s Invasion 1.3 Social and Cultural Condition of India on the Eve of Babur’s Invasion 1.4 Economic Condition of India on the Eve of Babur’s Invasion 1.5 Military Conditions 1.6 Establishment of Mughal Rule in India 1.7 Babur’s Early Expedition to India 1.8 An Estimate of Babur 1.9 Early Life of Humayun 1.10 Humayun’s Early Difficulties 1.11 Efforts of Humayun to Remove His Difficulties - Contest with the Afghans 1.12 Humayun in Exile (1540-1545 A.D.) 1.13 Causes of Humayun’s Exile 1.14 Recovery of Indian Empire and Death of Humayun (1555-1556 A.D.) 1.15 Lets Sum up 1.16 Summary 1.17 Model Questions 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Mughal Empire, at the stature of its glory, basically a Turkish Imperial power that ruled from the early sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, controlled most of the Indian subcontinent, parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in (1) 2 History of India V (C.1526-1750) India in 1526 A.D. Though, Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in 1526 A.D., the empire’s classical period began with the accession of Akbar in 1556 A.D. The Mughal Empire continued to flourish both economically and culturally under the next two successors Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan’s rule ended with a war of succession between his sons, in which Aurangzeb (1618-1707 A.D.) emerged successfully and after his death, the Mughal Empire continued to collapse.
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  • COIN COLLECTING in the DECCAN. Indian Army

    COIN COLLECTING in the DECCAN. Indian Army

    COIN COLLECTING IN THE DECCAN. BY MAJOR R. P. JACKSON, Indian Army [Retired). HEN the British-Indian rupee was emancipated from the superscription of the shadowy kingship of Delhi in 1835, India possessed some three hundred varieties of currency, for nearly every native state had its own coinage, the princes regarding the privilege of coining as insignia of independent rule. The Court of Directors, having placed the British-Indian coinage upon a satisfactory basis, endeavoured to establish a uniform system throughout the native states, but the princes declined any change in their hand-made and debased rupees. " In the seventies the Government of India again tackled the problem by offering to coin for the states money of the same weight and fineness as that circulating in British territory, in which it would be legal tender, provided that rulers consenting to the proposal would agree to close their mints for a term of years. A few of the smaller states accepted this concession ; but the majority held aloof, and it was not until the passing of the Currency Act ancl the closing of the Bombay and Calcutta mints to the free coinage of silver in 1893, that an appreciable advance was made in monetary reforms in feudatory India, and as their rupees were easily counterfeited, and the advent of cheap silver had made their imitation a very profitable speculation, many of the rulers were impelled to accept the British rupee as a means of self-protection.1 " A notable exception, however, to this gathering of the feudatories into the Imperial currency fold is Hyderabad, the ruler of which has resisted the blandishments of Simla and Calcutta.