To Download a PDF of an Interview with Pablo E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

To Download a PDF of an Interview with Pablo E Latin America and the Caribbean A Force for Good An Interview with Pablo E. Vargas, Executive Chairman, Grupo Britt EDITORS’ NOTE Pablo Vargas, Will you highlight the history and hotels, restaurants and commercial accounts in a Costa Rican citizen, became heritage of Grupo Britt and dis- the U.S., Canada and other parts of the world. Executive Chairman for Grupo cuss how the company has evolved The coffee industry is very specialized and each Britt in January 2018, after being over the years? player does its prescribed job: producers grow Britt’s CEO for 18 years. He joined The brand Café Britt was con- coffee, which is sold as a commodity to a chain the company in 1992, after doing ceived in 1985. I met Britt’s founder, of processors, exporters/importers and distribu- an internship in 1990 when Britt Steve Aronson, in 1990 as a student tors who mostly belong to international trading was just a start-up company with and wrote an academic thesis on the and roasting groups. We wanted to stop selling annual sales of less than $150,000. concept of adding value to coffee this precious raw material and created a con- Under his leadership, Britt’s reve- from Costa Rica as a hedging strategy sumer brand to sell Costa Rica’s fi nest roasted nues went from approximately $10 to cope with this commodity’s price coffee to the world. We thought of coffee as million to approximately $158 mil- volatility. I started working full-time something like wine. When most people in the lion in 2018. During this period, the Pablo E. Vargas with Steve in 1992 and implemented coffee world were obsessed with quantity, we company became a coffee and choc- many of the ideas written in my paper. were fanatical about quality, and we continue olate manufacturer and travel retailer, with over Among them, we wanted to be the fi rst coffee to be. When we had an opportunity to run gift 130 shops, operations in 13 countries, and a company in a country of origin dedicated to shops in the San José, Costa Rica Airport, we head count of 1,800 employees. Prior to joining exporting the fi nal product directly to consum- fulfi lled our dream of exposing our brand and Britt, Vargas worked for international private ers around the world. We dreamt of de-com- products to millions of international travelers, and nonprofit organizations and participated moditizing coffee and started distribution to together with a curated selection of gifts and on several boards of directors. He has taught souvenirs from Costa Rica. Then, in 2004, we graduate and undergraduate level econom- replicated the model at Lima Airport in Peru, ics at three universities. Vargas holds BS and and kept adding more countries and airports to Licenciatura degrees from Universidad de Costa our model. Rica, and MS and MBA degrees from Michigan We benefit from globalization, but we State University. He is a Fulbright Scholar and acknowledge that as human beings we want his MS thesis was elected as Thesis of the Year “I have been humbled to appreciate our roots and cultural differences. by Michigan State University’s Agricultural We developed a model of travel shops with a Economics Department. sense of place. We toured new countries explor- by the heroic way our ing their culture, music, colors, and traditional COMPANY BRIEF Grupo Britt (grupobritt.com) food items and presented them to world trav- was founded in Costa Rica in 1985 with the elers usually in new airport terminals. Hence, goal of making the country’s famed gourmet people responded we only do Costa Rican themed shops in Costa coffee available for consumption around the Rica. In Peru we do Peruvian shops, in Mexico world. In 1991, the company combined cof- we do Mexican shops and the same applies to fee with tourism with the introduction of the during 2020. Our team the 12 countries where we operate. In coffee Britt Coffee Tour, an innovative play staged in and cocoa producing countries, we do coffee Britt’s own plantation that traces the history showed great strength and chocolate products under the Britt brand of coffee and its production cycle and tasting. with those raw materials. In 2001, Grupo Britt entered the travel retail About three years ago, we acknowledged market with its fi rst shop at Juan Santamaria and commitment that we operate two companies, a travel retailer International Airport in Costa Rica. Growth now called Morpho Travel Retail, N.V., and a continued in 2003 with the addition of stores coffee and chocolate company called Café Britt, at various hotels and parks. International in the midst of S.A., both controlled by Grupo Britt, N.V. expansion began in 2005 with Grupo Britt’s How has Grupo Britt adapted its busi- fi rst shop in Peru. Today, the Group has over ness to address the challenges brought on 2000 employees in 13 different countries. In very challenging by the pandemic and how proud are you response to three decades of growth, Grupo to see the way Grupo Britt’s workforce has Britt separated its two market segments as two and fl uid times.” displayed strength and resilience during fully-operational companies in 2017, Morpho this challenging and uncertain time? Travel Retail and Café Britt. Morpho Travel I have been humbled by the heroic way Retail helps make travel convenient and mem- our people responded during 2020. Our team orable for customers by focusing on gift shops showed great strength and commitment in and food and beverage operations in airports, the midst of very challenging and fl uid times. hotels, and resorts. When the pandemic started in March 2020, we 194 LEADERS POSTED WITH PERMISSION. COPYRIGHT © 2021 LEADERS MAGAZINE, LLC VOLUME 44, NUMBER 2 Latin America and the Caribbean A Force for Good “...it is our responsibility, especially to our daughters, sons, and future generations, to apply our know-how to help society achieve its goals.” An Interview with Pablo E. Vargas, Executive Chairman, Grupo Britt EDITORS’ NOTE Pablo Vargas, Will you highlight the history and hotels, restaurants and commercial accounts in prepared for the simultaneous closures of air- and investors are becoming more demanding has over 9,000 employees in Costa Rica. Other a Costa Rican citizen, became heritage of Grupo Britt and dis- the U.S., Canada and other parts of the world. ports for an estimated period of four months. of transparency and environmental and social areas with high potential include IT and light Executive Chairman for Grupo cuss how the company has evolved The coffee industry is very specialized and each Then, as each of those four months went by, responsibility from corporate leaders. I wel- manufacturing operations. Britt in January 2018, after being over the years? player does its prescribed job: producers grow we had to make additional preparations for come those changes and I actually think that What are your perspectives on the Britt’s CEO for 18 years. He joined The brand Café Britt was con- coffee, which is sold as a commodity to a chain an extended period. In Morpho, we had to as climate change becomes more apparent, we regional developments taking place in the company in 1992, after doing ceived in 1985. I met Britt’s founder, of processors, exporters/importers and distribu- furlough most of our personnel in the shops. will see an acceleration of this trend. Latin America as you look to the future? an internship in 1990 when Britt Steve Aronson, in 1990 as a student tors who mostly belong to international trading We had to rearrange the balance sheet of the The truth is that businesses are the most Latin American countries most often are was just a start-up company with and wrote an academic thesis on the and roasting groups. We wanted to stop selling Company and brought in fresh capital. In the organized and effi cient platforms in our current in the news because of highly-charged political annual sales of less than $150,000. concept of adding value to coffee this precious raw material and created a con- coffee segment, things were much better, with society, and sadly democracy and governments events. There are always a few dictatorial govern- Under his leadership, Britt’s reve- from Costa Rica as a hedging strategy sumer brand to sell Costa Rica’s fi nest roasted the e-commerce channel hitting record sales are not supplying the public goods society ments, currently Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua nues went from approximately $10 to cope with this commodity’s price coffee to the world. We thought of coffee as month after month. demands. Therefore, it is our responsibility, are the ones that fi t that role, and they capture million to approximately $158 mil- volatility. I started working full-time something like wine. When most people in the Business is recovering across the board, especially to our daughters, sons, and future most of the information pipeline that fi lls media lion in 2018. During this period, the Pablo E. Vargas with Steve in 1992 and implemented coffee world were obsessed with quantity, we although some countries are behind in this generations, to apply our know-how to help outlets around the world. Argentina also makes it company became a coffee and choc- many of the ideas written in my paper. were fanatical about quality, and we continue recovery cycle. society achieve its goals. to the newsrooms because of recurrent crises of olate manufacturer and travel retailer, with over Among them, we wanted to be the fi rst coffee to be.
Recommended publications
  • Juan E. De Castro. Mario Vargas Llosa. Public Intellectual in Neoliberal Latin America
    Juan E. De Castro. Mario Vargas Llosa. Public Intellectual in Neoliberal Latin America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011. Print. 179 Pp. ──────────────────────────────── CARLOS AGUIRRE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON Mario Vargas Llosa, one of Latin America’s most important writers and intellectuals and the recipient of, among numerous other awards, the 2010 Nobel Prize in literature, is not only the author of an admirable corpus of novels, theater plays, and essays on literary criticism, but also somebody that has been at the center on countless political and literary controversies ever since he came into the literary and political spotlight in 1962 when he won the Biblioteca Breve award for his novel Time of the Hero at the age of twenty-six: the novel was received with great hostility in his home country, Peru, where prominent members of the military accused him of being a Communist and a traitor; in 1967, when he won the Rómulo Gallegos prize for his novel The Green House, he engaged in a dispute (at that time private) with Cuban officials such as Haydeé Santamaría who allegedly wanted him to make a fake donation of the cash prize to Che Guevara’s guerrilla movements; in 1971, he publicly and loudly denounced the Cuban government after the imprisonment and public recounting of Heberto Padilla and other writers accused of counter-revolutionary activities; in 1974, he criticized the confiscation of media in Peru by a military regime that he had hitherto supported and became the subject of a fierce polemic in his country; in 1976, he was
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM Damaris María Vargas Vásquez
    CURRICULUM Damaris María Vargas Vásquez Cédula 02-0428-0156 Domicilio: San Francisco de Heredia Teléfonos: (506) 22954995 Correos electrónicos: [email protected] Estado civil: Viuda 1. Grados, títulos y estudios académicos A. Formación Académica a) Licenciada en Derecho Universidad de Costa Rica, 1989 b) Notaria Pública Universidad de Costa Rica, 1989 c) Postgrado Especialista en Derecho Agrario Universidad de Costa Rica, 1990 Graduación de Honor d) Especialista en Justicia Constitucional Universidad Castilla – La Mancha y el Centro de Estudios de Capacitación Judicial de Centroamérica y el Caribe. e) Doctoranda en Derecho Comercial y Procesal Civil Tema de tesis: “Tutela judicial efectiva en los procesos ambientales: una oportunidad en el marco de las reformas procesales”, 2019. f) Programa Interamericano de Capacitación Judicial sobre el Estado de Derecho Ambiental. Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA). Lima, 2018 B. Formación en Ética a) Formadora Iberoamericana en Ética Judicial. Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana: Comisión Iberoamericana en Ética Judicial y Escuela Nacional de la Judicatura del Poder Judicial de República Dominicana. 1 CURRICULUM Damaris María Vargas Vásquez b) Integrante del Consejo Consultivo de Ética del Poder Judicial de Costa Rica c) Integrante de la Comisión de Ética y Valores del Poder Judicial d) Integrante del Consejo Editorial de la Revista de Ética del Poder Judicial C. Formación Gerencial a) Máster en Administración de Empresas con énfasis en Finanzas Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 1999 b) Especialista en Administración de Proyectos Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 2017 c) Técnica Certificada en Dirección de Proyectos IPMA Nivel D Emitido por el Organismo Certificador de la Dirección de Proyectos de ADIPRO-Asociación de Dirección de Proyectos IPMA Costa Rica.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Effects of Large Debris Flows and Flash Floods, Northern Venezuela, 1999
    Z. Geomorph. N.F. Suppl.-Vol. 145 147-175 Berlin Stuttgart October 2006 Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999 MATTHEW C. LARSEN and GERALD F. WIECZOREK with 10 figures and 2 tables Summary. A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas.
    [Show full text]
  • As Andalusia
    THE SPANISH OF ANDALUSIA Perhaps no other dialect zone of Spain has received as much attention--from scholars and in the popular press--as Andalusia. The pronunciation of Andalusian Spanish is so unmistakable as to constitute the most widely-employed dialect stereotype in literature and popular culture. Historical linguists debate the reasons for the drastic differences between Andalusian and Castilian varieties, variously attributing the dialect differentiation to Arab/Mozarab influence, repopulation from northwestern Spain, and linguistic drift. Nearly all theories of the formation of Latin American Spanish stress the heavy Andalusian contribution, most noticeable in the phonetics of Caribbean and coastal (northwestern) South American dialects, but found in more attenuated fashion throughout the Americas. The distinctive Andalusian subculture, at once joyful and mournful, but always proud of its heritage, has done much to promote the notion of andalucismo within Spain. The most extreme position is that andaluz is a regional Ibero- Romance language, similar to Leonese, Aragonese, Galician, or Catalan. Objectively, there is little to recommend this stance, since for all intents and purposes Andalusian is a phonetic accent superimposed on a pan-Castilian grammatical base, with only the expected amount of regional lexical differences. There is not a single grammatical feature (e.g. verb cojugation, use of preposition, syntactic pattern) which separates Andalusian from Castilian. At the vernacular level, Andalusian Spanish contains most of the features of castellano vulgar. The full reality of Andalusian Spanish is, inevitably, much greater than the sum of its parts, and regardless of the indisputable genealogical ties between andaluz and castellano, Andalusian speech deserves study as one of the most striking forms of Peninsular Spanish expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Mario Vargas Llosa's Theory of the Novel and Its Application in Criticism
    lbero-Americana Nordic Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. XVll:1-2, 1987, pp 3-26 MARIO VARGAS LLOSA'S THEORY OF THE NOVEL AND ITS APPLICATION IN CRITICISM BIRGER ANG VIK* Mario Vargas Liosa, born in Peru in 1936, is one of the contemporary Peruvian and Spanish-American novelists who elaborates a theory of his work and vocation and applies it in practice as a critic of literature. It is the objective of this paper to present a description of some of the main points in his theory and to relate them to other aesthetic theories or movements in literary criticism in order to discern some con­ trasts and similarities between them. Another important objective is to point out some of the problems which arise when Mario Vargas Liosa puts his theory into practice, not as a novelist, but as a critic of other novelists. Here as well a presentation of his points of view will be accompanied by contrasting commentaries and references to different schools and tendencies in Spanish-American literary criticism and history of literature. *Institute of Romance Languages, University of Bergen. 4 A NOVELIST IS BORN AND TALENT IS PRODUCED Mario Vargas Llosa has made numerous statements about what causes a person to start writing novels. The first incitement to become a novelist is a basic feeling of conflict with the world, the novelist is a dissident, an outsider who does not accept the world as he perceives it. 1 In response to this existential situation he starts writing novels, not in order to change the world nor to change himself, but rather in order to fill the vacuums and bridge the gaps between the individual and the world, and heal the wounds that have been opened in the individual.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples and the Oil Frontier in Amazonia: the Case of Ecuador, Chevrontexaco, and Aguinda V
    \\server05\productn\N\NYI\38-3\NYI301.txt unknown Seq: 1 3-NOV-06 13:23 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE OIL FRONTIER IN AMAZONIA: THE CASE OF ECUADOR, CHEVRONTEXACO, AND AGUINDA V. TEXACO* JUDITH KIMERLING** I. Introduction.................................... 414 R II. Governments and Policy in Ecuador ............ 417 R A. Government Instability and Petroleum Politics ... 417 R B. Amazon Policy and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...................................... 426 R C. Environmental Protection Policy ................ 433 R III. Texaco’s Operations and Impact ............... 449 R IV. Environmental Audit ........................... 468 R V. Aguinda v. Texaco: “The Rainforest Indians’ Lawsuit” in Texaco’s Homeland ................ 474 R * In addition to the sources cited infra, this Article draws on the author’s observations during regular visits since 1989 to oil field facilities and affected communities in Ecuador’s Amazon region; participation in local, national, and international fora; and interviews and ongoing dialogue with local residents, oil company workers and executives, and governmental officials, including environment officials in successive Ecuadorian governments and some U.S. and European officials. ** Associate Professor of Law and Policy, The City University of New York, Queens College and School of Law; J.D., Yale Law School, 1982; B.A., University of Michigan, 1978. The author has worked on issues discussed in this Article in various capacities since 1989 and participated in some of the events reported herein. At the time this Article was written, she served as the international representative of thirty-one indigenous Kichwa and Huaorani communities who came together in the wake of the dismissal of Aguinda v. Texaco to take legal action to remedy environmental and social injuries caused by Texaco’s operations in Ecuador and was accompanying them in a lawsuit against ChevronTexaco Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journals of Don Diego De Vargas, New Mexico, 1691–1704
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 77 Number 3 Article 4 7-1-2002 Reinstalling the Spanish Component: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1691–1704 John L. Kessell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Kessell, John L.. "Reinstalling the Spanish Component: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1691–1704." New Mexico Historical Review 77, 3 (2002). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/ vol77/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reinstalling the Spanish Component THE JOURNALS OF DON DIEGO DE VARGAS, NEW MEXICO, 1691- 17°4 John L. Kessell ould he trust them? Characteristically, he was laying himselfopen, tak­ Cing a grave but calculated risk. Amid some one hundred and fifty allied Pueblo Indians marching behind Gov. Diego de Vargas and dozens ofarmed Spaniards came a sullen contingent ofJemez fighting men he had vanquished in battle not six weeks before. Yet on this day, Vargas needed every man. He had struck a deal with these Jemez. He would free more than three hundred of their women and children held hostage in Santa Fe if the men would join him in a final assault on defiant Tewas and Tanos fortified atop Black Mesa. All previous efforts had failed. This time, however, beating back parties of enemy skirmishers and threatening to denude their planted fields below the mesa, the Spanish governor prevailed.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990'S
    Technical Working Paper No. 13 TECHNICAL WORKING PAPER NO. 13 March 1996 Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990’s— A New Approach to an Old Problem by David L. Word and R. Colby Perkins Jr. Population Division U. S. Bureau of the Census Washington D.C. The data and results appearing in this working paper were originally introduced at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (PAA) Miami, Florida May 1994. The views expressed in this paper are solely attributable to the two authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the United States Bureau of the Census. U.S. Census Bureau March 1996 Technical Working Paper No. 13 i ABSTRACT The United States Census Bureau produced and released Spanish surname products for 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980. This 1990 version is another way station in an ongoing research journey. This pa- per, “Building a Spanish Surname List for the 1990’s—A New Approach to an Old Problem,” differs from its predecessors in two significant respects. (1) Until 1990, name has never been part of a permanent Census electronic record. Following the 1990 Census, the Census Bureau appended name to 7 million Census records for the purposes of determining undercount. The “List” is constructed by tabulating the responses (surname by surname) to the Spanish origin question for persons in that sample. Well over 90 percent of male householders with the surnames: GARCIA, MARTINEZ, RODRIGUEZ, and LOPEZ responded affirmatively to the Spanish origin question while less than 1.0 percent of male householders named SMITH, JOHNSON, and BROWN provided a positive response to the Spanish origin question.
    [Show full text]
  • “No Text Without Context: Habacuc Guillermo Vargas's Exposition
    “NO TEXT WITHOUT COntEXT: HABACUC GUILLERMO VARGAS’S EXPOSITION #1” KENCY CORNEJO I. Text: eres lo que lees denounced the artist for cruelty to a defenseless dog; for exploiting the animal’s deteriorating state; for inflicting For half a decade, a global public has condemned torture on Natividad by holding him captive; for forbidding the art of the Costa Rican conceptual artist Habacuc the public to intervene; for using the animal’s misery [Guillermo Vargas]; questioned his authenticity as an artist; for shock value under the guise of art; and for creating and denounced his moral and ethical stance as a human a spectacle with the aim of furthering his artistic career. being. He has received countless death threats by the The public also attacked Gallery Codice for supporting public both in and outside international art communities. “animal abuse” in the name of art, even though Juanita Worldwide blogs dedicated to his defamation exist in Bermudez, the gallery owner, explained that Natividad English, Spanish, Turkish, German, French, Italian, Russian, was cared for and fed by the artist, and that the dog had Portuguese, Greek, Bulgarian, Danish, Romanian, and many been restrained only during the hours of the exhibition, other languages.1 In addition to the written word, vitriolic then set free in the gallery yard until it escaped.3 Habacuc, manifestations towards the artist appeared in various however, refused to confirm Bermudez’s defense, and visual forms and performances. Together with the online would only state that Natividad had “died.” His oblique petition composed of four million signatures, protestors statement fueled uncertainty and speculation about the demanded the artist’s removal as a participant in the 2008 dog’s death.
    [Show full text]
  • Eurocentrism and the Philosophy of Liberation”
    APA Newsletters Volume 04, Number 2 Spring 2005 NEWSLETTER ON HISPANIC/LATINO ISSUES IN PHILOSOPHY FROM THE EDITOR, ARLEEN L. F. SALLES FROM THE CHAIR, SUSANA NUCCETELLI ARTICLES BERNARDO CANTEÑS “Francisco De Vitoria’s Just Intervention Theory and the Iraq War” MANUEL VARGAS “Eurocentrism and the Philosophy of Liberation” © 2005 by The American Philosophical Association ISSN: 1067-9464 — APA Newsletter, Spring 2005, Volume 04, Number 2 — describes it as follows: “After 9/11 it was clear to Muldoon, James. “The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Cheney that the threat from terrorism had changed Lawyers to the Formation of International Law,” Traditio, 28 and grown enormously. So two matters would have (1972): 483-497. to be changed. First, the standard of proof would have Mulligan R. W. “A Note On Law,” New Scholasticism, 20 (1946): to be lowered—smoking gun irrefutable evidence 258-282. would not have to be required for the United States Norena, Carlos G. “Francisco Suarez on Democracy and to act to defend itself. Second, defense alone wasn’t International Law.” In Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of enough. They needed an offense. The most serious Discovery: Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, threat now facing the United States was nuclear Volume 29, edited by Kevin White. Washington, D.C.: Catholic weapons or a biological or chemical agent in the hands University of America Press, 1997. of a terrorist inside the country’s borders. And everything, in his view, had to be done to stop it.” Pangle, Thomas. “A Note on The Theoretical Foundation of Plan of Attack, 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Mario Vargas Llosa: an Intellectual Journey
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Mario Vargas Llosa An Intellectual Journey F JULIO H. COLE If one reads all his work, beginning with his first novels, one can see that Vargas Llosa has always preferred brilliant realists and mocking moderates to utopians and fanatics. —Orhan Pamuk, “Mario Vargas Llosa and Third World Literature” ario Vargas Llosa, one of the world’s greatest living writers, was recently awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for 2010, the latest in a M long series of awards and prizes honoring a distinguished and prolific literary career.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perils of High-Powered Incentives 3
    American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2020, 12(3): 1–43 https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180168 The Perils of High-Powered Incentives: Evidence from Colombia’s False Positives† By Daron Acemoglu, Leopoldo Fergusson, James Robinson, Dario Romero, and Juan F. Vargas* We investigate the use of high-powered incentives for the Colombian military and show that this practice produced perverse side effects. Innocent civilians were killed and misrepresented as guerillas a phenomenon known in Colombia as “false positives” . There were( significantly more false positives during the period) of high-pow- ered incentives in municipalities with weaker judicial institutions and where a higher share of brigades were commanded by colonels, who have stronger career concerns than generals. In municipalities with a higher share of colonels, the high-powered incentives period also coincided with a worsening of local judicial institutions and no discernible improvement in overall security. JEL D72, D74, D82, K41, K42, O17 ( ) hough the classic theory of moral hazard emphasizes the importance of provid- Ting sufficient rewards for “success” or “good performance,” it has long been recognized that high-powered incentives can distort the type of effort exerted or encourage various unproductive activities to improve indicators of performance e.g., ( Holmström and Milgrom 1991, Baker 1992, Dixit 1997 . Several empirical studies ) have documented this distortionary facet of high-powered incentives in teaching, managerial behavior, and bureaucracies e.g., Baker, Gibbons, and Murphy 1994; ( Oyer 1998; Levitt and Jacob 2003; Aviv 2014; Miller and Babiarz 2014; Fisman and * Acemoglu: Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Building E18, Room 269D, Cambridge, MA 02142 email: [email protected] ; Fergusson: Department of Economics, Universidad de los Andes, Cra 1 No.
    [Show full text]