DOCSLIB.ORG

Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests 24/02/2015 Origins and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests Jaboury Ghazoul Chapter 6: From the beginning: origins and transformation 1 24/02/2015 The Growth and Spread of Trees Gilboa: the earliest tree Archaeopteris: the earliest branched tree 2 24/02/2015 The First Trees Devonian (416‐359 Ma) Two growth forms: Single‐stemmed ‘Gilboa’, perhaps the world’s oldest tree Archaeopteris, a multi‐ stemmed pro‐gymnosperm Archaeopteris Gilboa The First Forests 3 24/02/2015 Pro‐gymnosperms: the first forest trees Archaeopteris, extinct relative of seed plants: the first large and widespread tree Appeared in the Middle Devonian (375 Ma) and became extinct in the Early Carboniferous (345 Ma) The Carboniferous Coal Forests (360‐300 Ma) Carboniferous coal deposits due to: Lepidodendron Sigillaria • Appearance of lignin‐rich woody trees • Lower sea levels –created extensive lowland swamps and forests • Few animals and bacteria could digest the new lignin 50 m40 m Accumulating woody debris eventually formed coal deposits 4 24/02/2015 Lepidodendron Scale trees of the Late Carboniferous Cone The Rise of Land Plants and Animals 5 24/02/2015 Carboniferous Arthropods High oxygen levels (up to 35%) resulted in frequent fires and giant arthropods Encounters with Arthropleura in the Carboniferous forests The Permian (299 – 251 Ma) Extensive rain forests of the Carboniferous disappeared during the hot and dry Permian Smaller areas of wet tropical vegetation persisted in coastal areas (in what is now China) and comprised ferns, pteridosperms (seed ferns), and the first Ginkgoales Gingko trees diverse and widespread in Permian tropical forests Leaf of a fern and Sphenopteris (a seed fern) 6 24/02/2015 Eduard Suess (1831 –1914) Proposed, in 1885, the existence of Gondwana, based on Glossopteris fossil distribution Terra Nova Expedition, 1911‐1912 Edward Wilson 7 24/02/2015 Permian Temperate Forests The fossil distribution of the Glossopteridales provided evidence for continental drift theory Glossopteris woody, seed‐bearing plant reaching 30 m Distribution of Glossopteris across southern Pangea in the Permian Fossil leaves of Glossopteris Triassic and Jurassic (250–145 Ma) Rain forests on coasts, with Araucariaceae trees reaching 60 m, understorey of ferns, cycads and giant horsetails. Large herbivorous dinosaurs were common. Late Jurassic (152 Ma) –initial break‐up of Gondwana Petrified cone of Araucaria sp. Dicroidium, a tree‐like From the Jurassic (210 Ma) seed fern Petrified Araucarioxylon trunk from Arizona 8 24/02/2015 Cretaceous: the first flowering plants Isolation of rain forests on separate continental fragments lays the foundation for distinctive modern biotas. Late Cretaceous (80‐65 Ma) –extensive wet forests of angiosperms (flowering plants), and first modern rain forests Leefructus mirus, 125 Ma Angiosperm origins and diversification 9 24/02/2015 Insect Diversification 110‐100 Ma Gondwana was breaking‐up and warm wet climates were extensive Start of Tropical angiosperm families diverged Angiosperm radiation Ants, bees and other pollinating insects diversified alongside angiosperms … … but evidence for coevolution is limited Birds, mammals, lizards, freshwater fish, and other groups also underwent radiations Insect familial diversity from Triassic to present Angiosperm diversity in the Cenozoic Fossil pollen reveals long‐term diversity changes in South America –a gradual rise then fall in plant diversity from 65 to 20 million years ago 10 24/02/2015 The Cenozoic (65 Ma ‐ present) Extensive forests largely disappeared at the end Cretaceous extinction (65 Ma) Rain forests replaced by ferns, but recovered within 1.4 million years Early Tertiary climate favoured rain forests Angiosperms, as well as mammals and birds, diversified once more After 35 Ma the world began to cool and forests retreated The last 10‐15 million years has seen C4‐ grasslands emerge as a major tropical biome The evolution of grazing species along with fire restricted the distribution of forests Regional differences: Neotropics 11 24/02/2015 Forests Through Glacial Cycles Under glacial conditions wet tropical climates cooled and dried, montane vegetation descended and sea levels dropped Cooling lowered altitudinal vegetation bands by as much as 1500 m and temperate species (e.g. Quercus, Alnus and gymnosperms) migrated into the tropics Regional differences: Madagascar 12 24/02/2015 Regional differences: Southeast Asia The Dipterocarpaceae: Gondwana origin, India rafting, and Asian radiation 13 24/02/2015 Regional differences: New Guinea Coastal extension and deep sea division Land bridges during lower sea levels permitted faunal exchange across Southeast Asia Deep water channels limited exchange across the Wallace Line 17,000 yrs BP 9,500 yrs BP 14 24/02/2015 Regional differences: Australasia • Australasia separated from Gondwana at about the same time as South America • Evolved its own distinctive flora • Rainforest flora comprises ancient conifer groups (Agathis) that dominated Agathis microstachya (Araucariaceae) Gondwanan forests • Many angiosperm families also occur elsewhere because of the ancient Gondwana link Bowenia spectabilis (Stangeriaceae) Take home messages • Tropical forest with complex structures have arisen repeatedly over geological time. • Tropical rain forests acted as a cradle of angiosperm and animal diversification. • Tectonic and biogeographical processes have interacted to shape tropical rain forest distributions and compositions 15.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Fossils and Gondwana Flora
    UNIT 12 PLANT FOSSILS AND GONDWANA FLORA Structure_____________________________________________________ 12.1 Introduction Vertebraria Expected Learning Outcomes Thinnfeldia 12.2 Plant Fossils Sigillaria Definition Nilssonia Classification Williamsonia Modes of Preservation Ptilophyllum Significance 12.5 Activity 12.3 Gondwana Flora of India 12.6 Summary 12.4 Descriptions of some Plant 12.7 Terminal Questions Fossils 12.8 References Glossopteris 12.9 Further/Suggested Readings Gangamopteris 12.10 Answers 12.1 INTRODUCTION The animals, plants and micro-organisms are the three main life forms surviving today. Even their fossilised remains are found in rocks that tell us about their past history. The animals comprise invertebrates and vertebrates. In Block 4, you will read about the invertebrates and their geological history that began in the latest Precambrian time. You also read about the microfossils in Unit 10 that too have a long geological record beginning from Precambrian onwards. In Unit 11, you read the evolutionary history of one of the vertebrate groups i.e., horse. In this unit, you will read the plant fossils and the Gondwana flora of India. Introduction to Palaeontology Block……………………………………………………………………………………………….….............….…........ 3 Like the kingdom Animalia, plants also form a separate kingdom known as the Plantae. It is thought that plants appeared first in the Precambrian, but their fossil record is poor. It is also proposed that earliest plants were aquatic and during the Ordovician period a transition from water to land took place that gave rise to non-vascular land plants. However, it was during the Silurian period, that the vascular plants appeared first on the land. The flowering plants emerged rather recently, during the Cretaceous period.
    [Show full text]
  • Three New Fern Fronds from the Glossopteris Flora of India
    THREE NEW FERN FRONDS FROM THE GLOSSOPTERIS FLORA OF INDIA P. K. MAITHY Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226007 ABSTRACT of dates, Damudopteris becomes synonym A new species of Neomariopteris and a new to Neomariopteris, because the former form species of Dichotomopteris is recorded. In addition has been published one month later. to this a new genus Santhalea is instituted. INTRODUCTION Neomariopteris khanU sp. novo Diagnosis - Fronds large, at least tri• the ferns from the Lower Gondwanas knowledge on the morphology of pinnate; catadromic, rachis winged, secon• OURof India has been advanced consider• dary rachis broad, emerge alternately at an ably from the recent work of Maithy (1974a, angle of ± 60°; pinnae lanceolate; attached 1974b, 1975), Pant and Misra (1976) and alternate, sub-opposite or opposite from Pant and Khare (1974). Recently Maithy secondary rachis; lateral pinnules ovate, has revised the Lower Gondwana ferns from 1'0 cm long and 0'4 mm broad at base, i.e. India. On the basis of his revision, he has the length and breadth ratio of the pinnules instituted two new genera Neomariopteris is 2·5: I, lateral pinnules alternately and Dichotomopteris and an unrecorded form arranged, standing at right angles to rachis, Dizeugotheca. Pant and Khare (1974) and decurrent, attached by broad bases, lateral Pant and Misra (1976) have reported two fusion of two pinnules margin is ± 1/4 length new genera Damudopteris and Asansolia from of the pinnules from the base; apex acute; the Raniganj Coalfield. margin entire; both the margins show out• The present paper deals with three new ward curvature; terminal pinnules smaller fern fronds collected recently from than lateral pinnules, triangular in shape.
    [Show full text]
  • Article in Press
    Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni Geological Bulletin of Turkey 64 (2021) 267-276 doi: 10.25288/tjb.854704 The First Report of Gangamopteris rajaensis from Rajmahal Gondwana Basin (Jharkhand, India) Arun Joshi1 , Raj Kumar Priya2* 1 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and SGRR (P.G.) College, Dehradun, India 2 Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India • Geliş/Received: 05.01.2021 • Düzeltilmiş Metin Geliş/Revised Manuscript Received: 13.05.2021 • Kabul/Accepted: 14.05.2021 • Çevrimiçi Yayın/Available online: 29.06.2021 • Baskı/Printed: 25.08.2021 Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi Türkiye Jeol. Bül. / Geol. Bull. Turkey Abstract: The present study deals with the systematic description of macro and miofloral analysis ofGangamopteris rajaensis and Glossopteris indica from the carbonaceous shale-coal bearing sequences of the Rajmahal Open Cast Mine, Rajmahal Basin, Jharkhand, India. The floral diversity, age correlation, and the paleoenvironment of the Barakar Formation were well described. Morphological analysis revealed the reticulate venation pattern, anastomosing of veins, and the absence of the midrib in Gangamopteris rajaensis. The recovered megafloral assemblages of Gangamopteris rajaensis and Glossopteris indica suggest a late early Permian (Artiskian-Kungurian) age for the Barakar strata of Rajmahal coal mine and the prevalence of a moderately warm climate during their deposition. Earlier the species was reported from the Barakar Formation of Damodar and Mahanadi Gondwana basins in India. However, this is the first detailed systematic investigation of this species from the Rajmahal Gondwana Basin, Jharkhand, India. Keywords: Barakar Formation, Early Permian, Gangamopteris rajaensis, Rajmahal Gondwana Basin. INTRODUCTION the Permo-Carboniferous period (Mukhopadhyay The warm and humid climate after the Late et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Evolution
    Conquering the land The rise of plants Ordovician Spores Algae (algal mats) Green freshwater algae Bacteria Fungae Bryophytes Moses? Liverworts? Little body fossil evidence Silurian Wenlock Stage 423-428mya Psilophytes Rhyniopsidsa important later in early Devonian Cooksonia Rhynia Branching stems, flattened sporangia at tips No leaves, no roots short 30 cms rhizoids Zosterophylls Early stem group of Lycopodiophytes Ancestors of Class Lycopsida (clubmosses) Prevalent in Devonian Spores at tips and on branches Lycopsids (?) Baragwanathia with microphylls in Australia Zosterophylls Silurian Cooksonia Development of Soil Fungae Bacteria Algae Organic matter Arthropods and annelids Change in erosion Change in CO2 Devonian Devonian Early Devonian simple structure Rhynie Chert (Rhyniophytes) Trimerophytes First with main shoot Give rise to Ferns and Progymnosperms Up to 3m tall Animal life (mainly arthropods) Late Devonian Forests First true wood (lignin) Forest structure develops (stories) Sphenopsids (Calamites) Lycopsids (Lepidodendron) Seed Ferns (Pteridosperm) Progymnosperm Archaeopteris Cladoxylopsid First vertebrates present Upper Devonian Lycopsida 374-360 mya Leaves and roots differentiated Most ancient with living relatives Megaphylls branching in on plane Photosynthetic webbing Shrub size vertical growth limited (weak) Lateral (secondary) growth (woody) Development of roots Homosporous Heterosporous Upper Devonian Calamites (Sphenopsid) Horestail Sphenophyta (Calamites-Annularia) Devonian Archaeopteris Ur. Devonian - Lr. Carboniferous
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Affinities of Glossopteris
    MORPHOLOGY AND AFFINITIES OF GLOSSOPTERIS K. R. SURANGE & SHALLA CHANDRA Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow-226007, India ABSTRACT Reproductive organs of glossopterids, viz., Eretmonia, Glossotlleea, Kendos• trobus, Lidgettonia, Partlla, Russangea, M ooia, Rigbya, Denkania, Venustostrobus, Plumsteadiostrobus, Dietyopteridium and Jambadostrobus are briefly described. Their morphology and affinities are discussed. In the Permian of the southern hemis• phere atleast two distinct orders of gymnosperms, viz., Pteridospermales and Glos• sopteridales were dominating the landscape. genera bore sporangia terminally on ultimate GLOSSOPTERISAustralia were firstleavesrecordedfrom Indiaby Brong•and branches whereas the third genus bore niart in 1828. From 1845 to 1905, sporangia crowded on a cylindrical axis. a number of new species of Glossopteris were discovered from different continents of Eretmonia Du Toit Gondwanaland. From 1905 to 1950 there PI. 1. figs. 3,4; PI. 2, fig. 2; PI. 3, figs. 2,3 were only a few records, but from 1950 onwards Glossopteris again attracted the Fertile scale leaves of Eretmonia (see attention of many palaeobotanists. At first, Chandra & Surange, 1977, text-fig. 1) are of Glos90pteris were regarded as ferns but different shapes and sizes and five species later they turned out to be seed .plants. have been recognized on this basis. The In recent years our knowledge of the fertile bracts are ovate (E. ovoides Surange reproductive structures of glossopterids has & Chandra, 1974), spathulate with acute increased to such an extent that one can apex (E. hingridaensis Surange & Mahesh• get some idea as to what type of plants wari, 1970), triangular (E. emarginata they were. Chandra & Surange, 1977), diamond-shaped (E. utkalensis Surange & Maheshwari, 1970) HABIT and orbicular (E.
    [Show full text]
  • New Glossopterid Polysperms from the Permian La Golondrina Formation (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina): Potential Affinities and Biostratigraphic Implications
    Rev. bras. paleontol. 18(3):379-390, Setembro/Dezembro 2015 © 2015 by the Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia doi: 10.4072/rbp.2015.3.04 NEW GLOSSOPTERID POLYSPERMS FROM THE PERMIAN LA GOLONDRINA FORMATION (SANTA CRUZ PROVINCE, ARGENTINA): POTENTIAL AFFINITIES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS BÁRBARA CARIGLINO Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected] ABSTRACT – Impression fossils of ovuliferous fructifi cations from the Permian La Golondrina Formation in Santa Cruz, Argentina, are described, their affi nities compared, and fi nally, assigned to the Arberiaceae (Glossopteridales). Based on morphological differences from the genera in Arberiaceae, a new taxon is established for some specimens, whereas others are allocated to Arberia madagascariensis (Appert) Anderson & Anderson. This is the fi rst record of Arberiaceae from the La Golondrina Basin. The biostratigraphic implications of the occurrence of this family in this unit are discussed, and suggest that more evidence other than that provided by the megafl oral elements is needed to resolve the age of the constituent members of the La Golondrina Formation. Key words: Arberiaceae, Argentina, biostratigraphy, fructifi cations, Glossopteridales, Gondwana. RESUMO – São descritos impressões fósseis de frutifi cações femininas provenientes da Formação La Golondrina, Permiano de Santa Cruz (Argentina), atribuídas a Arberiaceae (Glossopteridales), segundo a comparação de suas afi nidades.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Relationships of Angiosperms To
    Relationships of Angiosperms to 1 Other Seed Plants Seed plants are of fundamental importance both evolution- all gymnosperms (living and extinct) together are not arily and ecologically. They dominate terrestrial landscapes, monophyletic. Importantly, several fossil lineages, Cayto- and the seed has played a central role in agriculture and hu- niales, Bennettitales, Pentoxylales, and Glossopteridales man history. There are fi ve extant lineages of seed plants: (glossopterids), have been proposed as putative close rela- angiosperms, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes, and Ginkgo. tives of the angiosperms based on phylogenetic analyses These fi ve groups have usually been treated as distinct (e.g., Crane 1985; Rothwell and Serbet 1994; reviewed in phyla — Magnoliophyta (or Anthophyta), Cycadophyta, Doyle 2006, 2008, 2012; Friis et al. 2011). These fossil lin- Co ni fe ro phyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta, respec- eages, sometimes referred to as the para-angiophytes, will tively. Cantino et al. (2007) used the following “rank- free” therefore be covered in more detail later in this chapter. An- names (see Chapter 12): Angiospermae, Cycadophyta, other fossil lineage, the corystosperms, has been proposed Coniferae, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgo. Of these, the angio- as a possible angiosperm ancestor as part of the “mostly sperms are by far the most diverse, with ~14,000 genera male hypothesis” (Frohlich and Parker 2000), but as re- and perhaps as many as 350,000 (The Plant List 2010) to viewed here, corystosperms usually do not appear as close 400,000 (Govaerts 2001) species. The conifers, with ap- angiosperm relatives in phylogenetic trees. proximately 70 genera and nearly 600 species, are the sec- The seed plants represent an ancient radiation, with ond largest group of living seed plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossopteris Flora Nova Abordagem Para O Estudo Das Paleofloras Utilizando Sistemas De Informação Geográfica Aplicada a Flora Glossopteris
    DOI: 10.5327/Z23174889201400040011 ARTICLE New approach for the study of paleofloras using geographical information systems applied to Glossopteris Flora Nova abordagem para o estudo das paleofloras utilizando sistemas de informação geográfica aplicada a Flora Glossopteris Isabel Cortez Christiano-de-Souza1*, Fresia Ricardi-Branco1, Adalene Moreira Silva2, Linda Gentry El Dash3, Rafael Souza Faria1 ABSTRACT: This paper introduces a methodology which makes RESUMO: O presente artigo introduz a uma metodologia na qual será possible the visualization of the spatial distribution of plant fossils possível a visualização da distribuição espacial de fitofósseis. Tal metod- and applies it to the occurrences of the Gondwana Floristic Province ologia será aplicada a ocorrências da Província Florística do Gondwana present on the eastern border of the Brazilian portion of the Paraná presente na borda leste da porção brasileira da Bacia do Paraná durante Basin during the Neopaleozoic. This province was chosen due to the o Neopaleozóico. Essa província foi escolhida tendo em vista que nela existence of a large number of publications referring to their occur- há grande número de publicações referentes às suas ocorrências. Isso tor- rence, so that a meta-analysis of their distribution could be based on na possível a meta-análise de sua distribuição, uma vez que há ampla ample information. The first step was the construction of a composite gama de informações. O primeiro passo foi a construção de uma base de database including geographical location, geology, and the botanical dados composta, incluindo localização geográfica, geologia e sistemática systematics of each relevant fossil. The geographical locations were botânica de cada fóssil de interesse.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Structures of the Glossopteridales in the Plant Fossil Collection of the Australian Museum
    AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS White, M. E., 1978. Reproductive structures of the Glossopteridales in the plant fossil collection of the Australian Museum. Records of the Australian Museum 31(12): 473–505, including Acknowledgments and References published in October, 1978. [30 June 1978]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.31.1978.223 ISSN 0067-1975 Published by the Australian Museum, Sydney naturenature cultureculture discover discover AustralianAustralian Museum Museum science science is is freely freely accessible accessible online online at at www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/ 66 CollegeCollege Street,Street, SydneySydney NSWNSW 2010,2010, AustraliaAustralia REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF THE GLOSSOPTERIDALES IN THE PLANT FOSSIL COLLECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM MARY E. WHITE, Research Associate, The Australian Museum, Sydney. SUMMARY A new, Late Permian Glossopteris fructification genus Squamella is erected. It comprises cones (the 'terminal buds' of Walkom, 1928) which are aggregations of 'scale-fronds' bearing sporangia or seeds. The cones are borne terminally on branch lets which had foliage leaves in whorls or close spiral arrangement, and modified, gangamopteroid leaves preceded the cones. Scale-fronds were composed of a deciduous scale (the 'squamae' of Glossopteris assemblages) and a laminal segment. Fructifications were attached to the scale-fronds at the line of junction of scale and lamina. Three new species of the genus are described: Squamella australis, which is the male cone of Glossopteris linearis McCoy and is known in attachment to a leaf whorl of that species; Squamella amp/a, which is referred to G/ossopteris amp/a Dana'; and Squamella ovulifera, which is a female cone whose foliage is unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants Escaped an Ancient Mass Extinction
    NEWS & VIEWS RESEARCH EVOLUTION Triassic Period (which lasted between 251.9 million and 201.3 million years ago) in Ant­ arctica8, although exactly when they went extinct in the Triassic is unknown. Fielding Plants escaped an and colleagues use the region­specific collapse of Glossopteris as a scenario for how vegetation might respond to current global warming. A ancient mass extinction regional loss in the Southern Hemisphere of a major plant group that has growth require­ A global biodiversity crash 251.9 million years ago has revealed how ecosystems ments highly sensitive to climate change, par­ respond to extreme perturbation. The finding that terrestrial ecosystems were ticularly in the temperature requirements for less affected than were marine ones is unexpected. its essential processes, might be a harbinger of the plant group’s ultimate extinction. Fielding and colleagues’ finding that the ROBERT A. GASTALDO interpreting patterns of species presence dur­ extinction of Glossopteris occurred about hanges in Earth’s biodiversity recorded ing this key episode in our planet’s history 370,000 years before the marine extinction in fossils over various spatial and time­ becomes complicated. event, and was coincident with the onset of scales reveal the comings and goings of Fielding and colleagues report a regional massive volcanic activity, should now lead to Cspecies as they emerge and go extinct, and offer study that uses the plant fossil record of investigations elsewhere in the Permian record insights into how both species and the eco­ spores, pollen and macrofloral remains in to determine whether the loss of other wetland systems they inhabit respond to perturbation.
    [Show full text]
  • Extinction and Recovery Patterns of the Vegetation Across
    Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 144 (2007) 99–112 www.elsevier.com/locate/revpalbo Extinction and recovery patterns of the vegetation across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary — a tool for unravelling the causes of the end-Permian mass-extinction ⁎ Vivi Vajda a, , Stephen McLoughlin b a GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden b School of Natural Resource Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, PO Box 2434, Brisbane, Q. 4001, Australia Received 22 December 2004; received in revised form 14 September 2005; accepted 14 September 2005 Available online 12 July 2006 Abstract High-resolution palynofloral signatures through the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary succession show several features in common with the Permian–Triassic transition but there are also important differences. Southern Hemisphere Cretaceous– Palaeogene successions, to date studied at high resolution only in New Zealand, reveal a diverse palynoflora abruptly replaced by fungi-dominated assemblages that are in turn succeeded by low diversity suites dominated by fern spores, then gymnosperm- and angiosperm-dominated palynofloras of equivalent diversity to those of the Late Cretaceous. This palynofloral signature is interpreted to represent instantaneous (days to months) destruction of diverse forest communities associated with the Chicxulub impact event. The pattern of palynofloral change suggests wholesale collapse of vascular plant communities and short-term proliferation of saprotrophs followed by relatively rapid successional recovery of pteridophyte and seed–plant communities. The Permian–Triassic transition records global devastation of gymnosperm-dominated forests in a short zone synchronous with one or more peaks of the fungal/algal palynomorph Reduviasporonites. This zone is typically succeeded by assemblages rich in lycophyte spores and/or acritarchs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptic Diversity of a Glossopteris Forest: the Permian Prince Charles Mountains Floras, Antarctica
    CRYPTIC DIVERSITY OF A GLOSSOPTERIS FOREST: THE PERMIAN PRINCE CHARLES MOUNTAINS FLORAS, ANTARCTICA by Ben James Slater A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham September 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The Toploje Member chert is a Roadian to Wordian autochthonous– parautochthonous silicified peat preserved within the Lambert Graben, East Antarctica. It preserves a remarkable sample of terrestrial life from high-latitude central Gondwana prior to the Capitanian mass extinction event from both mega- and microfossil evidence that includes cryptic components rarely seen in other fossil assemblages. The peat layer is dominated by glossopterid and cordaitalean gymnosperms and contains sparse herbaceous lycophytes, together with a broad array of dispersed organs of ferns and other gymnosperms. The peat also hosts a wide range of fungal morphotypes, Peronosporomycetes, rare arthropod remains and a diverse coprolite assemblage. The fungal and invertebrate-plant interactions associated with various organs of the Glossopteris plant reveal the cryptic presence of a ‘component community’ of invertebrate herbivores and fungal saprotrophs centred around the Glossopteris organism, and demonstrate that a multitude of ecological interactions were well developed by the Middle Permian in high-latitude forest mires.
    [Show full text]