Social Security in India

by WILBUR J. COHEN*

India achieved its independence only 6 years ago. In these worker on the first indication of 6 years the Indian Government has faced many fznancial and pregnancy. These and other defects economic problems, but it has put as one of the first measures in the administration of the earlier in its program of domestic reforms and improvements the laws were remedied in part when the establishment of a social security program. The provisions 1948 legislation was enacted. for this program are outlined in the following pages. After the passage of the Employees’ State Insurance Act in 1948, a plan for its progressive application to HE first major social security welfare legislation to be enacted after various regions in the country was program in southeast Asia came the partition of British India. The drawn up by the Employees’ State T into operation in India on Feb- problem of social security had at- Insurance Corporation, the agency ruary 24, 1952. The program, which tracted the attention of the Govern- that had been set up to administer was initiated on a limited basis, will ment of India as early as 1927, in the program. As the problem was new cover about 2.5 million factory em- connection with the ratification of to the country and involved setting ployees when it comes into operation the draft Convention on social insur- up a new technical organization, the throughout the major industrial cen- ance passed at the tenth session of Corporation did not think it possible ters by January 1955. The Employees’ the International Labor Conference, to implement the program through- State Insurance Act, which estab- in that year. In 1931 a Royal Com- out the country simultaneously. Ac- lished the program, provides for mission on Labor recommended the cording to the plan, it was proposed medical services, continuing cash introduction of a sickness insurance to implement the program first in benefits due to employment injury program. In 1943 a social insurance Kanpur and Delhi by July 1950 and or death, cash sickness benefits dur- expert was appointed to study the then to extend it by several successive ing periods of wage loss, and cash question and draft a report on sickness insurance for industrial workers steps until, in 1955, it would be effec- maternity beneflts. tive in all the major industrial In addition, legislation providing in India. The report, submitted in 1944, outlined a program of this type centers. for a separate system of old-age and The Employers’ Association of Nor- survivors savings benefits was enacted for industrial workers. After the Government had fully considered the thern India (Kanpur) raised certain in 1952. This program, initiated by objections, however, to this piece- the Employees’ Provident Funds Act, views of employers, employees, and the State governments and the tech- meal application of the law. It pointed provides for the establishment on a out that if the law were implemented compulsory basis of company (sav- nical suggestions of the International Labor Office, the Minister for Labor in only a few regions, without its ings) plans in certain industries. It simultaneous application in other applies to about 1.6 million employees. introduced a bill in the Central Leg- islature in 1946 that was passed as areas, it would place the industry in India, the second most populous those regions at a competitive finan- country in the world and the eighth the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948. cial disadvantage. The Government most important industrial nation, gave consideration to these objec- Two earlier measures providing thus becomes another of the major tions, and an amendment to meet some social security to industrial countries to put into operation a so- them was passed in October 1951. workers already existed in India. cial security system. Although the Under the 1951 amendment all em- These were the Workmen’s Compen- coverage of the system is limited, ployers covered by the law through- sation Act of 1923 and the various protection is afforded against a out India will pay contributions dur- State maternity benefit acts. number of risks. ing the transitional period (1952-54)) Employees’ State Insurance Experience showed that both meas- even though benefits are not yet ures left much to be desired. Lump- available to their employees. Act sum payments under the Workmen’s The Employees’ State Insurance Compensation Act were not satisfac- Scope of the Law Act, enacted in April 1948, was one tory, since such payments are usually The Act applies initially to all fac- of the first major pieces of social spent by the workers as soon as they tories, other than seasonal factories, are received and the disabled workers run with power and employing 20 or * Technical Adviser to the Commis- sioner for Social Security. Material in are left without continuing income. more persons. All employees receiv- this article was obtained by the author The various State maternity beneflt ing a salary not exceeding 400 rupees while he was in India in December 1952. acts were neither uniform nor uni- a month are covered. The Act also Mr. Cohen visited the offices of the Em- versal, and, since each employer bore ployees’ St.ate Insurance Corporation as makes provision for the program’s well as some local offices and a regional directly the cost of such benefits, em- extension, either entirely or in part, office. ployers often dismissed a woman to any establishment or class of es-

Bulletin, May 1953 11 tablishments to include other work- small town. It may not be worth while Disablement benefit. - When an ers, including agricultural workers. to establish dispensaries in the small employee suffers an employment in- The Act also provides that medical population centers; even if a dispen- jury in the course of his work, he is benefits may be extended to the fami- sary is established, it may not be con- entitled to receive medical treatment lies of insured employees. This ques- venient and suitable to all insured and also a cash disablement beneflt tion is being studied at the present persons in that area. Moreover, ac- roughly equal to half his wages for time by the Corporation. cording to the Director General, “the the period for which he is certified It is estimated that 12,000 employ- panel system permits every insured as unable to attend to work. If the ers employing 2.5 million persons will person to make free choice of his disablement is total and permanent, be covered by the law when it is in doctor who may be suitable to and an amount equal to roughly half the operation in all the major industrial convenient to him, and provision of wages will be paid as pension for life. areas in 1955. medical benefit to the families of in- For partial permanent disablement, a sured persons in future will be very proportion of the wages will be paid Classes of BeneJt much [morel convenient and easier as life pension. The law provides for five classes of through the panel system . . . It is Dependents’ benefit.-In the event benefits - medical benefit, sickness expected that the panel system will of the death of a covered worker as benefit, maternity benefit, disable- be speedy and avoid [the1 overcrowd- a result of employment injury, a pen- ment benefit, and dependents’ bene- ing and waiting [customary] in the sion roughly equal to half the average fit. The last two types of benefit are case of dispensaries. The bulk of the wages is available to the widow and payable only in case of occupational medical profession in this country children. The widow’s pension may injury or death. consists of private practitioners and not exceed three-tenths of the wage, Medical benefit.-Medical services it is through the panel system that and each child’s may not exceed one- are provided to insured employees for services of these qualified medical Afth. illnesses whether of occupational or practitioners can be harnessed for the nonoccupational origin. Medical care benefit of the nation’s health. The Qualifying Conditions for and treatment are furnished to sick, Corporation has already agreed to t. Benefit insured persons at State insurance adopt the panel system for the State The qualifying conditions are the dispensaries established for this pur- of Bombay and the Punjab Govern- same for disablement and depend- pose by the State government in ment have also accepted the adoption ent’s benefits; these benefits are various industrial areas. In Delhi of panel system in their State.” payable if the empIoyment injury or and Kanpur these dispensaries are It is expected that the per capita death is sustained during the course manned by full-time medical doctors, expenditure on medical care in India of an individual’s employment. The who treat insured persons and, if will be raised from its present level conditions for the other benefits vary. necessary, visit them at their homes. of less than 1 rupee to about 8 rupees Drugs and medicines are also pro- for insured persons. A person is entitled to medical serv- vided. Arrangements have been made Sickness benefit. - Cash sickness ice during any week for which con- for mobile dispensaries to visit dis- benefits are payable up to a maximum tributions are payable with respect to tant places. of 8 weeks (56 days) in any continu- him or in which he is qualified to A question that is engaging the ous period of 365 days. There is a claim sickness benefit or maternity attention of the Corporation in con- waiting period of 2 days. The benefit benefit or is in receipt of temporary nection with the medical benefit is is equivalent to approximately 7/12 disablement benefit. whether a panel system, with free of wages, being half of the “average Eligibility for sickness benefit in choice of doctor, should replace the assumed daily wage” in the wage any 26-week period (known as a service system established in Delhi class, but paid for 7 days in the week benefit period) depends on the con- and Kanpur through the State in- instead of 6. tribution record during a previous surance dispensaries. Experience in MaternZty benefit.-A qualified in- 26-week contribution period. There is these States has shown that it is not sured woman worker, at the time of an interval of 13 weeks between the easy to get suitable buildings for dis- her confinement, may receive medical two periods for preparing and proc- pensaries. The number of dispensa- treatment and also be entitled to essing records and for other admin- ries that would have to be set up for claim maternity beneflt at half her istrative procedures. A person’s right a service system is very large. average daily wage or 12 annas a day, to cash beneflt is contingent on his The Director General of the Cor- whichever is greater. The benefit having paid contributions for at least poration, C. L. Katial, has stated that amount is computed on the same two-thirds of the weeks of the con- the panel system has several distinct basis as the sickness benefit. The tribution period during which he is advantages in India. For one, it would benefit is payable for 12 weeks, of deemed to have been available for facilitate the implementation of the which not more than 6 weeks may employment. Certified sickness, disa- program in small towns. Qualified precede the expected date of conline- bility, or entitlement to maternity doctors, most of whom have well- ment; it is continued, however, only benefit excuses the individual from equipped clinics of their own, are so long as she does not work for contributions, but a minimum of 12 available in almost every city and remuneration. weekly contributions must have been

12 Social Security actually paid in the contribution The contribution rate for emPlOY- has been entrusted to an autonomous period. ees approximates 21/2 percent of aver- body - the Employees’ State Insur- Qualifying conditions for mater- age wages. It will be noted from the ance Corporation- set up by the nity benefit are the same as for the table that (except for the two lowest Central Government with the Minis- sickness benefit, except that there wage classes) the employer contribu- ter for Labor as ex-officio Chairman must be at least one contribution tion is twice that of the employee. and the Minister for Health as ex- during the 35-40 weeks before the Thus, under the original law, the officio Vice-Chairman. The Corpora- week of confinement (or before the employer contribution would have tion consists of 38 persons; seven week in which the notice of Preg- approximated 5 percent of average represent the Central Government, nancy is given, whichever is more wages, making the total contributions 17 represent the Stan? governments, advantageous to the insured). of employers and employees about flve the employers, five the employ- 7% percent. In addition, the State ees, two the medical profession, and Financing governments are to meet one-third two the Central Legislature. A stand- The program is a contributory one, of the cost of the medical services ing committee of 13 members, who and the Employees’ State Insurance provided to insured persons. Conse- are elected from among the members Fund consists of contributions from quently, the employee contribution is of the Corporation, acts as the execu- employers and employees and grants, expected to meet less than one-third tive committee. A medical benefit donations, and gifts from the Central of the total cost of the benefits pro- council of 29 members has been set and State governments, local authori- vided under the program. up to advise the Corporation on the ties, or other sources. The incidence of the program’s cost medical aspects of the program. The Employees will pay their share of on employers has been spread over chief executive officer of the Corpora- contributions only in the regions all covered employers throughout the tion is the Director General. where the program is fully imple- country. In Delhi and Kanpur, where Regional offices have been opened mented and where they will be en- workers are already entitled to vari- in five industrial centers of India - titled to the benefits provided under ous benefits under the Act, employers Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Kanpur, the Act. For this purpose, the em- contribute 11/4 percent of their total and Madras. Under these regional ployees have been divided into eight wage bill under the law as amended offices, there will be several local wage groups. Workers in the lowest in 1951 instead of the amount of offices. Regional Boards are being set wage group - whose income is less contribution payable by employers up, consisting of representatives of than 1 rupee a day - are not required under the 1948 law. In other States, employers and employees and of the to contribute anything. A tax of only employers pay contributions at a State governments concerned. 2 annas a week is levied on employees special rate of 3/4 percent of their The Corporation’s central oface will in the next wage group and one of 4 total wage bill. Wherever the program be mainly concerned with formula- annas a week on those whose wages is implemented, the employers’ re- tion of policy, over-all supervision, are from 1 rupee, 8 annas, to 2 rupees sponsibilities under the Workmen’s and coordination and liaison with the a day. Compensation Act and Maternity Central and State governments. Re- Table 1 lists the contribution rates Benefit Acts, as well as the cost of gional ofIices will maintain the rec- for employees and employers under providing medical care for their ords of the insured persons, adminis- the Act. The special contribution rate employees, will be taken over by the ter the local offices, and dispose of for employers set up by the 1951 Corporation. most of the routine administrative amendment for States other than The Central Government will pay work. Claims from insured persons Delhi and Kanpur is to be effective two-thirds of the Corporation’s ad- will be received and the beneflts pro- only during the transitional period. ministrative expenditures for the first vided at local offices. The medical When this period is over, the em- 5 years. dispensaries will provide medical ployer contribution rate is to revert treatment to persons insured under to the schedule in the 1948 law, as Administration the program. shown in the table. The administration of the program The Act contains provision for setting up employees’ insurance courts Table l.-Contribution schedule ur$;w&he Employees’ State Insurance Act by State governments to decide dis- putes and to adjudicate claims. It also provides for the establishment Employee Employer Wage group 1 Total I contribution I contribution of special tribunals in places where I there are no employees’ State insur- Less than Re. l_.______---‘O -- ance courts to deal with cases arising Re. 1, but less than Re. % ______; Re. K. but less than Rs. 2~ ______out of the payment or recovery of Rs. 2, but less than Rs. 3______I 1 employers’ special contributions. The Rs. 3, but less than Rs. 4______; 8 Rs. 4, but less than Rs. 6______1 Central Government has already Rs. 6, but less than Rs. 3._.______2 13 Rs.8, or more______3 12 taken UP the matter of establishing these tribunals with the State gov- 1 ClsssifIed by amount of average daily wage. s A rupee is now the equivalent of about 21cents in United States money. There am 16amas to the rupee. ernments concerned.

Bulletin, May 1953 13 Chart I.-Stamp book used by Employees’ State Insurance Corporation, India r 8BT. 0 lofm 8 1 EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCE CORPORATION IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS-(Contd.) CONTRIBUTION CAHB

* hmmr by .bnlpL-

(u) Immediately thereafter. the stamp shoald be cmm4led by ari”ng Ln ink or by stamping with meta”ic d,e thereon the date 011 rhkh it b affixed and the Emplo+ds code No.

S. Expiry of Card.- It Is adrlsable to prepareD frub Card for afflxlng contdboHon stamp, for the next pa’fod before rctunU,,g this card 01, wiry uf contribrrtioa pried to the Regional Office.

,. Co,,qrlbution Cards to be rent to ReffiOWi O(Ru.-

{a) Within , days of knoalcd~ of duth of Inawed person. (b) w,thi,, , days of receiptof &‘eq”ltiOU fPXL9RegionPl 0ffk.e. ,q w,thi,, 13 day, of termiaatlon of rontribatioo @ad to al&h It *tea. Q Cmtrlbotinnr parable In respect of each week shall ordinarily fall dm 00 the hat da- nf the reek. (b) Where an emp!qre b employed for part of the week ot em%oyed by tw’. or morr employers surceasively in any week canti @ion falls due M lsld down in regulatiuna 36 and 37 of B.S. I. (Geaerol) R~tlarm. (Gad. o bwk pucw

r- Notice to Employer.--Back stamp should be affixed aud the date of :Iffixiq it ancl employrr”s Code I 2 3 4 5 No. at oace stamped with uxtdlic die or written in ink across the fact 01 the stamp awl 110 0thkeX mark or pcrfulntion sllould be made thereon.

6 7 8 9 IO

II iz I.3 14 ‘5

16 ‘7 18 19 20

11 Sf ZJ a4 25

Slguatore of ampbyar or bir udrtmt. uk.gioaal Uli&) - - -I Social Security Under the Act, the contributions for processing the cards in the re- employees except those in Govern- received from employers, employees, gional offices. ment factories. and government cannot be utilized Payment of contributions began on for any purpose other than the ad- Registration of Employees November 1, 1952. The law provides ministration of the program and the The employer must have each em- that the employee and the employer granting of benefits under the Act to ployee furnish him the information each contribute 6lh percent on the insured persons. An actuarial valua- required by the Corporation on a basic pay, plus “dearness” allowance. tion at intervals of 5 years is com- declaration form. The necessary in- This allowance is paid by many em- pulsory. formation covers sex, caste, marital ployers as a substantial supplement The Act provides that, whenever status, father’s name (and husband’s to the basic wage and varies in funds permit, the Corporation may name for a married woman), age, amount with the cost of living. The increase the benefits or extend the year of birth, address, the dispensary law provides that, at the option of period for which a benefit is paid, or the individual wishes to select, and a the worker, he may contribute up to provide part or all of the cost of photograph. 8:s percent. medical care for the dependents of The appropriate regional office pre- For all members of the funds, indi- insured persons. pares an identity card for each per- vidual accounts are to be opened: the contribution payments, together Collection of Contributions son and assigns the individual an insurance number. The regional office with interest assignments, are to be Contributions are collected by sends the identity cards to the em- credited to these accounts. The mem- means of the stamp system. The ployer, who distributes them and bers may normally withdraw the full stamps are pasted in a “contribution obtains a receipt from the employee amount standing to their credit on card” (chart l), which consists of when the card is delivered. The iden- retirement at age of superannuation, four pages. Each contribution card tity card must be shown when the on retirement due to total disability, has space for 26 stamps. The em- insured person is obtaining a medical on migration from India for per- ployer is required to affix, in the certificate, medical service, or a cash manent settlement abroad, and on proper space in the card, a contribu- benefit. absence for at least 1 year from em- tion stamp for each week. Imme- ployment subject to the Act. Provi- diately after the stamp has been Employees’ Provident Funds sion is also made for withdrawals for affixed on the card, the employer is Act the purpose of paying life insurance required to cancel the stamp with the premiums. The person or persons who The Employees’ Provident Funds date on which the stamp was affixed are to receive the amounts standing Act, enacted on March 4, 1952. lays and the employer’s registration num- to the member’s credit in case of pre- down revised provisions replacing ber. Stamps are purchased by em- mature death are to be designated those contained in an earlier ordi- ployers from the Imperial Bank of at the outset by the member. nance promulgated in 1951. India. The employer keeps a record Responsibility for operation of the of the stamps purchased, used, and The Act is intended to provide funds is to be vested in a Central on hand on a form prepared for this lump-sum beneAts to the industrial Board of Trustees; the Central Gov- purpose. worker when he retires or to his ernment may, in consultation with a The employer sends the contribu- dependents in case of his death. The State government, constitute for any tion cards to the appropriate regional program is a form of compulsory State a Board of Trustees that would office of the Corporation within 15 saving on a company basis. During then be responsible for all operations days of the termination of the 6- the course of the consideration of the under the Act in that State. Until month period for which it is valid, legislation, the Government indicated such time as a State Board is consti- along with a list giving the name of it would have been preferable to pro- tuted the Central Board may set up each insured person, his insurance vide an old-age and survivors insur- a Regional Committee for the State. number, and the number and value ance system similar to those in the The appropriate Central or State gov- of the contributions shown on the major industrial countries, but it was ernment is to appoint a Commissioner card. not felt that this was possible in and a Secretary for each Board or It is the employer’s responsibility India under prevailing conditions. Regional Committee, and provision to prepare the initial and subsequent Since a statutory provident fund on is made for the employment of staff contribution cards. The employer re- a contributory basis had been in as required. tains the card during the period the existence for about 5 years for ap- Provident funds already in exls- worker is employed by him. The in- proximately 300,000 coal-mine work- tence on November 15, 1951 (the date sured person may inspect the card ers, the Government decided to ex- on which the earlier relevant ordi- not more than once a month. tend this type of program to other nance was promulgated), are ab- The contribution cards are printed industries. sorbed into the funds established in three separate colors. These cor- As it stands at present, the Act under the Act, unless exemption is respond to the three different con- extends to the whole of India, and obtained. The appropriate govern- tribution and benefit periods that applies to about 1.6 million workers, ment is empowered under the Act to are designed to stagger the workload or about three-fourths of all factory fContinued on page 221

Bulletin, May 1953 15 Table 5.- Old-age and survivors insurance: Monthly benefits in current-payment status1 at the end of the month, by type of benefit and by month, February 1952-February 1953, and monthly benefits awarded, February 1953

[Amounts in thousands; data corrected to March 25, 1953: -

Total Wife’s or Child’s Widow’s or Mother’s Parent’s I husband’s widower’s Item - Number Amount NUldfX Amount Number j Amount Number -____ Monthly h?nefits in current-payment status at end of month: 1952 Februar,*.--.-.. 4.4753765 ,$ 158.172.1 2,328.336 w;, ;yo”:; 658,921 %14,979.6 864,477 I9i23,198.4 397,107 ;14,299.5 207,167 6.866.3 19,757 Mwch--- ...... 4.512,135 159,331. 8 2,344,6!34 662,799 15,060.S 873.117 23,422.1 403,210 14,514.8 203,365 6,892.2 19,963 “g:: E April _.__. 4,548,652 160,445.4 2.359,213 99: 216.6 665,482 ym:; 883,331 23,677.7 409.752 14.744.8 210,694 6,955.8 20,180 739.1 May---- ._...... 4,574,664 161.229.1 2.367,710 99,502.g 667,450 890,935 23,868.5 415,790 14,954.3 212,379 7,003.l 20,400 746.8 ’ June-... _.____.._ 4.593,801 161,739.4 2.372.308 99,591.5 668,297 15: 169.6 896,820 24,008.g 421,730 15,161,s 7,053.2 20,616 754.5 July-..-- ._____.. 4.608.494 162,296.8 2.331,641 100,002.1 670,772 15,235.4 895,775 23,955. 5 425,253 15,282.2 %‘032 7,063.6 20,718 757.9 August*-.- _____. 4,679,986 166,015.O 2,431,7X 103,000.3 653,705 15,698.g 897.880 23,9%X7 430,105 15,452.4 215:6kO 7,117.6 20.850 762.1 September----.-. 4,787,213 193,725.0 2,503,816 122,167.7 700,654 18,024.O 906,580 26,938.O 436,227 17,733.g 218,945 7,995.s 20,991 865.5 October------.-. 4,880.239 198.295.1 2.557.399 125,343.g 715,885 18,509.5 920,307 27.460.3 442,786 18,003.l 222,681 8,104.5 21.181 873.8 November- ___... 4.942,409 201,234.4 2.594.371 127,438.g 725.389 18,803.4 927,268 27,738.g 448,053 l&218.1 226,042 8,156.2 21,286 878.9 ’ December .______. 5,0!25,549 205,179.O 2.643,932 130,217.4 737,859 19,178.4 938,751 28,141.3 454,563 18,482.2 228.984 8,272.7 21,460 887.0 1953 January.--.- __.. 5.108.422 209,293. E 2,691,729 133.086.5 750,436 19,581.4 950,134 28,564.3 461,884 IS. 785.7 232,627 8,382. 3 21,612 893.7 February-.. 5.204,176 214.435.9 2.753,071 136,928.1 767,100 20,147.2 959,552 28,928.6 468,130 19,045,s 234,59+ 8,487.1 21,727 899.1 Monthly benefits awarded in February 1953L 124,891 6.059.2 72.158 4,266.4 22.980 699.5 15.760 499.7 8,295 342.1 5.415 239.1 283 12.5 - 1 Benefit in current-paymenl : st atus is su :ct to no deduction or only to deduc- ( ‘artly estimated. tion of fixed amount that is le! is t .han the ( Tent month’s benefit.

SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA The adoption there of a social secu- Planning in India, Allahabad, East rity program is an important develop- End Publishers, 1945. (Continued from page 151 ment. The new nation faced and still “Employees’ Provident Fund exempt any factory if the rules of faces numerous problems. Illiteracy Scheme,” Indian Labour Gazette, its own provident fund provide bene- is widespread; the literacy rate, al- April 1952, pp. 855-856. fits not less favorable to its employees Employees’ State Insurance (Gen- though it is steadily improving, iS eral) Regulations, Government of than the benefits obtainable under now about 20 percent. The popula- India Press, 1950. the Act. tion is increasing at the rate of about Manchar R. Idgunji, Social Insur- 5 million a year, and by conservative ance and India, Bombay, Thacker & Conclusion estimates it is probable that the Co., Ltd., 1948. The Government of India has given population will exceed 400 million by Lloyd Jones, “The State and Social Service with Special Reference to high priority to a program of social 1960. India ilnds it necessary to im- port about 3 million tons of food Health and Allied Services,” Indian security for its millions of workers. Journal of Social Work, March 1948, The program recently adopted is grains to supplement the 45-50 mil- pp. 290-295. limited in scope-both in the pro- lion tons produced domestically. These C. L. Katial, “Social Security in tection afforded and in coverage-a problems, and the programs designed India,” India in 1951, India Informa- fact recognized by the Director Gen- to meet them, have been outlined by tion Services, 1952. c eral of the Employees’ State Insur- the Government of India in The First C. L. Katial, “State Health Insur- ance Corporation. A beginning had Five Year Plan, published in Decem- ance for Industrial Workers,” Amrita Bazar Patrika, July 22, 1952. to be made somewhere, he has pointed ber 1952. The Director General of India’s so- C. L. Katial, “State Insurance , out, and he has expressed confidence Scheme,” Indian Labour Gazette, that as the system gains experience cial security program looks forward April 1952, pp. 817-822. and as the national income increases, to the time when “not only industrial Harsimran Malik, “India’s Program “the scope as well as benefits pro- workers but everyone in this country for Health and Welfare,” Canadian vided under this measure will be en- will be protected against the social Welfare, Dec. 1, 1948, pp. 2-9. hanced and it will not be long when risks to which a man is ordinarily “New Legislation Establishing Em- other risks such as unemployment, exposed in his life.” ployees’ Provident Funds in India,” Ministry of Labour Gazette (H. M. old age, death, etc., will also be Bibliography covered.” Stationery Ofllce), January 1953, pp. B. P. Adarkar, Report on Health 12-13. India is the most populous country Insurance for Industrial Workers, Report of the Health Survey and in the world with a democratic form Simla, Government of India Press, Development Committee, Calcutta. of government and ranks second 1944. Government of India Press, 1946 (The among the industrial nations of Asia. A. N. Agarwala, Social Insurance Bhore Report), 4 ~01s.

22 Social Security