Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VII ISSUE- II FEBRUARY 2020 e-JOURNAL 6.293 2349-638x

Social Security of Minority in Dr. Saroj Aglave Asso Professor and head Deptt of Sociology, Mahila College, Nagpur, India,

Introduction: and international co-operation and is accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the he Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of T economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable India has notified that Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists, for his dignity and the free development of his Christians, Zoroastrians and Jains are minority personality.”[2] communities in India. According to census 2011 of The ILO Social Security (Minimum India, total 20.20% people belongs to minority. The Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), is the religion wise population of minority in India is, flagship of all ILO social security Conventions, as it Muslim 17.22 crore (14.23%), Christian 2.78 crore is the only international instrument, based on basic (2.30%), Sikhs 2.08 crore (1.72%), Buddhist 0.84 social security principles, that establishes worldwide- crore (0.70%), Jains 0.45 crore (0.37%), and other agreed minimum standards for all nine branches of religion 0.79 crore (0.66%). It shows that, social security. [3] Muslimsare the largest and most important minority In this paper, I tried to bring reality what is community in India.Social security of minority is a for minorities and whether it basic question, which is related to human is implemented properly or not. rights.Minority community cannot be deprived from Concept of Social Security: the basic human needs. But the reality is that the While several of the provisions to which the majority community tried to take all the benefits of concept refers have a long history (especially in poor the Government and they oppressed and suppressed relief), the notion of „social security‟ itself is a fairly the minority people. Hence the conditions of recent one. In a speech to mark the independence of minority community in India and other countries are Venezuela, Simon Bolivar of (1819) pronounced: very critical. It is the duty of Government to provide "The most perfect system of government is that social security to the minority people. Otherwise, it which produces the greatest amount of happiness, the becomes very difficult for minority to sustain their greatest amount of social security and the greatest life. amount of political stability."[4] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Early programs in Europe included (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes human rights. Drafted by representatives with the responsibility for providing poverty relief different legal and cultural backgrounds from all assistance to the poor. [5].This system was regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on Amendment Act., which introduced the system of 10 December 1948 (General Assembly Resolution- workhouses. 217-A) as a common standard of achievements for In the 20th century two concepts of social all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first security emerged in Europe, the insurance concept time, fundamental human rights to be universally and the redistribution concept. It was predominantly protected.[1] Social security is asserted in Article 22 in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that an of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The organized system of state welfare provision was Right to Social Security is the title of this Article. introduced in many countries. The insurance concept According to Article 22, “Every one, as a was introduced by Otto Von Bismarck, Chancellor of member of society, has the right, to social security the Germany, introduced this type of social and is entitled to realization, through national effort protection for the working classes in 1883. In Great Email id’s:- [email protected],[email protected] I Mob.08999250451 Page No. website :- www.aiirjournal.com 64

Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VII ISSUE- II FEBRUARY 2020 e-JOURNAL 6.293 2349-638x

Britain the liberal government of Henry Campbell- In simple terms, the signatories agree that the Bannerman and David Lloyd George introduced the society in which a person lives should help them to National Insurance system in 1911, a system later develop and to make the most of all the advantages expanded by Clement Attlee.[6] During the World (culture, work, Social welfare) which are offered to War II, the British reformer Lord Beveridge them in the country.[10] developed the redistribution concept of social Social security may also refer to the action security. The United States did not have an organized programs of an organization intended to promote the welfare system until the Great Depression, when welfare of the population through assistance emergency relief measures were introduced under measures guaranteeing access to sufficient resources President Franklin Roosevelt.Even then, Roosevelt's for food and shelter and to promote health and well- New Deal focused predominantly on a program of being for the population at large and potentially providing work and stimulating the economy through vulnerable segments such as children, the elderly, the public spending on projects, rather than on cash sick and the unemployed. Services providing social payment. security are often called social services. Survival Social security protection is clearly defined beyond a prescribed age, to be covered by old age in ILO Conventions. Broadly defined as a system of pensions.[11] People who cannot reach a guaranteed contribution based health, pension and social minimum for other reasons may be eligible unemployment protection, along with tax-financed for social assistance or welfare. social benefits, social security has become a Modern authors often consider the ILO universal challenge in a globalizing world. approach too narrow.[12] In their view, social According to I.L.O, “Social security is the security is not limited to the provision of cash protection which society provides for its members transfers, but also aims at security of work, health, through a series of public measure, against the and social participation; and new social risks (single economic, social distress that otherwise would be parenthood, the reconciliation of work and family caused by the stoppage or substantial prediction of life) should be included in the list as well. earning resulting from sickness, maternity, employment, injury, unemployment, invalidity, old Social security may refer to: age and death.”[7] 1. Social insurance where people receive Social security is any government system benefits or services in recognition of that provides monetary assistance to people with an contributions to an insurance program. These inadequate or no income.[8] In the United States, this services typically include provision for is usually called welfare or a social safety net, retirement pensions, disability, insurance especially when talking about Canada and European survivor benefits and unemployment countries.Terminology in this area is somewhat insurance. different in United States from in the rest of the 2. Services provided by government or English-speaking world. The general term for an designated agencies responsible for social action program in support of the well-being of poor security provision. In different countries, that people in the United States is welfare program, and may include medical care, financial support the general term for all such programs is during unemployment, sickness, or simply welfare. In American society, the retirement, health and safety at work, aspects term welfare arguably has negative connotations. In of social work and even industrial relations. the United States, the term Social Security refers to 3. Basic security irrespective of participation in the US Social Insurance program for all retired and specific insurance programs where eligibility disabled people.[9] Elsewhere the term is used in a may otherwise be an issue. For instance, much broader sense, referring to the economic assistance given to newly arrived refugees security society offers when people are faced with for basic necessities such as food, clothing, certain risks. housing, education, money, and medical care.

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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VII ISSUE- II FEBRUARY 2020 e-JOURNAL 6.293 2349-638x

A report published by the ILO in 2014 Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, estimated that only 27% of the world's population representation of the Anglo-Indian community, has access to comprehensive social security.[13] It protection and preservation of non-Muslim shrines in means rest of the world‟s population does not have Pakistan and Muslim shrines in India in terms of the access to comprehensive social security. But the Pant-Mirza Agreement of 1955, in consultation with condition of minority community regarding access to the Ministry of External.[16] The Minister in charge comprehensive social security is pitiable. Being a is also Chairperson of the Central Wakf Council of minority in the country, they have to face many India, which manages the running of the State Wakf problems due to discrimination by the majority. Boards. Ministry Of Minority Affairs (Moma) Hence there is a need of social security programme provides scholarship to minority community students for human dignity, social justice, and development of of India every year. Moma Scholarship is a minority community. scholarship scheme of the Ministry of Minority Provisions of Social security in India: Affairs initiated with the aim of supporting minority Now, we want know what are the communities‟ student who is not financially strong constitutional provisions for Minority community in and wants to pursue higher studies in India.[17]The India? Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, the great scholarship is awarded to the students by India humanitarian and the chief architect of India has laid Government through State Government/UTs. the foundation of social security in India through the There is also provision to Indian Linguistic Indian Constitution. As per the article 41 of Indian Minorities, in Indian Constitution. According to Constitution, “The State shall, within the limits of its Indian Constitutional Article 350B: 1) There shall be economic capacity and development, make effective a Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be provision for securing the right to work, to education appointed by the President. 2)It shall be the duty of and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities of undeserved want.”[14] Thus, India has laid under this Constitution and report to the President foundation of social security. Further the upon those matters at such intervals as the President has realized that, „there will not may direct, and the President shall cause all such be peace without social justice and no justice without reports to be laid before each House of Parliament, social security.‟ and sent to the Governments of the States Special programme for Minority in India: concern.[18] After the independence, though there is some Prime Minister’s 15 Point Programme for the provision for Minority in Indian Constitution, there Welfare of Minorities: was no special programme for their development. Government of India formulated the “Prime This was the demand of the Ministry of Minority Minister‟s New 15 Point Programme for the welfare Affairs since a long time. But it was not fulfilled till of Minorities.” An important aim of the Programme 2006.The Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government is to ensure that an appropriate percentage of the of Indiacame into existence in 2006. It was carved priority sector lending is targeted for the minority out of Ministry of Social Justice and communities and that the benefits of various Empowerment and created on 29 January 2006. It is government sponsored scheme reach the under- the apex body for the central government's regulatory privileged, which includes the disadvanced sections and developmental programmes for the minority of the minority communities. The Programme is religious communities in India, which includes being implemented by the Central Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhist, Zoroastrians Ministers/Department concerned through State (Parsis) and Jains notified as minority communities Government /Union Territories and envisages in The Gazette of India [15] under Section 2(c) of the location of certain proportion of development National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. projects in minority concentration districts.[19] The ministry of minority is also involved with the linguistic minorities and of the office of the

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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VII ISSUE- II FEBRUARY 2020 e-JOURNAL 6.293 2349-638x

Evaluation of Social Security programme for the against low- caste , according to the U.S. State minority: Department. Religious minorities, including Though there are some important Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Muslims and Sikhs, also programmes for the development of minority,these are harassed. In recent years there has been a surge in entireprogramme are on paper only. There still is a mob attacks by Hindu vigilante group against Dalit discriminative attitude and superiority complex and Muslim consumers and traders in the beef, dairy among the majority in India. Hence there is no and leather industries. Additionally, Dalit women are proper implementation of social security programme disproportionately victims of sexual violence due to for minority. The actual fact is that minorities are their caste, while Muslim women and girls also have still mistreated and humiliated. Fanatical forces are been targeted due to their religion. creating unrest among the minority, particularly Communal tensions – between Indians of Muslim. India also has had very high levels of various religious faiths and castes – have long religion-related social hostilities since in the past plagued Indian society. Most Indians are at least decade. Minorities are under the pressure of the somewhat concerned about these tensions, but even majority. They are living in the shadow of a terrorist larger shares are worried about other national atmosphere. Hindu vigilante groups are against issues, according to a 2017 Pew Research Center Muslim and Dalit. In such situation, social security Study. [21] Almost four-in-ten Indians (37%) said programmes couldn‟t achieve their goals. “communal relations” are a very big problem in their Pew Research Center Survey, 2015 explains country, while an additional 31% named this as a some facts about religion in India.[20] While there moderately big problem. But greater shares of Indian are legal protections for religious groups and adults named crime, terrorism, corruption, lack of minorities, Indians still generally experience “high” employment opportunities, rising prices and other levels of Government restrictions on religion issues as major national problems. according to an annual Pew Research Centre Study. Conclusion: There are Legal restrictions on religious conversion The concept of social security is very in at least six States that have at times been used to important, which related with human rights of the arrest and intimidate Muslims and Christians who minority. Social Security is asserted in the Article 22 proselytize, according to the U.S. Commission on of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International Religious Freedom. Additionally, Social security protection is clearly defined in Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs are legally considered International Labour Organization (ILO) Hindus and are unable to access social services or Conventions. employment and educational preferences available to There are provisions of social security in other religious minority groups. Meanwhile, Indian Constitution. Government of India has Christians and Muslims who identify as low-caste established ministry of minority affairs since 2006 – some of whom are descendants of Hindu after the fifty years of independence. The Dalit who converted to escape caste discrimination – government of India launched Prime Minister‟s 15 are restricted from a accessing educational and Point Programme for welfare of Minorities with the employment benefits traditionally reserved for Hindu objectives to enhancing opportunities for education, Dalit. Despite these restrictions, India‟ Supreme to ensuring an equitable share for minorities in Court upheld protections for minorities in some economic activities and employment, to improving religious freedom cases. the conditions of living of minorities and to India also has experienced “very high” levels prevention and control of communal disharmony and of religion-related social hostilities in the past violence. decade, according to this Pew Research Center There is no doubt about these programmes, Study. In fact, since Pew Research Center Study which are very important in the view of social began tracking this issue in 2007, the country has security for minority. But the question is that consistently scored “very high” on the study‟s Social whether it is being implementing properly? The Hostilities Index. Much of the hostility is directed attitude of the majority is very discriminative and

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Aayushi International Interdisciplinary Research Journal (AIIRJ) PEER REVIEW IMPACT FACTOR ISSN VOL- VII ISSUE- II FEBRUARY 2020 e-JOURNAL 6.293 2349-638x bias about the minority. Religion- related social 6) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_united_state hostilities is high level in India. The fanatical forces s security#cite- note-2 become very strong, they creates hostilities against 7) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_united_state the minority. We find always tension among Hindu s security#cite- note-2 8) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_united_state and Muslim, which created by some Hindu vigilante s security#cite- note-2 groups. They create any issue themselves against the 9) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit minority. It is the actual situation of “incredible e-note-3 India”. That is why there is religious and cultural 10) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit .Government machinery also e-note-3 couldn‟t do anything. In such conditions, it is 11) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit impossible to get justice to the minority. Hence the e-note-5 need of time is for the Government to impose ban on 12) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit such Hindu vigilante groups or any others who e-note-13 creates hostilities against minority or other people. 13) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit e-note-14 We need to create a prudent social atmosphere in the 14) ,( As modified upto 26th society irrespective of religion, caste or any ground January, 2014,Government of of discrimination. Only after that will the social Maharashtra,Mumbai, (Seventh Edition),p.18. security programmes would be a success in real 15) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/ministry_of_minor sense. Otherwise these social security programmes ity_affairs#cite_note-2 will become monumental failures. 16) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/ministry_of_minor References: ity_affairs#cite_note-5 1) https://www.un.org/en/universal-declration- 17) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/ministry_of_minor human-rights/&ved ity_affairs#cite_note-3 2) Ibid. 18) Constitution of India,( As modified up to 26th 3) https://www.ilo.org/secsos/area-of-work/legal- January, 2014,Government of Maharashtra, advice/WCMS_205340/lang/lang-en/index.htm Mumbai, (Seventh Edition),p.143. 4) https://www.ilo.org/WCMSp 5/groups/public/-- 19) https:/www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/prime- dreports-dcomm/documents ministers-15points&ved 5) https://en.wikipeadia.org/wiki/social_security#cit 20) https:/www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/11/18 e-note-Bach2003-1 21) https:/www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/11/18

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